Bussell, 0. J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.) In our opinion the court erred in overruling the defendants’ demurrer, and for that reason the merits of the proceedings upon the hearing were nugatory.
We will first consider the question as to whether the with-' drawal of certain of the signers of the petition, addressed to the' mayor and council, asking that Lee Street be paved, is permissible. It is alleged that a sufficient number of original petitioners for paving have reconsidered and asked to have their names withdrawn from the original petition for paving, which originally embraced more than 51 per cent, by frontage of the' owners of the abutting property, tó reduce it to less than 51 per cent. It may have been the opinion of the trial court that these original petitioners had the right to protest, as they did, the passage of the ordinance and the issuance of the bonds; and that as there was less than 51 per cent, of the abutting owner's, as calculated by frontage, remain-[236]*236mg in favor of the paving project, the condition imposed by section 5 of the act of 1927, amending the charter of Dawson (supra), was not complied with. So the first question which arises is whether one who signs a petition asking the municipal authorities of a city to pave a street in which he has an interest as an abutting owner can thereafter reconsider, mend his hold, and ask that the street be not paved. Under the terms of the act the request of 51 per cent., as determined by street frontage, of the owners of property abutting the street to be paved is the initial step in the proceeding and the essential prerequisite to any action upon the part of the city council which clothes it with jurisdiction to proceed at all. Upon the filing of such petition with the clerk of council the municipal authorities must act upon the petition, whether the action be in favor of the prayers of the petition or adverse thereto. The council is not obliged to pass an ordinance providing for the paving which must be followed by an issue of bonds binding the property of those abutting owners who do not pay their.share of the cost in cash, for they may consider the circumstances of the 49 per cent, or less of those who do not wish the paving. Cases can be supposed where an expensive paving would amount practically to confiscation of the property of an abutting owner who by reason of poverty might be compelled to sell at a forced sale to the sacrifice of his home. It is to be presumed that a council will consider the hardships imposed upon those in such circumstances, as well as the benefits or luxury of a more numerous class of residents in a particular neighborhood who might desire the paving to be done. But under the charter of Dawson the written petition of the owners of 51 per cent, of the frontage on a street proposed to be paved puts the question up for settlement, and nothing else will. Under the plan proposed, as stated in the petition, the bonds that it may be necessary to issue must be paid by assessment which binds each owner in proportion to his frontage, regardless of its benefits to the individual owner.
But the question here is not as to the judgment of the council in the exercise of its discretion as to whether paving on Lee street will be a public benefit to the City of Dawson. No such complaint is made; the attack upon the ordinance and the act of the General Assembly being placed upon the grounds already stated. The insistence of the protestants, (defendants in error) is that [237]*237the council had no jurisdiction to take any action, because, several of the original petitioners having withdrawn, the remaining petitioners are not persons owning 51 per cent, of the frontage. In fact, with the reduction which would be caused by the reconsideration of the original petitioners asking paving, if they had the right to withdraw their names after this petition was filed with the clerk and the council has initiated action by preparing an ordinance and having it advertised, it appears from the petition that less than forty per cent, of the frontage was in favor of paving at the time that the council overruled their protest and passed the ordinance and were proceeding to let contracts for the paving. There is no allegation in the petition that signatures were obtained in any instance by either fraud, accident or mistake. Under the presumption that every man is presumed to know the law, the signers of the original petition must be presumed to have known when they signed in writing, the only instrument which could put the provisions of their charter into operation, the results legally consequent upon their action. We think that upon principle they are estopped to destroy the instrumentality which they themselves assisted in creating. Were the rule otherwise, there would frequently be instances where at considerable trouble and expense the municipal authorities of cities and towns in this State would initiate improvements looking to the paving of streets under petitions that might be well-nigh unanimous, and, when they assembled to finally pass upon the question, would find that so many had withdrawn after the preliminary investigations which should have been made by council as to the feasibility and probable cost of the grading and paving, if there were no other objections, that they find themselves and their acts placed in a ridiculous position. It must be presumed that no owner of city property will sign a petition which he knows will entail upon him his proportionate share of the expenditures and subject his property to a lien therefor without careful consideration, and without taking a view of the probable consequences as affecting himself and his property. He knows that the city may place upon him and his fellow abutters the entire cost, or that the city itself may assume the intersections of streets. He knows that the choice of the pavement to be used, the grade to be accepted, and the contractors to be employed, and final judgment upon the manner in [238]*238which, -the contract is completed, are all within the discretion of the city council. Therefore it is our opinion that he can not withdraw, have his name stricken, and the petition which was ostensibly extended to the council in good faith be destroyed, because, forsooth, he has perhaps learned something since he signed the petition which he did not know at the time of the signing, but a fact in regard to which could have been as well ascertained had he declined to sign until his information was more complete.
In City of Valdosta v. Harris, 156 Ga. 490 (119 S. E. 625, 30 A. L. R. 145), we held that protestants could withdraw their prótesis at any time within the period in which they were authorized to file protests, and thereby prevent them from being counted against the improvements. E converso, it would seem that the withdrawal would have to be before the filing of the petition with the clerk. Under section 3 of the Valdosta charter the mayor and council had authority in the first instance, without any petition from property owners, to pass the ordinance, and protests from a majority of the property owners would defeat the ordinance. In the case at bar, under the terms of the charter of Dawson, the written petition from the property owners is a condition precedent to the passage of the ordinance. When the petition is filed the city council is clothed with all the power given in the act. Unlike the Valdosta charter a subsequent protest does not take away from the city council of Dawson the discretion to use the authority which has been given and which has been acted upon in response to the petition.
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Bussell, 0. J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.) In our opinion the court erred in overruling the defendants’ demurrer, and for that reason the merits of the proceedings upon the hearing were nugatory.
We will first consider the question as to whether the with-' drawal of certain of the signers of the petition, addressed to the' mayor and council, asking that Lee Street be paved, is permissible. It is alleged that a sufficient number of original petitioners for paving have reconsidered and asked to have their names withdrawn from the original petition for paving, which originally embraced more than 51 per cent, by frontage of the' owners of the abutting property, tó reduce it to less than 51 per cent. It may have been the opinion of the trial court that these original petitioners had the right to protest, as they did, the passage of the ordinance and the issuance of the bonds; and that as there was less than 51 per cent, of the abutting owner's, as calculated by frontage, remain-[236]*236mg in favor of the paving project, the condition imposed by section 5 of the act of 1927, amending the charter of Dawson (supra), was not complied with. So the first question which arises is whether one who signs a petition asking the municipal authorities of a city to pave a street in which he has an interest as an abutting owner can thereafter reconsider, mend his hold, and ask that the street be not paved. Under the terms of the act the request of 51 per cent., as determined by street frontage, of the owners of property abutting the street to be paved is the initial step in the proceeding and the essential prerequisite to any action upon the part of the city council which clothes it with jurisdiction to proceed at all. Upon the filing of such petition with the clerk of council the municipal authorities must act upon the petition, whether the action be in favor of the prayers of the petition or adverse thereto. The council is not obliged to pass an ordinance providing for the paving which must be followed by an issue of bonds binding the property of those abutting owners who do not pay their.share of the cost in cash, for they may consider the circumstances of the 49 per cent, or less of those who do not wish the paving. Cases can be supposed where an expensive paving would amount practically to confiscation of the property of an abutting owner who by reason of poverty might be compelled to sell at a forced sale to the sacrifice of his home. It is to be presumed that a council will consider the hardships imposed upon those in such circumstances, as well as the benefits or luxury of a more numerous class of residents in a particular neighborhood who might desire the paving to be done. But under the charter of Dawson the written petition of the owners of 51 per cent, of the frontage on a street proposed to be paved puts the question up for settlement, and nothing else will. Under the plan proposed, as stated in the petition, the bonds that it may be necessary to issue must be paid by assessment which binds each owner in proportion to his frontage, regardless of its benefits to the individual owner.
But the question here is not as to the judgment of the council in the exercise of its discretion as to whether paving on Lee street will be a public benefit to the City of Dawson. No such complaint is made; the attack upon the ordinance and the act of the General Assembly being placed upon the grounds already stated. The insistence of the protestants, (defendants in error) is that [237]*237the council had no jurisdiction to take any action, because, several of the original petitioners having withdrawn, the remaining petitioners are not persons owning 51 per cent, of the frontage. In fact, with the reduction which would be caused by the reconsideration of the original petitioners asking paving, if they had the right to withdraw their names after this petition was filed with the clerk and the council has initiated action by preparing an ordinance and having it advertised, it appears from the petition that less than forty per cent, of the frontage was in favor of paving at the time that the council overruled their protest and passed the ordinance and were proceeding to let contracts for the paving. There is no allegation in the petition that signatures were obtained in any instance by either fraud, accident or mistake. Under the presumption that every man is presumed to know the law, the signers of the original petition must be presumed to have known when they signed in writing, the only instrument which could put the provisions of their charter into operation, the results legally consequent upon their action. We think that upon principle they are estopped to destroy the instrumentality which they themselves assisted in creating. Were the rule otherwise, there would frequently be instances where at considerable trouble and expense the municipal authorities of cities and towns in this State would initiate improvements looking to the paving of streets under petitions that might be well-nigh unanimous, and, when they assembled to finally pass upon the question, would find that so many had withdrawn after the preliminary investigations which should have been made by council as to the feasibility and probable cost of the grading and paving, if there were no other objections, that they find themselves and their acts placed in a ridiculous position. It must be presumed that no owner of city property will sign a petition which he knows will entail upon him his proportionate share of the expenditures and subject his property to a lien therefor without careful consideration, and without taking a view of the probable consequences as affecting himself and his property. He knows that the city may place upon him and his fellow abutters the entire cost, or that the city itself may assume the intersections of streets. He knows that the choice of the pavement to be used, the grade to be accepted, and the contractors to be employed, and final judgment upon the manner in [238]*238which, -the contract is completed, are all within the discretion of the city council. Therefore it is our opinion that he can not withdraw, have his name stricken, and the petition which was ostensibly extended to the council in good faith be destroyed, because, forsooth, he has perhaps learned something since he signed the petition which he did not know at the time of the signing, but a fact in regard to which could have been as well ascertained had he declined to sign until his information was more complete.
In City of Valdosta v. Harris, 156 Ga. 490 (119 S. E. 625, 30 A. L. R. 145), we held that protestants could withdraw their prótesis at any time within the period in which they were authorized to file protests, and thereby prevent them from being counted against the improvements. E converso, it would seem that the withdrawal would have to be before the filing of the petition with the clerk. Under section 3 of the Valdosta charter the mayor and council had authority in the first instance, without any petition from property owners, to pass the ordinance, and protests from a majority of the property owners would defeat the ordinance. In the case at bar, under the terms of the charter of Dawson, the written petition from the property owners is a condition precedent to the passage of the ordinance. When the petition is filed the city council is clothed with all the power given in the act. Unlike the Valdosta charter a subsequent protest does not take away from the city council of Dawson the discretion to use the authority which has been given and which has been acted upon in response to the petition. In fact the language of section 8 provides that the city council may overrule any objections or protests. Obviously in the charter now under consideration the public hearing is called for, and an opportunity-given to protest, mainly for the reason that the municipality has the right to charge the abutting owners with the cost of the intersections of streets, or the city may provide part of the paving at its own expense. It does not appear from the petition that the city has not agreed to pay for the intersections of the streets; and construing the pleading most strongly against the pleader, it must be assumed that the city has undertaken this obligation. There are other reasons, already suggested in what has been said, why the city might decline to grant the petition, and why for that reason a hearing should be given to any who might be opposed to the paving project and who had not com[239]*239mitted themselves to the proposition by signing a petition that the streets should be paved. One who signs the petition can not withdraw his name or reconsider after the petition has been filed with the clerk, because the question has then become jurisdictional, and no principle is better settled than that one who invokes action on the part of any governmental agency will not be heard thereafter to deny the authority or jurisdiction of the tribunal.
The fact that one of the advertisements of the notice of the time and place of hearing is alleged to have been published on November 2, although the hearing was set for November 1, is of no consequence in this case, because it appears from the petition for injunction that the petitioners were present at the hearing and protested.
It seems that the constitutional questions raised have been ruled in previous decisions of this court adversely to the contentions of the defendants in error. The point is raised that section five of the act of 1927, supra, provides that- upon petition of the owners of 51 per cent, of the front footage upon the street the city shall have authority, etc., without providing that the petitioners shall be residents of the City of Dawson, or of the State of Georgia, or that they shall be citizens of the United States, or that they shall be of lawful age, or that they shall be natural persons. It is insisted that this includes the delegation of the “power of taxation to strangers, including foreigners and corporations,” whereby the municipal authorities are not required to use their judgment and discretion in the premises, and that for that reason section 5 is in conflict with article 1, section 1, paragraph 2, of the constitution, in that it denies impartial and complete protection of the government to the petitioners. Further, that the section conflicts with article 1, section 1, paragraph 3, of the constitution, by depriving petitioners of their property without due process of law, and is in conflict with paragraph 1 of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, in -denying petitioners the equal protection of the laws, in that they are required to submit to a taxing authority not recognized by the constitution of the State of Georgia. In Walthour v. Atlanta, 157 Ga. 24 (120 S. E. 613), a similar provision to that now under consideration was held not to be illegal, void, or unconstitutional as in conflict with paragraph 1 of the fourteenth amendment to the con[240]*240stitution oi the United States, nor in conflict with paragraph 1 of section 7 of article 7 of the constitution of the State of Georgia. See also, upon this subject, Georgia Ry. & El. Co. v. Atlanta, 144 Ga. 722 (87 S. E. 1058), and City of Valdosta v. Harris, supra. We do not construe section 5 of the act of 1927 as delegating the taxing power to “foreigners” or to any “irresponsible authority not elected by the people.” The provision that the city may provide for an issue of bonds for paving purposes, upon the petition of owners of 51 per cent, of the street frontage, does not delegate any authority whatever as to the paving. It is merely the means by which the city is empowered or given jurisdiction to consider the feasibility of paving the street at the expense of the property owners. It is not a case where the taxing power is “delegated,” because this court has more than once held that in the issuance of bonds of the nature referred to in the act of 1927 the taxpayers of the city as such are subjected to no liability, for the reason that the city itself assumes none except to supervise the construction of the pavement, with the right to accept or reject the same should it be built by contractors, with the duty of applying all assessments and other funds collected from the owners of the property affected to the specific indebtedness to which the particular property is subjected. If the municipal authorities, being authorized by the petition to consider the paving of a particular street, decide it to be for the best interest that it be paved, there is no denial of any impartial and complete protection, but rather an exercise of the power of classification whereby the named street is segregated from other portions of the municipality and subjected to a special burden because the majority in frontage have asked that they be thus classified. The law presumes and requires that each member of the class shall be subjected to. an equal burden, and thus the protection of the law is impartial and complete.
Section 12 of the act of 1927 is not unconstitutional as in violation of article 1, section 1, paragraph 3, of the constitution, in that it deprives the property owners of their property without due process of law, “because bonds thus passed on assessments against the poorer property owners will not be worth par value to the contractor, who can add to the price of the paving enough to cover the deficiency, thus requiring the poorer property owners on Lee Street to pay an exorbitant price for their portion of the [241]*241paving project.” If the same burden is placed upon every citizen affected by the passage of a law, the question of riches or poverty should not be considered. All men should be treated alike. In the present instance, as appears from the act of the General Assembly, the only difference between those who are able to pay cash and thereby relieve themselves from liability on any of the bonds, and those who can pay only in installments, is the 6 per cent, interest upon the bonds. Consequently there is no difference in the exorbitance of the price in the present instance between the richest and the poorest by reason of the fact that the contractor “may add to the price of the paving enough to cover the deficiency,” for the man who has cash will have to pay the same “exorbitant price” as will the poorest citizen, and the rate of interest upon the bonds, if one does not wish to pay cash, is less than the legal rate of interest in this State.
The contention that the effect of this issue of bonds to pave Lee street in Dawson, in the method prescribed in the act of 1927, is indirectly to increase the public debt of the City of Dawson and of Terrell County to a sum greater than seven per cent, of the taxable values, in violation of article 7, section 7, paragraph 1, of the constitution, is without merit. As provided in the act, this indebtedness binds no property except that of the owners of property abutting upon the proposed paving. The City of Dawson is not liable, and certainly the County of Terrell has no obligation whatever devolving upon it to pay these bonds.
From what has been said it follows that the petition did not set forth a cause of action, and that the trial judge erred in overruling the general demurrer.
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices concur, except Atkinson and Gilbert, JJ., who dissent.