PRESENT: Lemons, C.J., Goodwyn, Mims, Powell, Kelsey, McCullough JJ., and Millette, S.J.
CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE, ET AL. OPINION BY v. Record No. 200791 JUSTICE CLEO E. POWELL AUGUST 26, 2021 WILLIAM SCLAFANI
FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
The City of Charlottesville (the “City”) appeals the decision of the Court of Appeals
affirming an award of workers’ compensation benefits.
I. BACKGROUND
In May 2017, William Sclafani (“Sclafani”), a Charlottesville police officer, took part in
a SWAT team training activity. Sclafani played the role of the suspect in various scenarios from
8:00 a.m. until approximately 5:00 p.m. In this capacity, Sclafani was repeatedly put on the
ground, handcuffed with his hands behind his back and then picked up while still in handcuffs.
During the training, Sclafani experienced some discomfort but there was never any significant
pain. However, at the end of the day he discovered that he could not straighten his left arm to
reach the steering wheel of his car and go home. As the evening progressed, Sclafani found that
he could no longer move his arm up or down. According to Sclafani, he did not feel any pain
until the next morning.
Sclafani reported his injury to his supervisor but did not seek medical treatment for
several days. After seeing a nurse practitioner, he was advised to see a specialist if his arm did
not improve in three weeks. Sclafani subsequently sought treatment with an orthopedist who
gave him a steroid injection and sent him to physical therapy. Sclafani’s shoulder eventually required surgery for rotator cuff tears and traumatic impingement syndrome.1 After his surgery,
Sclafani transitioned back to light-duty and then full-duty work.
Sclafani filed a workers’ compensation claim seeking an award of medical benefits and
temporary total disability benefits for the period beginning five days before his surgery and
lasting until his release to light-duty work. The City denied that Sclafani had suffered a
compensable injury by accident. During a deposition, Sclafani testified that he was never
roughly handled during the training nor did he ever experience any sudden pain or feel a pop or
crack. However, he recalled that, during the last scenario, he “was picked up a little weird” and
“felt some discomfort.” When he was subsequently asked if that was the incident that he
believed resulted in his injury, Sclafani responded, “Oh, yeah. There’s no doubt.”
After a hearing before a Deputy Commissioner, Sclafani’s claim was initially denied on
the basis that, although Sclafani had clearly suffered an injury, he failed to establish an
identifiable incident or sudden precipitating event that caused the injury. Sclafani requested a
review by the full Commission. The Commission reversed the Deputy Commissioner’s ruling
and entered an award of benefits. According to the Commission, “the training session provided
1 Shoulder impingement syndrome is defined as a disorder that results from repeated “microtrauma” to the various structures that border the subacromial space, primarily the supraspinatus tendon, the long head of the biceps (especially at the “bicipital groove” where the muscle traverses the upper end of the humerus), and the subacromial bursa. Without intervention, the condition naturally progresses, as the impingement of the tendon/bursa, done on a fairly frequent basis, causes inflammation, which reduces the already small space, increasing the frequency and severity of impingement which, over time, can lead to complete tears of the rotator cuff.
Christine Stewart & Betty Brutman, Shoulder impingement syndrome – Overview, Attorneys Medical Advisor § 72:14 (April 2021 update).
2 the necessary rigidity of temporal precision to constitute one event” and, therefore, Sclafani had
sufficiently established the identifiable incident that had caused the injury.
The City appealed the Commission’s decision to the Court of Appeals. In a published
opinion, the Court of Appeals reversed the Commission’s ruling on the basis that “the
Commission assumed but failed to find that Sclafani’s testimony established an identifiable
incident with sufficient temporal precision.” City of Charlottesville v. Sclafani, 70 Va. App. 613,
623 (2019) (hereafter, “Sclafani I”). The Court of Appeals acknowledged that “[t]he assumption
that Sclafani sustained a non-cumulative injury during the last four hours of training was justified
based on Sclafani’s own testimony,” but noted that the Commission had based its decision on a
finding that the injury had occurred during the entire eight-hour training session rather than just
the last four hours. Id. It remanded the case to the Commission to make a factual finding
regarding “whether Sclafani’s injury occurred during the four post-lunch hours of the training.”
Id.
On remand, the Commission noted that Sclafani did not notice any problems with his
shoulder prior to lunch, whereas after lunch, he noted some discomfort. As such, the
Commission found that Sclafani “sustained a non-cumulative injury during the last four hours of
training.” The City again appealed to the Court of Appeals.
On appeal, the Court of Appeals ruled that it would not consider whether Sclafani had
“suffered a compensable, discrete injury by accident arising out of employment” or “met his
burden to show an identifiable incident” on the basis that those issues had previously been raised
and adversely decided in Sclafani I and the City never appealed those rulings to this Court. The
Court of Appeals further affirmed the Commission’s determination that Sclafani had satisfied his
burden to prove that he had incurred his injury at a reasonably identifiable time, and ruled that
3 this conclusion was mutually exclusive with the city’s assertion that the injury was cumulative in
nature.
The City appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, the City initially asserts that the Court of Appeals erred in its application of
the law of the case doctrine. It next contends that the Court of Appeals and the Commission
erred in finding that Sclafani suffered a compensable, discrete injury arising out of employment
during the training session. Specifically, the City claims that Sclafani failed to meet his burden
of demonstrating that an identifiable accident caused his injury as opposed to repetitive trauma.
A. LAW OF THE CASE
The City first argues that the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the law of the case
doctrine precluded its review of whether a compensable injury arising out of Sclafani’s
employment occurred and whether he met his burden to show an identifiable accident was the
cause of that injury. The City insists that the present case is analogous to Uninsured Employer’s
Fund v. Thrush, 255 Va. 14, 19 (1998), where we held that a matter previously raised on appeal
to the Court of Appeals and remanded to the lower tribunal is not subject to the law of the case
doctrine on a subsequent appeal. We agree.
This Court has explained the law of the case doctrine as follows:
Where there have been two appeals in the same case, between the same parties, and the facts are the same, nothing decided on the first appeal can be re-examined on a second appeal. Right or wrong, it is binding on both the trial court and the appellate court, and is not subject to re-examination by either. For the purpose of that case, though only for that case, the decision on the first appeal is the law.
Steinman v. Clinchfield Coal Corp., 121 Va. 611, 620 (1917).
4 The Court has further recognized that “when a party fails to challenge a decision rendered
by a court at one stage of litigation, that party is deemed to have waived [its] right to challenge
that decision during later stages of the ‘same litigation.’” Miller-Jenkins v. Miller-Jenkins, 276
Va. 19, 26 (2008). Thus, “[t]he ‘law of the case’ doctrine applies both to issues that were
actually decided by the court, and also to issues ‘necessarily involved in the first appeal, whether
actually adjudicated or not.’” Id. (quoting Kemp v. Miller, 160 Va. 280, 285 (1933)).
We have, however, recognized an exception to the law of the case doctrine. In Thrush,
the employer appealed the Commission’s decision regarding the amount of benefits to award.
255 Va. at 17. The Court of Appeals reversed the award with directions that the Commission
make a new award. Id. The Court of Appeals did not modify the award, but it clearly indicated
the manner in which it should be modified. Id. On remand, the Commission followed the Court
of Appeals’ guidance and entered a new award. Id. The employer again appealed the amount of
benefits awarded. Id. The Court of Appeals, noting that the issue was the same issue that had
been previously raised, ruled that the law of the case doctrine barred its further consideration of
the matter. Id. at 18. On appeal to this Court, we held that, under these circumstances, where the
Court of Appeals could have modified the ruling of the Commission, but chose instead to remand
the matter, the law of the case doctrine had no application. Id. at 19. We explained that, in
enacting Code § 17–116.09, 2 the General Assembly clearly intended to allow a party to choose
between appealing the Court of Appeals’ decision to this Court or accepting the remand without
“waiv[ing] its right to seek an ultimate appeal to this Court from an unfavorable decision
following the remand.” Id.
2 Code § 17–116.09 was subsequently recodified as Code § 17.1-412. 1998 Acts ch. 872.
5 The posture of the present case is virtually identical to that of Thrush. In Sclafani I, the
Court of Appeals explicitly acknowledged that whether the Commission properly determined
that Sclafani had suffered a discrete, compensable injury arising out of his employment and
whether Sclafani met his burden to show such an injury were the issues before it. 70 Va. App. at
618. The Court of Appeals noted that both of these issues turned on whether Sclafani’s evidence
provided sufficient temporal proof as to when the injury occurred. Id. at 620. However, rather
than address the sufficiency of Sclafani’s evidence, the Court of Appeals ruled that the
Commission’s finding lacked “sufficient temporal precision” due to the Commission’s reliance
on the entire eight-hour training session. Id. at 623. Specifically, the Court of Appeals stated
that “[i]t appears . . . that the Commission assumed but failed to find that Sclafani’s testimony
established an identifiable incident with sufficient temporal precision.” Id. The Court of
Appeals did not modify the Commission’s finding; instead, it remanded the matter, while
strongly indicating that a finding that the shoulder injury occurred during the four-hour post-
lunch period was supported by the record and would be sufficiently temporally precise. Id. On
remand, the Commission followed the Court of Appeals’ guidance regarding when the shoulder
injury occurred, which was again appealed by the City.
Under the precedent established in Thrush, the City’s acceptance of the Court of Appeals’
decision to remand the matter did not bar it from subsequently appealing an unfavorable ruling
by the Commission. Thus, the Court of Appeals erred in its application of the law of the case
doctrine. Accordingly, we will reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and consider the
arguments raised by the City regarding whether a compensable injury arising out of Sclafani’s
employment occurred and whether Sclafani met his burden to show an identifiable accident was
the cause of that injury.
6 B. INJURY BY ACCIDENT
Having determined that the law of case doctrine does not bar consideration of whether a
compensable injury arising out of Sclafani’s employment occurred or whether he met his burden
to show an identifiable accident was the cause of that injury, we will address those issues here.
The City argues that, because Sclafani cannot identify the specific incident that led to his injury,
he failed to meet his burden and, therefore, the Court of Appeals and the Commission erred in
finding that he suffered a compensable, discrete injury by accident arising out of his
employment. According to the City, Sclafani’s evidence only established that his injury
occurred at some point during the four-hour period after lunch. The City insists that such
evidence is not sufficiently bound to the rigid temporal precision required under the Virginia
Workers’ Compensation Act (the “Act”). To the extent that the Court of Appeals appears to
have established a bright-line rule that a four-hour time period is sufficiently temporally precise
to establish a compensable injury under the Act, we agree with the City.
This Court has long recognized that the Act requires a claimant to prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, (1) an “‘injury by accident’ or occupational disease, (2) arising
out of, and (3) in the course of, the employment.” Morris v. Morris, 238 Va. 578, 584 (1989)
(internal citation omitted). Here, whether Sclafani’s injury arose out of and occurred in the
course of his employment is not at issue; the sole issue before the Court is whether there was
sufficient evidence to prove that he suffered an “injury by accident” within the meaning of the
Act.
To demonstrate an injury by accident “a claimant must prove that the cause of his injury
was an identifiable incident or sudden precipitating event and that it resulted in an obvious
sudden mechanical or structural change in the body.” Morris, 238 Va. at 589 (emphases in
7 original). Our jurisprudence establishes that the requisite causative event must be more than a
simple reference to a “work activity;” it must be a specific occurrence that can be temporally
fixed with reasonable accuracy. Id. Merely establishing that a claimant was engaged in work
activity during the discrete time period in which the injury occurred is insufficient. Id. at 588.
In Morris, the Court specifically discussed the Court of Appeals’ adoption of the “three
hour test,” which is somewhat similar to the approach it took in this case. Under the three hour
test, “any work-related injury resulting from stress which lasts three hours or less is deemed an
‘injury by accident’; injuries resulting from stress extending over a longer period fail to meet the
test.” Id. In rejecting this test, the Court noted that it did not require the claimant to identify the
specific causative event that resulted in the injury. Rather, the three hour test only required that a
claimant establish they were engaged in “‘work activity’ within a ‘reasonably discrete time
frame.’” Id. The Court’s explicit rejection of this test made it clear the proper focus was not on
the specific time frame in which the accident occurred, but on the specific causative event that
precipitated the accident because “[s]uch events are inevitably ‘bounded with rigid temporal
precision.’” Id. at 588-89. 3
The present case exemplifies the reason we rejected the three hour test in Morris. Here,
the evidence establishes that the afternoon training involved multiple different scenarios where
Sclafani “would be put on the ground and cuffed” or he would “just get on the ground and be
cuffed and be picked up and moved away.” In other words, the afternoon training session
involved multiple potential causative events occurring throughout the four-hour post-lunch
3 That is not to say, however, that a single causative event cannot occur over an extended period of time. See, e.g., Van Buren v. Augusta County, 66 Va. App. 441, 455 (2016) (recognizing that a rescue occurring over a forty-five-minute period was “one event, not numerous discrete events” for the purpose of determining whether the claimant’s injury occurred during an identifiable event).
8 period. Clearly, a claim asserting that an injury occurred during a time period where multiple
potential causative events occur is not sufficiently temporally precise to establish a compensable
injury. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals’ decision affirming the Commission’s finding on this
basis was erroneous.
Although we have determined that the Court of Appeals’ basis for affirming the
Commission was erroneous, we find that the record ultimately supports its decision and,
therefore, we will uphold its judgment through the application of the right result for the wrong
reason doctrine. See Haynes v. Haggerty, 291 Va. 301, 305 (2016) (“In instances where a
[lower] court’s decision is correct, but its reasoning is incorrect, and the record supports the
correct reason, we uphold the judgment pursuant to the right result for the wrong reason
doctrine.”). 4 As previously noted, our jurisprudence requires a claimant to fix the time of the
specific incident that caused the injury with reasonable accuracy. Morris, 238 Va. at 589. Here,
there is credible evidence which supports Sclafani’s assertion that his injury occurred as a result
of a specific incident during the final scenario.
The Commission’s findings of fact “are conclusive and binding on appeal,” Carrington v.
Aquatic Co., 297 Va. 520, 522 (2019); see also Code § 65.2-706 (stating that the Commission’s
award “shall be conclusive and binding as to all questions of fact”), provided that there is
credible evidence to support those findings, Virginia Elec. & Power Co. v. Kremposky, 227 Va.
265, 269 (1984). Further, we “construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing
4 Our use of the right result for the wrong reason doctrine in the present case, as opposed to the right result for a different reason doctrine, is due to the subtle distinction between the two doctrines. Notably, the right result for a different reason doctrine applies “in cases . . . in which we express no view on the correctness of the lower court’s rationale.” Rickman v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 531, 542 (2017) (emphasis added). Thus, that doctrine is inapplicable here.
9 part[y] before the Commission.” Jeffreys v. Uninsured Emp’r’s Fund, 297 Va. 82, 87 (2019).
So viewed, we note that Sclafani testified that, during the last scenario of the day, he was “picked
up a little weird” and he “felt some discomfort.” When he was subsequently asked if that was
the incident that caused his injury, Sclafani unequivocally answered: “Oh, yeah. There’s no
doubt.” Similarly, in a recorded statement with the City’s insurance provider, Sclafani stated
that, in “one of the scenarios at the end,” his shoulder “got tweak[ed] a little.” This evidence was
uncontradicted and we cannot say that it was inherently incredible or inconsistent with the other
facts in the record. See generally Breckenridge v. Marval Poultry Co., 228 Va. 191, 195 (1984)
(recognizing that uncontradicted evidence of an unimpeached witness may not be arbitrarily
disregarded).
In contrast, the City offered no evidence to refute Sclafani’s claim that this specific
incident caused his injury. The City instead focused on the fact that Sclafani admitted that he did
not immediately feel a pop or crack or any intense pain at the time the injury occurred. At the
same time, however, the City offered no evidence to establish that such symptoms would have
suddenly manifested as a result of the injury suffered by Sclafani. Moreover, evidence of the
sudden onset of symptoms of an injury, or the lack thereof, is not entirely dispositive of whether
an injury by accident occurred. Admittedly, such evidence may be useful in identifying the
specific incident that caused the injury, but nothing in our jurisprudence indicates that such
evidence is required. Thus, the City’s evidence is insufficient to rebut Sclafani’s testimony
regarding when the injury occurred.
C. CUMULATIVE INJURY
Finally, the City argues that the Court of Appeals and the Commission erred in failing to
find that the Sclafani’s injury was a cumulative injury that resulted from repetitive trauma. The
10 City points out that Sclafani acknowledged that his participation in the training required him to
engage in the same three movements which eventually led to his injury. We note, however, that
the City’s argument on this issue relies heavily on its earlier argument that there was no
identifiable incident sufficient to establish an injury by accident under the Act.
We have recognized that a cumulative injury is an injury that is
“not the result of some particular piece of work done or condition encountered on a definite occasion, but caused by the cumulative effect of many acts done or many exposures to conditions prevalent in the work, no one of which can be identified as the cause of the harm, is definitely excluded from compensation.”
Aistrop v. Blue Diamond Coal Co., 181 Va. 287, 293 (1943) (quoting Francis H. Bohlen, A
Problem in the Drafting of Workmen's Compensation Acts, 25 Harv.L.Rev. 328, 343 (1912)).
One of the reasons we have required claimants to identify the specific incident that
caused their injury is because “allowing compensation for injuries gradually received would
impose upon the last employer the burden of pensioning every workman worn out or invalided
by unhealthful exposure on the part of former employers.” Id. When the definition of
cumulative injury is considered in conjunction with the reasoning for requiring the identification
of the specific incident, it is clear that an injury caused by an identifiable incident is mutually
exclusive of an injury caused by repetitive trauma.5 Thus, our determination that Sclafani
sufficiently identified the specific incident that caused his injury essentially renders the City’s
5 We recognize that the Court has previously indicated that injuries similar to those suffered by Sclafani are not compensable under the Act. See Merillat Indus., Inc. v. Parks, 246 Va. 429, 433 (1993). The facts of the present case, however, differ significantly from Merillat Industries. Notably, the claimant in Merillat Industries asserted that his injuries were caused by an occupational disease, not an injury by accident. Id. at 430. Furthermore, unlike the present case, the claimant made no attempt to identify any specific incident that caused his injury; rather, it was “uncontradicted that the injury was caused by repetitive trauma.” Id. at 433. Accordingly, Merillat Industries is inapposite to the present case.
11 argument on this issue moot.6 Accordingly, we will affirm the Court of Appeals’ decision on
this issue.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse that portion of the judgment of the Court of
Appeals applying the law of the case doctrine; however, upon review of the parties’ arguments
on the issues discussed above, we further find that the evidence supports the Commission’s
award of benefits to Sclafani. Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals
upholding that award.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and final judgment.
6 It is further worth noting that there is no evidence in the record that indicates that Sclafani was injured as a result of these repeated actions. The City relies on the fact that Sclafani’s role in the training required him to repeatedly perform the same discrete actions throughout the day. Specifically, it points out that he was repeatedly placed on the ground, handcuffed and then picked up. As noted above, however, Sclafani was injured when he was “picked up a little weird” during the final scenario. In other words, his injury occurred as a result of an action that was different from the others, i.e., a non-repeated action.