Joslin, J.
This case is a sequel to
Lindberg’s, Inc.
v.
Zoning Board of Review of East Providence,
106 R. I. 667, 262 A.2d 628 (1970). In that case this court quashed a decision of the East Providence Zoning Board which, in complete disregard of the pertinent provisions of the zoning ordinance,
had granted an exception permitting
the applicants to construct and operate a gasoline station on three lots of land situated within two hundred feet of both a church and a cemetery. Little more than a year later the same zoning board, notwithstanding the
Lindberg
mandate, and even though there had been no intervening significant change in circumstances, again granted the same applicants or their successors a special exception permitting the same uses on the same three lots of land.
Following that decision the city solicitor, in the name of the city, appealed to the Superior Court. In that court Shell Oil Co., the prospective tenant of the premises and respondent in this case, moved to dismiss. That motion was granted, with prejudice, on the ground that the city lacked standing to appeal the zoning board’s decision. The city then applied for and was granted leave to file a petition for certiorari, and we ordered the writ to issue.
East Providence
v.
Shell Oil Co.,
109 R. I. 915, 282 A.2d 203 (1971).
At the outset we are reluctantly constrained to comment upon the zoning board’s having acted in direct contravention of §32-23(b) (3) of the zoning ordinance as that ordinance had been construed by us in the
Lindberg
case. In acting as it did, the board deliberately flaunted the authority of this court which, under art. XII of the amendments to the Rhode Island constitution, is vested with the ultimate judicial power in the state as well as with a supervisory jurisdiction over all inferior courts and tribunals.
Higgins
v.
Tax Assessors,
27 R. I. 401, 63 A. 34 (1905).
In the exercise of that broad authority we declare the law of this state, and it is incumbent upon those tribunals, even though they may disagree with the wisdom or soundness of our declarations, to follow the law as we announce it.
D’Arezzo
v.
D’Arezzo,
107 R. I. 422, 267 A.2d 683 (1970). Such adherence to the precedents declared by the highest tribunal in the state is inherent in our system of
jurisprudence.
See generally,
Roscoe Pound,
The Theory of Judicial Decision,
36 Harv. L. Rev. 641 (1923). Without it there can be no stability in the legal order.
Turning to the merits we find respondent acknowledging that G. L. 1956 (1970 Reenactment) §45-24-6 and §45-24-7 authorize a municipality, by its town or city solicitor, to institute proceedings to restrain actions inconsistent with its zoning ordinance or to compel compliance with its provisions. Respondent concedes that within that encompassing authorization the city can find procedures which will permit it to challenge the uses permitted by the zoning board. It nonetheless contends that under the controlling legislation
only an “aggrieved” person can appeal a zoning board decision, that to be “aggrieved” in a zoning sense requires that a prospective appellant’s use of his property be adversely affected by a zoning board’s decision, that the city of East Providence certainly was not “aggrieved” in that sense by the zoning board’s decision in this case and that the city therefore lacked standing to appeal to the Superior Court.
In support of its position respondent relies upon
East Point
v.
Crosby & Stevens, Inc.,
117 Ga. App. 392, 160 S.E.2d 839 (1968). There, as here, the issue was who had standing to appeal from a zoning board decision. And in Georgia, just as in this state, an early statute
permitting appeals in zoning cases to be claimed either by an “aggrieved” person or persons, or by any officer, department, board or bureau of the municipality affected by a zoning
decision was replaced by a subsequent enactment
which provided that only an “aggrieved” person might appeal.
The Georgia court in the
East Point
case,
supra,
found that statutory history significant and controlling. In its judgment, the Georgia Legislature would have used the language of the earlier statute in the amending enactment had it intended to permit an appeal by any person other than one “aggrieved” by a zoning board decision, and its deletion of officers, departments, bureaus and boards from the approved list of prospective appellants clearly evidenced an express intention to limit the right to appeal to “aggrieved” persons.
Respondent, drawing upon the identity between our own statutory history in these respects with that of Georgia, argues that we should pattern our decisional law on the Georgia model and limit, as Georgia does, the right to appeal a zoning board decision to the Superior Court to a person or persons “aggrieved” by that decision. That argument would be more cogent if we had a clean slate, and had we not several times said that what constitutes “aggrievement” may be entitled to an expanded interpretation whenever “the public has an interest in the issue which reaches out beyond that of the immediate parties.” (Cites omitted.)
Buffi
v.
Ferri,
106 R. I. 349, 351, 259 A.2d 847, 849 (1969).
This brings us to the case of
Hassell
v.
Zoning Board of Review of East Providence,
108 R. I. 349, 275 A.2d 646 (1971). There, to be sure, we decided only that a zoning board lacks standing to request this court to issue its prerogative writ of certiorari for the purpose of reviewing a Superior Court judgment reversing one of its own decisions. In arriving at that conclusion we recognized that
the expanded interpretation doctrine when invoked in a zoning context permits “aggrievement” in both a personal and a public sense.
Nathan E. Pass,
City Solicitor,
John L. Sousa,
Asst. City Solicitor, for petitioner.
Hinckley, Allen, Salisbury & Parsons, Robert W. Love-green, Michael P. DeFanti,
for Shell Oil Co., defendant.
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Joslin, J.
This case is a sequel to
Lindberg’s, Inc.
v.
Zoning Board of Review of East Providence,
106 R. I. 667, 262 A.2d 628 (1970). In that case this court quashed a decision of the East Providence Zoning Board which, in complete disregard of the pertinent provisions of the zoning ordinance,
had granted an exception permitting
the applicants to construct and operate a gasoline station on three lots of land situated within two hundred feet of both a church and a cemetery. Little more than a year later the same zoning board, notwithstanding the
Lindberg
mandate, and even though there had been no intervening significant change in circumstances, again granted the same applicants or their successors a special exception permitting the same uses on the same three lots of land.
Following that decision the city solicitor, in the name of the city, appealed to the Superior Court. In that court Shell Oil Co., the prospective tenant of the premises and respondent in this case, moved to dismiss. That motion was granted, with prejudice, on the ground that the city lacked standing to appeal the zoning board’s decision. The city then applied for and was granted leave to file a petition for certiorari, and we ordered the writ to issue.
East Providence
v.
Shell Oil Co.,
109 R. I. 915, 282 A.2d 203 (1971).
At the outset we are reluctantly constrained to comment upon the zoning board’s having acted in direct contravention of §32-23(b) (3) of the zoning ordinance as that ordinance had been construed by us in the
Lindberg
case. In acting as it did, the board deliberately flaunted the authority of this court which, under art. XII of the amendments to the Rhode Island constitution, is vested with the ultimate judicial power in the state as well as with a supervisory jurisdiction over all inferior courts and tribunals.
Higgins
v.
Tax Assessors,
27 R. I. 401, 63 A. 34 (1905).
In the exercise of that broad authority we declare the law of this state, and it is incumbent upon those tribunals, even though they may disagree with the wisdom or soundness of our declarations, to follow the law as we announce it.
D’Arezzo
v.
D’Arezzo,
107 R. I. 422, 267 A.2d 683 (1970). Such adherence to the precedents declared by the highest tribunal in the state is inherent in our system of
jurisprudence.
See generally,
Roscoe Pound,
The Theory of Judicial Decision,
36 Harv. L. Rev. 641 (1923). Without it there can be no stability in the legal order.
Turning to the merits we find respondent acknowledging that G. L. 1956 (1970 Reenactment) §45-24-6 and §45-24-7 authorize a municipality, by its town or city solicitor, to institute proceedings to restrain actions inconsistent with its zoning ordinance or to compel compliance with its provisions. Respondent concedes that within that encompassing authorization the city can find procedures which will permit it to challenge the uses permitted by the zoning board. It nonetheless contends that under the controlling legislation
only an “aggrieved” person can appeal a zoning board decision, that to be “aggrieved” in a zoning sense requires that a prospective appellant’s use of his property be adversely affected by a zoning board’s decision, that the city of East Providence certainly was not “aggrieved” in that sense by the zoning board’s decision in this case and that the city therefore lacked standing to appeal to the Superior Court.
In support of its position respondent relies upon
East Point
v.
Crosby & Stevens, Inc.,
117 Ga. App. 392, 160 S.E.2d 839 (1968). There, as here, the issue was who had standing to appeal from a zoning board decision. And in Georgia, just as in this state, an early statute
permitting appeals in zoning cases to be claimed either by an “aggrieved” person or persons, or by any officer, department, board or bureau of the municipality affected by a zoning
decision was replaced by a subsequent enactment
which provided that only an “aggrieved” person might appeal.
The Georgia court in the
East Point
case,
supra,
found that statutory history significant and controlling. In its judgment, the Georgia Legislature would have used the language of the earlier statute in the amending enactment had it intended to permit an appeal by any person other than one “aggrieved” by a zoning board decision, and its deletion of officers, departments, bureaus and boards from the approved list of prospective appellants clearly evidenced an express intention to limit the right to appeal to “aggrieved” persons.
Respondent, drawing upon the identity between our own statutory history in these respects with that of Georgia, argues that we should pattern our decisional law on the Georgia model and limit, as Georgia does, the right to appeal a zoning board decision to the Superior Court to a person or persons “aggrieved” by that decision. That argument would be more cogent if we had a clean slate, and had we not several times said that what constitutes “aggrievement” may be entitled to an expanded interpretation whenever “the public has an interest in the issue which reaches out beyond that of the immediate parties.” (Cites omitted.)
Buffi
v.
Ferri,
106 R. I. 349, 351, 259 A.2d 847, 849 (1969).
This brings us to the case of
Hassell
v.
Zoning Board of Review of East Providence,
108 R. I. 349, 275 A.2d 646 (1971). There, to be sure, we decided only that a zoning board lacks standing to request this court to issue its prerogative writ of certiorari for the purpose of reviewing a Superior Court judgment reversing one of its own decisions. In arriving at that conclusion we recognized that
the expanded interpretation doctrine when invoked in a zoning context permits “aggrievement” in both a personal and a public sense.
Nathan E. Pass,
City Solicitor,
John L. Sousa,
Asst. City Solicitor, for petitioner.
Hinckley, Allen, Salisbury & Parsons, Robert W. Love-green, Michael P. DeFanti,
for Shell Oil Co., defendant.
“Aggrievement” in the personal sense, we said, calls for an actual and practical, as distinguished from a theoretical, interest in the controversy and requires a showing by the one claiming to be “aggrieved” that the use of his property will be adversely affected by the decision granting relief from the terms of the ordinance. Continuing, we said that “aggrievement” in the public sense occurs whenever there is a threat to the very real and legitimate interest which the general public has in the preservation and maintenance of the integrity of the zoning laws.
The Legislature in §45-24-6 and §45-24-7 assigned responsibility for the protection of that public interest to the local government, and that government, although generally not “aggrieved” in the conventional or personal sense, becomes “aggrieved” in the broader or public sense whenever the public interest is affected by a zoning board’s action. We hold, therefore, that in the circumstances of this case the city solicitor of East Providence was an “aggrieved” person within §45-24-20, as amended, and therefore had standing to appeal the zoning board’s decision in this case to the Superior Court.
The petition for certiorari is granted, the order of the Superior Court dismissing the petitioner’s appeal from the decision of the zoning board of review is quashed and the record certified to this court is ordered returned to the Superior Court with our decision endorsed thereon.