McAllister, P. J.
Looking beyond the mere matters of inducement to the real cause of action, and some that are mere surplusage contained in plaintiff’s declaration, we find that the essential elements of such cause of action, and upon which alone a recovery can be had, if at all, are (1), a good title in fee in himself at the time to the portion of his lot which the defendant sought to have condemned for public use; (2), a regular judgment in his favor of a court of record of the county, 'ascertaining the amount of compensation to be paid him for the portion of said lot so sought to be condemned; and (3), the taking and retention of the possession by the defendant of such portion of said lot, after such judgment, with the consent of the plaintiff. The cause of action does not spring from such judgment alone, but from the concurrence of all of the above elements or ingredients; because it is perfectly well settled in this State that the usual judgment authorized by the statute, which is the kind here, is not absolute, but conditional only; that therefore, the court rendering it cannot award an execution upon it, unless the jury find, or it is clearly established in the record, that the applicant for condemnation had before judgment actually appropriated the property sought to be condemned, by taking and retaining possession of it: St. Louis & S. E. R’y Co. v. Teters, 68 Ill. 144.
It has likewise been decided that mandamus, upon the relation of the property owner, will not lie against the condemning corporation to compel the payment of the amount in the judgment, unless it be made to appear that such corporation has already appropriated the property by taking and retaining the possession of it with the owner’s consent, express or implied. City of Chicago v. Barbian, 80 Ill. 482. In that case the court, by Mr. Justice Scholfield, after quoting the provisions of the statute as to the effect of the judgment, and the manner of carrying the condemnation into full execution, says: “ This would clearly seem to indicate, first, that the judgment to be rendered on the verdict of. the jury is conditional, and is to be a sufficient judgment of condemnation only when payment shall be made of the amount of the finding; and, second, that no right, either to take or damage the property, shall vest in the applicant for condemnation until such payment shall have been made. Until then, the owner is entitled to the absolute control and use of his property, and he cannot be deprived thereof until the order shall be made as prescribed by section 15, on proof being made of payment, etc., as therein provided.
The compensation to be made is for “property taken or damaged,” and no property shall be taken or damaged until compensation shall be made. The rights of the parties are correlative, and have a reciprocal relation — the existence of the one depending on the existence of the other. When the party seeking condemnation acquires a vested right in the property, the owner has a vested right in the compensation; but since no vested right can be acquired in the property without the owner’s consent, until compensation shall be paid, it must follow there can be no vested right in the compensation until after the amount is paid. Of course, if, by the owner’s consent, either express or implied, the property is taken or damaged before compensation is made, the owner has a vested right in the compensation.” The same doctrine is re-affirmed in South Park Com’rs v. Dunlevy, 91 Ills. 56. Beveridge v. West Park Com’rs, 7 Bradwell, 460.
It is the settled law tin this State, that the applicant for condemnation may, at any time before payment of the compensation, or the appropriation of the property by taking and retaining possession, discontinue and abandon the improvement and all proceedings to cany it into effect. St. L. & S. E. R. v. Teters, 68 Ill. 144; Chicago v. Barbian, supra; The Tillage of Hyde Park v. Dunham, 85 Ill. 570.
On the trial, the plaintiff, not being able to prove that the defendant, by any person or persons duly authorized for that purpose, had taken and retained possession of any portion of his lot, shifted his ground as to that branch of his case; and the court permitted him, against the objections of the defendant, to introduce evidence tending to show that, in June, 1877, he and his wife signed and acknowledged a deed to the city of ■ that portion of his lot sought to be condemned, in due form, and that the same was delivered by plaintiff to, and accepted by, the comptroller of the city.
That evidence was, in our opinion, clearly inadmissable, for two reasons: First, the plaintiff was bound to count upon those special facts, in his declaration, from which the law would give him a vested right in the compensation so ascertained, and from which a promise to pay it would be implied .on the part of defendant. Nothing of the kind was alleged. Secondly, while it may be conceded, that if a private corporation, such as a railroad company, and competent to contract in this way, had stood in the place of this municipal corporation, such a deed and acceptance would have conferred upon plaintiff an immediate vested right in such compensation, yet the defendant’s position is entirely different. It is organized and acting under the general incorporation act of 1872, which specifically defines all its powers and faculties, and the condemnation proceeding was under Article IX (R. S. 1874, p. 232), which affords a complete system, and specifies each step to be taken. There can be found no statute requiring any property owner, in such case, to give a deed, or the city or any of its officers to accept one. Such authority, if assumed, would enable such officers not only to embarrass the execution of the system provided for making local improvements, but to thwart, defeat, and entirely subvert it.
The first section of Article IX vests the corporation with power to make local improvements by special assessment, or special taxation, or general taxation, or all these means, as the corporation shall by ordinance provide. Then, the second section declares: “ When any city, etc., shall, by ordinance, provide for the making of any local improvement, it shall, by the same ordinance, prescribe whether the same shall be made by special assessment, or special taxation of contiguous prop erty, or general taxation, or both.’7 The subsequent sections prescribe specific methods to be pursued under each of the above heads; and the whole, taken together, furnishes the the remedy, so far as the property owner is concerned as to his compensation for property taken or damaged for public use. It is the established rule, that such remedy is exclusive; and, of course, amounts to an implied prohibition of any other, so long as that prescribed is achered to. Smith v. Railroad Co. 67 Ills. 191; Mills on Em. Dom. Sec’s, 87, 88, and cases in notes.
That remedy was pursued by both the city and the property owners. The point of inquiry is whether it lay in the power of the property owners and the comptroller to defeat and subvert that remedy, and substitute another and different one.
The doctrine is elementary, that such municipal corporations possess no powers or faculties not conferred upon them expressly, or by fair implication, by the law by which they are created, or other statutes applicable to them. This rule is one of frequent recognition in this State. Town of Petersburg v. Metzker, 21 Ill. 205. In City of Springfield v. Edwards, 81 Ill. 684, the court,by Mr.
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McAllister, P. J.
Looking beyond the mere matters of inducement to the real cause of action, and some that are mere surplusage contained in plaintiff’s declaration, we find that the essential elements of such cause of action, and upon which alone a recovery can be had, if at all, are (1), a good title in fee in himself at the time to the portion of his lot which the defendant sought to have condemned for public use; (2), a regular judgment in his favor of a court of record of the county, 'ascertaining the amount of compensation to be paid him for the portion of said lot so sought to be condemned; and (3), the taking and retention of the possession by the defendant of such portion of said lot, after such judgment, with the consent of the plaintiff. The cause of action does not spring from such judgment alone, but from the concurrence of all of the above elements or ingredients; because it is perfectly well settled in this State that the usual judgment authorized by the statute, which is the kind here, is not absolute, but conditional only; that therefore, the court rendering it cannot award an execution upon it, unless the jury find, or it is clearly established in the record, that the applicant for condemnation had before judgment actually appropriated the property sought to be condemned, by taking and retaining possession of it: St. Louis & S. E. R’y Co. v. Teters, 68 Ill. 144.
It has likewise been decided that mandamus, upon the relation of the property owner, will not lie against the condemning corporation to compel the payment of the amount in the judgment, unless it be made to appear that such corporation has already appropriated the property by taking and retaining the possession of it with the owner’s consent, express or implied. City of Chicago v. Barbian, 80 Ill. 482. In that case the court, by Mr. Justice Scholfield, after quoting the provisions of the statute as to the effect of the judgment, and the manner of carrying the condemnation into full execution, says: “ This would clearly seem to indicate, first, that the judgment to be rendered on the verdict of. the jury is conditional, and is to be a sufficient judgment of condemnation only when payment shall be made of the amount of the finding; and, second, that no right, either to take or damage the property, shall vest in the applicant for condemnation until such payment shall have been made. Until then, the owner is entitled to the absolute control and use of his property, and he cannot be deprived thereof until the order shall be made as prescribed by section 15, on proof being made of payment, etc., as therein provided.
The compensation to be made is for “property taken or damaged,” and no property shall be taken or damaged until compensation shall be made. The rights of the parties are correlative, and have a reciprocal relation — the existence of the one depending on the existence of the other. When the party seeking condemnation acquires a vested right in the property, the owner has a vested right in the compensation; but since no vested right can be acquired in the property without the owner’s consent, until compensation shall be paid, it must follow there can be no vested right in the compensation until after the amount is paid. Of course, if, by the owner’s consent, either express or implied, the property is taken or damaged before compensation is made, the owner has a vested right in the compensation.” The same doctrine is re-affirmed in South Park Com’rs v. Dunlevy, 91 Ills. 56. Beveridge v. West Park Com’rs, 7 Bradwell, 460.
It is the settled law tin this State, that the applicant for condemnation may, at any time before payment of the compensation, or the appropriation of the property by taking and retaining possession, discontinue and abandon the improvement and all proceedings to cany it into effect. St. L. & S. E. R. v. Teters, 68 Ill. 144; Chicago v. Barbian, supra; The Tillage of Hyde Park v. Dunham, 85 Ill. 570.
On the trial, the plaintiff, not being able to prove that the defendant, by any person or persons duly authorized for that purpose, had taken and retained possession of any portion of his lot, shifted his ground as to that branch of his case; and the court permitted him, against the objections of the defendant, to introduce evidence tending to show that, in June, 1877, he and his wife signed and acknowledged a deed to the city of ■ that portion of his lot sought to be condemned, in due form, and that the same was delivered by plaintiff to, and accepted by, the comptroller of the city.
That evidence was, in our opinion, clearly inadmissable, for two reasons: First, the plaintiff was bound to count upon those special facts, in his declaration, from which the law would give him a vested right in the compensation so ascertained, and from which a promise to pay it would be implied .on the part of defendant. Nothing of the kind was alleged. Secondly, while it may be conceded, that if a private corporation, such as a railroad company, and competent to contract in this way, had stood in the place of this municipal corporation, such a deed and acceptance would have conferred upon plaintiff an immediate vested right in such compensation, yet the defendant’s position is entirely different. It is organized and acting under the general incorporation act of 1872, which specifically defines all its powers and faculties, and the condemnation proceeding was under Article IX (R. S. 1874, p. 232), which affords a complete system, and specifies each step to be taken. There can be found no statute requiring any property owner, in such case, to give a deed, or the city or any of its officers to accept one. Such authority, if assumed, would enable such officers not only to embarrass the execution of the system provided for making local improvements, but to thwart, defeat, and entirely subvert it.
The first section of Article IX vests the corporation with power to make local improvements by special assessment, or special taxation, or general taxation, or all these means, as the corporation shall by ordinance provide. Then, the second section declares: “ When any city, etc., shall, by ordinance, provide for the making of any local improvement, it shall, by the same ordinance, prescribe whether the same shall be made by special assessment, or special taxation of contiguous prop erty, or general taxation, or both.’7 The subsequent sections prescribe specific methods to be pursued under each of the above heads; and the whole, taken together, furnishes the the remedy, so far as the property owner is concerned as to his compensation for property taken or damaged for public use. It is the established rule, that such remedy is exclusive; and, of course, amounts to an implied prohibition of any other, so long as that prescribed is achered to. Smith v. Railroad Co. 67 Ills. 191; Mills on Em. Dom. Sec’s, 87, 88, and cases in notes.
That remedy was pursued by both the city and the property owners. The point of inquiry is whether it lay in the power of the property owners and the comptroller to defeat and subvert that remedy, and substitute another and different one.
The doctrine is elementary, that such municipal corporations possess no powers or faculties not conferred upon them expressly, or by fair implication, by the law by which they are created, or other statutes applicable to them. This rule is one of frequent recognition in this State. Town of Petersburg v. Metzker, 21 Ill. 205. In City of Springfield v. Edwards, 81 Ill. 684, the court,by Mr. Justice Scholfield, says: “Those representing the city can exercise only such powers in its name and on its behalf, as are expressly conferred by its organic laws, or as are incidental and necessary to carry into effect the objects of the incorporation. "Much less can any power be exercised or act done which is prohibited by statute.” See also the opinion of Chief Justice Shaw, in Spalding v. City of Lowell, 23 Pick. 71; Dillon on Mun. Corp. (1st ed.), Sec. 55, and cases in notes.
These rules are the dednetionsof wise and able jurists, from the most salutary principles of social and municipal law. and their necessity and importance for the protection of tax-payers and minorities, have been amply demonstrated by experience in almost every city of consequence in the land.
The ordinance for the improvement provided that the cost of it should be paid by special assessment of property benefited thereby. Such an assessment was made. The whole cost was found to be eleven hundred and twenty-two thousand and eleven dollars; all of which vast sum, except about eight thousand dollars, was required for the compensation to be made to the several property owners.
It must be borne in mind that these judgments in the condemnation proceedings, none of them, created any absolute liability on- the part of the city; of themselves they constituted no debt; no execution could be issued upon them; no writ of mandamus would lie to enforce payment, nor action of debt be maintained upon them. From this, it follows that any act between the plaintiff and the comptroller which would give the former a vested right in the amount of the condemnation judgment in his favor, and an immediate right of action against the city to recover the same, must necessarily be tantamount to the creation of a debt — the incurring of a liability ex contractu. A deed is a contract, a parting with property by the grantor, and an acceptance thereof by the grantee: Jackson v. Bodle, 20 Johns, 184. And it is necessary to the validity of a deed that there be a grantee not only willing to accept it, but capable in law of taking the estate in that way. Jackson v. Phipps, 12 Johns, 419.
The city of Chicago could not, under said Article IX, have made this improvement by acquiring the property necessary for that purpose, by means of private contracts with property owners. Such a practice would inevitably lead to favoritism and corruption. Hence the statute has prescribed a specific manner of acquiring such property; and, by the rules of construction it impliedly forbids the thing being done in any other way. The powers of the comptroller are carefully defined in section 104 (R. S. 1874, p. 229), but there is none authorizing him to enter into contracts or accept deeds with or from property owners in such cases. Then, Section 89 requires the city council in the first quarter of each fiscal year to pass an appropriation bill covering every expense or liability of the corporation to be paid during such year. Section 91 prohibits all contracts and the incurring of any liability on the part- of the corporation, unless an appropriation therefor shall have been previously made. Chicago v. Shoberville, etc. Co. 6 Bradw. 560.
Then, superadded to all these is the constitutional limitation as to the corporation becoming indebted.
How it seems to us very clear that if the comptroller could legally accept a deed from Shepard, the plaintiff, and thus by contract give him an immediate absolute right to the amount of compensation to him ascertained by the condemnation proceeding, he could do so as to each one of the other property owners so situated; and if he could have legally thus contracted with the plaintiff in June 1877, then there being no guide for him but Ms own discretion, he could have done so with the plaintiff and each of the other property owners in question on the 24th day of April, 1874, the very next day after the judgments in the condemnation proceeding were entered. Therefore, according to the theory of the plaintiff below, this single officer — the comptroller, whose powers are carefully defined by the statute, and include nothing of this sort — in some mysterious way possessed a power which would, enable him not only to defeat and subvert the system prescribed by the statute for acquiring private property for local improvements, and the manner in which compensation should be provided, but by his sole act to create an absolute liability on the part of the city, where none before existed, so as to subject the corporation to an action ex contractu immediately upon the entering of the judgments in the condemnation proceeding, in which action a personal judgment may be had against the city to be enforced like all other such judgments; and thus, in fact, create an absolute indebtedness against the city, which might, in this case, amount to over a million dollars. This too, perhaps, in excess of the constitutional limitation as to indebtedness, and certainly, without any previous appropriation having been made for any part of it. Such a proposition is too absurd and monstrous to receive judicial sanction; and the court below very properly directed the jury that the comptroller could not, by accepting such deed, thereby increase the liability of the city. Still the evidence was before the jury, and they must have considered it in their verdict. The instruction did not cure the error. Lafayette B. & M. R. v. Winslow, 66 Ill. 219; Lycoming Fire Ins. Co. v. Rubin, 79 Ill. 402.
The court below, in effect, instructed the jury that if the city took and retained possession, with the consent of the respective owners thereof, of property other than that of the plaintiff, such act would make the city liable to the plaintiff for the amount of compensation to him ascertained by the condemnation proceedings. We think that was error for two reasons, at least. First, if such taking and retention of possession by the city, of the property of others constituted an ingredient of the cause of action, it should have been alleged in the declaration; but it was not. Secondly, as the rights of the respective property owners were several and distinct as to the property, so were they as to the amount of compensation. We can conceive of no principle of law by which one such property owner could be affected, either favorably or unfavorably, by any thing done between the city and another property owner, in which the former had no participation.
For the errors indicated the judgment of the court below must be reversed, and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.