AFFIRM and Opinion Filed June 16, 2022
In the Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-21-00760-CV
CITY OF DALLAS, Appellant V. LYNN PELTIER, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4 Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. CC-20-04958-D
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Carlyle, Smith, and Garcia Opinion by Justice Carlyle The City of Dallas appeals from the trial court’s order denying its plea to the
jurisdiction. We affirm in this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
Aaron Brewer drove a garbage truck for the City’s Department of Sanitation
Services. In July 2020, he went to pick up trash in the alley behind Lynn Peltier’s
home. According to his affidavit, “[w]hile operating the truck, [he] heard a loud
whistling sound coming from somewhere behind the cab.” Mr. Brewer stopped in
the alley next to Ms. Peltier’s property, and his affidavit described what happened
next: Not knowing what [the noise] was, I exited the vehicle and saw flames shooting out from between the cab of the truck and the trash compactor. I jumped back into the cab of the vehicle and turned the truck off, at which point the flames were already engulfing the cab. I then ran to the passenger’s side of the cab to grab the fire extinguisher, but was unable to grab it due to the rapid spread of the flames. I ran a safe distance from the vehicle and immediately dialed 9-1-1 and my supervisor.
By the time I realized that the truck was on fire, I could not drive the vehicle out of the alley, or I would have been burned. I was unaware that the vehicle had any mechanical or fuel line issues at the time of the fire, having performed a pre-trip inspection that morning without incident.
Before firefighters could extinguish the flames, the fire spread to Ms. Peltier’s
property, damaging her fence, gate, landscaping, irrigation system, and gazebo. One
of the firefighters who responded to the scene allegedly told Mr. Brewer that an
electrical failure probably caused the fire.
Ms. Peltier sued the City under the Texas Tort Claims Act (TTCA), see TEX.
CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 101.021, .025, initially alleging both that the City was
negligent in maintaining the truck and that its driver acted negligently. After the City
answered, Ms. Peltier amended her complaint to remove allegations of negligent
maintenance, focusing solely on Mr. Brewer’s alleged negligence. A few months
later, the City filed its plea to the jurisdiction, arguing it was immune from Ms.
Peltier’s suit because her claims were “essentially that the City was negligent in
failing to maintain its trash truck,” and “the City’s evidence conclusively establishes
that its employee, Aaron Brewer III, did not act negligently.”
–2– With respect to its second contention, the City relied on Mr. Brewer’s affidavit
to argue that “there simply was no time after he heard the sound for him to move the
truck so as to prevent damage to Plaintiff’s property.” And, according to the City,
Mr. Brewer “acted exactly as a person of ordinary prudence would have acted under
the same or similar circumstances: he got a safe distance away from the burning
vehicle and called 9-1-1.”
Ms. Peltier responded that she was no longer arguing the City was liable for
failing to maintain the truck. And with respect to Mr. Brewer’s negligence, she
asserted there were fact issues as to whether Mr. Brewer acted in a reasonable
manner. She pointed out that Mr. Brewer was driving the vehicle when he first
realized there might be an issue, but instead of parking the truck in a safe location,
he parked it near her house, which foreseeably caused her damages.
The trial court continued the initial hearing on the City’s plea to allow Ms.
Peltier to conduct discovery. Both parties then submitted additional evidence for the
court’s consideration. In her supplemental response, Ms. Peltier pointed to testimony
from Mr. Brewer’s supervisor that, according to the City’s training, if a driver hears
something wrong with the truck, the driver is supposed to pull over to a safe location,
turn the engine off, grab the fire extinguisher, and then go inspect the truck to
determine the problem. Yet, Mr. Brewer did not pull over to a safe location, did not
immediately turn off the engine, and did not grab the fire extinguisher before
–3– inspecting the truck. Thus, she argued, there is a fact issue as to whether Mr. Brewer
acted negligently.
After the re-convened hearing, the trial court denied the City’s plea, and we
review that decision de novo. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d
217, 226 (Tex. 2004). Where, as here, a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the
existence of jurisdictional facts, we must consider relevant evidence submitted by
the parties as necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues. Id.; State v. Holland, 221
S.W.3d 639, 643 (Tex. 2007). A plea should not be granted if a fact issue is presented
as to the court’s jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228; Holland, 221 S.W.3d at
643. When reviewing an evidence-based plea implicating the merits of the case, we
apply a standard similar to that applied in a summary judgment. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d at 228. We take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, both
indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in the nonmovant’s
favor. Id.
Trash collection is a governmental function for which municipalities are
generally immune. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.0215(a)(6).
Nevertheless, immunity is waived under the TTCA to the extent a plaintiff asserts a
claim for property damage that is proximately caused by a municipal employee’s
negligence, if: (1) “the property damage . . . arises from the operation or use of a
–4– motor-driven vehicle”; and (2) “the employee would be personally liable to the
claimant according to Texas law.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.021(1).
The City contends the trial court erred by denying its plea, because its
evidence conclusively shows Ms. Peltier’s damages arose neither from Mr. Brewer’s
negligence nor his use of the City’s truck. We disagree.
As an initial matter, we reject the City’s argument that Ms. Peltier’s claim is
actually based on negligent maintenance1 and that she cannot defeat immunity
through what it describes as artful pleading. The City’s argument ignores the fact
that Ms. Peltier’s original petition also alleged liability based on Mr. Brewer’s
conduct. The fact that Ms. Peltier later dropped her negligent maintenance
allegations does not affect her allegations concerning Mr. Brewer, which she has
consistently maintained. We reject the City’s invitation to recharacterize Ms.
Peltier’s petition amendments.
We also reject the City’s argument that Ms. Peltier did not allege a claim
arising out of Mr. Brewer’s “operation or use of” the City’s garbage truck. Id.
1 The City contends it is immune from a negligent-maintenance claim, relying on cases from our sister courts. See, e.g., Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice v. Pike, No. 10-19-00696-CV, 2020 WL 6326469, at *3 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.); Harlingen Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Miranda, No. 13-18-00391-CV, 2019 WL 1187151, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Mar. 14, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.); San Antonio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Hale, No. 04-18-00102-CV, 2018 WL 3129436, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 27, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.); Tex. Juvenile Justice Dep’t v.
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AFFIRM and Opinion Filed June 16, 2022
In the Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-21-00760-CV
CITY OF DALLAS, Appellant V. LYNN PELTIER, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4 Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. CC-20-04958-D
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Carlyle, Smith, and Garcia Opinion by Justice Carlyle The City of Dallas appeals from the trial court’s order denying its plea to the
jurisdiction. We affirm in this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
Aaron Brewer drove a garbage truck for the City’s Department of Sanitation
Services. In July 2020, he went to pick up trash in the alley behind Lynn Peltier’s
home. According to his affidavit, “[w]hile operating the truck, [he] heard a loud
whistling sound coming from somewhere behind the cab.” Mr. Brewer stopped in
the alley next to Ms. Peltier’s property, and his affidavit described what happened
next: Not knowing what [the noise] was, I exited the vehicle and saw flames shooting out from between the cab of the truck and the trash compactor. I jumped back into the cab of the vehicle and turned the truck off, at which point the flames were already engulfing the cab. I then ran to the passenger’s side of the cab to grab the fire extinguisher, but was unable to grab it due to the rapid spread of the flames. I ran a safe distance from the vehicle and immediately dialed 9-1-1 and my supervisor.
By the time I realized that the truck was on fire, I could not drive the vehicle out of the alley, or I would have been burned. I was unaware that the vehicle had any mechanical or fuel line issues at the time of the fire, having performed a pre-trip inspection that morning without incident.
Before firefighters could extinguish the flames, the fire spread to Ms. Peltier’s
property, damaging her fence, gate, landscaping, irrigation system, and gazebo. One
of the firefighters who responded to the scene allegedly told Mr. Brewer that an
electrical failure probably caused the fire.
Ms. Peltier sued the City under the Texas Tort Claims Act (TTCA), see TEX.
CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE §§ 101.021, .025, initially alleging both that the City was
negligent in maintaining the truck and that its driver acted negligently. After the City
answered, Ms. Peltier amended her complaint to remove allegations of negligent
maintenance, focusing solely on Mr. Brewer’s alleged negligence. A few months
later, the City filed its plea to the jurisdiction, arguing it was immune from Ms.
Peltier’s suit because her claims were “essentially that the City was negligent in
failing to maintain its trash truck,” and “the City’s evidence conclusively establishes
that its employee, Aaron Brewer III, did not act negligently.”
–2– With respect to its second contention, the City relied on Mr. Brewer’s affidavit
to argue that “there simply was no time after he heard the sound for him to move the
truck so as to prevent damage to Plaintiff’s property.” And, according to the City,
Mr. Brewer “acted exactly as a person of ordinary prudence would have acted under
the same or similar circumstances: he got a safe distance away from the burning
vehicle and called 9-1-1.”
Ms. Peltier responded that she was no longer arguing the City was liable for
failing to maintain the truck. And with respect to Mr. Brewer’s negligence, she
asserted there were fact issues as to whether Mr. Brewer acted in a reasonable
manner. She pointed out that Mr. Brewer was driving the vehicle when he first
realized there might be an issue, but instead of parking the truck in a safe location,
he parked it near her house, which foreseeably caused her damages.
The trial court continued the initial hearing on the City’s plea to allow Ms.
Peltier to conduct discovery. Both parties then submitted additional evidence for the
court’s consideration. In her supplemental response, Ms. Peltier pointed to testimony
from Mr. Brewer’s supervisor that, according to the City’s training, if a driver hears
something wrong with the truck, the driver is supposed to pull over to a safe location,
turn the engine off, grab the fire extinguisher, and then go inspect the truck to
determine the problem. Yet, Mr. Brewer did not pull over to a safe location, did not
immediately turn off the engine, and did not grab the fire extinguisher before
–3– inspecting the truck. Thus, she argued, there is a fact issue as to whether Mr. Brewer
acted negligently.
After the re-convened hearing, the trial court denied the City’s plea, and we
review that decision de novo. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d
217, 226 (Tex. 2004). Where, as here, a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the
existence of jurisdictional facts, we must consider relevant evidence submitted by
the parties as necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues. Id.; State v. Holland, 221
S.W.3d 639, 643 (Tex. 2007). A plea should not be granted if a fact issue is presented
as to the court’s jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228; Holland, 221 S.W.3d at
643. When reviewing an evidence-based plea implicating the merits of the case, we
apply a standard similar to that applied in a summary judgment. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d at 228. We take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, both
indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in the nonmovant’s
favor. Id.
Trash collection is a governmental function for which municipalities are
generally immune. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.0215(a)(6).
Nevertheless, immunity is waived under the TTCA to the extent a plaintiff asserts a
claim for property damage that is proximately caused by a municipal employee’s
negligence, if: (1) “the property damage . . . arises from the operation or use of a
–4– motor-driven vehicle”; and (2) “the employee would be personally liable to the
claimant according to Texas law.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 101.021(1).
The City contends the trial court erred by denying its plea, because its
evidence conclusively shows Ms. Peltier’s damages arose neither from Mr. Brewer’s
negligence nor his use of the City’s truck. We disagree.
As an initial matter, we reject the City’s argument that Ms. Peltier’s claim is
actually based on negligent maintenance1 and that she cannot defeat immunity
through what it describes as artful pleading. The City’s argument ignores the fact
that Ms. Peltier’s original petition also alleged liability based on Mr. Brewer’s
conduct. The fact that Ms. Peltier later dropped her negligent maintenance
allegations does not affect her allegations concerning Mr. Brewer, which she has
consistently maintained. We reject the City’s invitation to recharacterize Ms.
Peltier’s petition amendments.
We also reject the City’s argument that Ms. Peltier did not allege a claim
arising out of Mr. Brewer’s “operation or use of” the City’s garbage truck. Id.
1 The City contends it is immune from a negligent-maintenance claim, relying on cases from our sister courts. See, e.g., Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice v. Pike, No. 10-19-00696-CV, 2020 WL 6326469, at *3 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.); Harlingen Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Miranda, No. 13-18-00391-CV, 2019 WL 1187151, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Mar. 14, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.); San Antonio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Hale, No. 04-18-00102-CV, 2018 WL 3129436, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 27, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.); Tex. Juvenile Justice Dep’t v. PHI, Inc., 537 S.W.3d 707, 713 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017), rev’d on other grounds, 53 S.W.3d 296 (Tex. 2019). The supreme court, however, has declined to resolve the issue, see PHI, Inc. v. Tex. Juvenile Justice Dep’t, 593 S.W.3d 296, 306 n.2 (Tex. 2019), and we decline as well because Ms. Peltier’s live petition does not allege a negligent-maintenance claim. –5– § 101.021(1)(A). According to the City, the truck did not cause Ms. Peltier’s
damages; the fire did. And then, the City says, because Ms. Peltier acknowledged
that Mr. Brewer did not cause the fire, she cannot claim his use of the truck caused
her damages. Moreover, the City posits, to the extent Ms. Peltier contends Mr.
Brewer should have moved the truck to a safe location after discovering the fire, her
claim is impermissibly based on Mr. Brewer’s nonuse of the truck.
The City’s argument mischaracterizes the nature of Ms. Peltier’s claim. Her
claim is not based on Mr. Brewer either causing the fire or failing to move the truck
after discovering the fire; her claim is based on Mr. Brewer negligently operating the
truck before discovering the fire. The record includes evidence Mr. Brewer’s job was
operating the truck, a vehicle that required a pre-operation inspection. We agree with
Ms. Peltier that there are fact issues as to whether Mr. Brewer’s alleged negligence
caused her damages.
With respect to Mr. Brewer’s decision to park the truck next to Ms. Peltier’s
property, the supreme court has explained that negligently parking a vehicle can
provide a basis for immunity waiver if the negligent parking causes the plaintiff’s
damages. See PHI, Inc. v. Tex. Juvenile Justice Dep’t, 593 S.W.3d 296, 306 n.2 (Tex.
2019). Here, the record does not conclusively establish that Mr. Brewer acted
reasonably in parking the malfunctioning truck next to Ms. Peltier’s property.
Indeed, Mr. Brewer’s affidavit does not state exactly where he was when he first
–6– heard the whistle. Nor does it state how much time elapsed between when he heard
the whistle and when he exited the truck in front of Ms. Peltier’s property. Thus, the
record does not establish the City’s speculation that “there simply was no time after
[Mr. Brewer] heard the sound for him to move the truck so as to prevent damage to
Plaintiff’s property.”
To the extent the City argues Mr. Brewer could not have foreseen that the truck
would catch fire next to Ms. Peltier’s property, his supervisor testified that, according
to the City’s training, Mr. Brewer was supposed to shut off the engine and grab the
fire extinguisher before getting out to investigate any potential malfunction. This
suggests Mr. Brewer knew or should have known there was a risk of a potential fire,
and confirms the somewhat specialized nature of operating this truck. Moreover,
although there was some evidence suggesting an electrical malfunction was
responsible for causing the fire, the City’s evidence does not establish that Mr.
Brewer’s decision to leave the engine running while investigating the source of the
malfunction, contrary to the City’s training, did not exacerbate the fire or contribute
to its spreading to Ms. Peltier’s property.
On this record, the City’s evidence does not negate jurisdiction as a matter of
law, and we are bound to allow this case to continue to trial for a determination on
the merits.
–7– We affirm the trial court’s order denying the City’s plea to the jurisdiction.
/Cory L. Carlyle/ 210760f.p05 CORY L. CARLYLE JUSTICE
–8– Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
CITY OF DALLAS, Appellant On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4, Dallas County, Texas No. 05-21-00760-CV V. Trial Court Cause No. CC-20-04958- D. LYNN PELTIER, Appellee Opinion delivered by Justice Carlyle. Justices Smith and Garcia participating.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered this 16th day of June, 2022.
–9–