Mr. Justice Pleasants
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Adams street, in Beardstown, runs north of west and south of east and is crossed at right angles by Fifth. There was no artificial crossing of the latter on the east side of the former, nor sidewalk on either of the blocks next north and south, but a beaten and continuous path along both and across Fifth was commonly used as such by foot-passengers. The city cut a short ditch beginning on the south side of Fifth and along it, and ending at a catch basin over an underground sewer on Adams, to conduct the surface water. Its dimensions are variously stated by witnesses having different means of judgment. The evidence tends to show it was about eighteen inches in depth at the basin, running back with an upward incline some five feet to the surface, a little over two feet in width, floored and walled up on both sides with rook, the top course of which was hammered square, and left uncovered. It was cut directly across the foot path and at that point was about fourteen inches in depth. Both the path and ditch were there somewhat obscured by weeds.
BetAveen half past eight and nine o’clock in the night of September 25, 1891, appellee, returning along the path by the direct route to her residence, stepped into this ditch and fell; and for the injury and damage alleged to have been thereby sustained, recovered in this action a judgment below on a verdict for $2,250.
Appellant sought a new trial there and asks for a reversal here on the grounds, among others, that whatever injury she sustained by the fall is due to her own failure to use ordinary care for her safety and not to any negligence of appellant; that the fall was the proximate cause of only a small part of the pain, sickness and disability she has since suffered, and the damages awarded her are grossly excessive.
Ordinarily, where the proof seems to us insufficient to support the finding, we feel it due, at least to the appellant or defendant in error, to discuss it fully enough to show the reasons for our conclusion. But where it appears to have fairly made a question for the jury, such a discussion, as a rule, is of little interest and less advantage to anybody. Having considered the evidence upon these issues in this case, and being satisfied that upon each it did so present such a question, Ave shall not refer to it further than may be necessary in noticing the other errors assigned.
Of these the first is the refusal of the following instruction: “ If the jury find from the evidence that the plaintiff was guilty of any negligence, however slight, which contributed to the alleged injury complained of, then the jury must find their verdict for the defendant, unless the jury further find from the evidence that the defendant was guilty of negligence, which in comparison with plaintiff’s, was gross.”
If from this the jury should understand, as they well might, that “ any negligence, however slight,” included a degree which might still consist with ordinary care, they would be materially misled as to the law; and if they would understand by it a degree of negligence greater, however slightly, than would consist with ordinary care, the instruction asked was worse than useless to the defendant who asked it, being less favorable to it than were those asked and given for the plaintiff—all of which were to the effect that in that case the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover for any degree of mere negligence on the part of the defendant, however gross, comparatively or absolutely, which is clearly the law. And that is just the dilemma which must confront every instruction that attempts to invoke the rule of comparative negligence, as it is claimed the Supreme Court introduced and for a long time maintained it. Counsel cite no case in defense of this instruction later than that of the Town of Grayville v. Whitaker, 85 Ill. 439. We do not see how it can be defended against the reasoning and judgment in C., B. & Q. R. R. Co. v. Johnson, 103 Ill. 512, and the cases following it. We think the instruction was rightly refused.
Two others asked were refused, which we do not copy, because of their length, and because counsel themselves describe them as "instructions which in substance directed the jury that municipal authorities are vested by the law with a certain discretionary power in deciding where street crossings shall be put in, and that unless such discretion is shown to have been abused, municipalities are not liable for damages resulting wholly from the absence of such crossings.” These were inapplicable and misleading. By implication they assumed that the negligence complained of was the neglect to put in an artificial crossing at Fifth street on the east side of Adams. Neither of the four counts contained any such complaint. Each charged the wrong to be that the city spoiled a safe crossing made by use, by cutting this ditch through it and neglecting to cover or guard it, or properly light it at night; and all the evidence offered went to sustain the charge so made.
In several instructions for plaintiff touching the duty of the city in the premises, “ streets ” were put in the same category with “ sidewalks and crossings; ” and it is said, upon the authority of City of Aurora v. Hilman, 90 Ill. 61, and the City of Lacon v. Page, 48 Ill. 499, that they do not belong there, and that as the city had not constructed a crossing at the place where plaintiff fell, and there was evidence tending to prove it was not “ generally ” used as such, these instructions were improper. There was a cinder crossing on Fifth street On the west side of Adams, and it may well be that it was more generally used than the path in question, but there is no contradiction of the proof that there was a plain, beaten path over the east side of Adams which ivas quite commonly used as a crossing. The public, so far as appears, did not complain of the want of an artificial crossing there, and the city did not complain of the use of the path for that purpose. It would have been entirely safe if let alone, and being known to be so used, the city was bound to take reasonable or ordinary care not to change it from a safe to a dangerous condition. We think that for all the purposes of this case it was a crossing; and since the allegation and proof were confined to it, the instruction as to il streets” if erroneous, could not have done any harm. Besides, several of the instructions for defendant are to the same effect. The language of the fifth is that “while the law requires a municipal .corporation to keep its streets and sidewalks in a reasonably safe condition, yet a person who travels over the streets or sidewalks has no right, recklessly, to walk into danger.” And that of the fourth is “ that the defects in the streets or sidewalks of a city, to make the corporation liable, must be of such a nature,” etc. So of the eighth. A party can not assign for error an error in an instruction which he has himself induced the court to commit, substantially, in another. Calumet Iron & Steel Co. v. Martin, 115 Ill. 366-7; Northern Line Packet Co. v. Bininger, 70 Ill. 575.
If, as above said, the “ path ” may properly be regarded as a crossing, it disposes of the objection to the seventh instruction for plaintiff.
On her direct examination she was asked: “ "What were you receiving for your work while you worked ? ” and answered : “ I received fifty cents a day while I was working for the Misses Hinton.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Mr. Justice Pleasants
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Adams street, in Beardstown, runs north of west and south of east and is crossed at right angles by Fifth. There was no artificial crossing of the latter on the east side of the former, nor sidewalk on either of the blocks next north and south, but a beaten and continuous path along both and across Fifth was commonly used as such by foot-passengers. The city cut a short ditch beginning on the south side of Fifth and along it, and ending at a catch basin over an underground sewer on Adams, to conduct the surface water. Its dimensions are variously stated by witnesses having different means of judgment. The evidence tends to show it was about eighteen inches in depth at the basin, running back with an upward incline some five feet to the surface, a little over two feet in width, floored and walled up on both sides with rook, the top course of which was hammered square, and left uncovered. It was cut directly across the foot path and at that point was about fourteen inches in depth. Both the path and ditch were there somewhat obscured by weeds.
BetAveen half past eight and nine o’clock in the night of September 25, 1891, appellee, returning along the path by the direct route to her residence, stepped into this ditch and fell; and for the injury and damage alleged to have been thereby sustained, recovered in this action a judgment below on a verdict for $2,250.
Appellant sought a new trial there and asks for a reversal here on the grounds, among others, that whatever injury she sustained by the fall is due to her own failure to use ordinary care for her safety and not to any negligence of appellant; that the fall was the proximate cause of only a small part of the pain, sickness and disability she has since suffered, and the damages awarded her are grossly excessive.
Ordinarily, where the proof seems to us insufficient to support the finding, we feel it due, at least to the appellant or defendant in error, to discuss it fully enough to show the reasons for our conclusion. But where it appears to have fairly made a question for the jury, such a discussion, as a rule, is of little interest and less advantage to anybody. Having considered the evidence upon these issues in this case, and being satisfied that upon each it did so present such a question, Ave shall not refer to it further than may be necessary in noticing the other errors assigned.
Of these the first is the refusal of the following instruction: “ If the jury find from the evidence that the plaintiff was guilty of any negligence, however slight, which contributed to the alleged injury complained of, then the jury must find their verdict for the defendant, unless the jury further find from the evidence that the defendant was guilty of negligence, which in comparison with plaintiff’s, was gross.”
If from this the jury should understand, as they well might, that “ any negligence, however slight,” included a degree which might still consist with ordinary care, they would be materially misled as to the law; and if they would understand by it a degree of negligence greater, however slightly, than would consist with ordinary care, the instruction asked was worse than useless to the defendant who asked it, being less favorable to it than were those asked and given for the plaintiff—all of which were to the effect that in that case the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover for any degree of mere negligence on the part of the defendant, however gross, comparatively or absolutely, which is clearly the law. And that is just the dilemma which must confront every instruction that attempts to invoke the rule of comparative negligence, as it is claimed the Supreme Court introduced and for a long time maintained it. Counsel cite no case in defense of this instruction later than that of the Town of Grayville v. Whitaker, 85 Ill. 439. We do not see how it can be defended against the reasoning and judgment in C., B. & Q. R. R. Co. v. Johnson, 103 Ill. 512, and the cases following it. We think the instruction was rightly refused.
Two others asked were refused, which we do not copy, because of their length, and because counsel themselves describe them as "instructions which in substance directed the jury that municipal authorities are vested by the law with a certain discretionary power in deciding where street crossings shall be put in, and that unless such discretion is shown to have been abused, municipalities are not liable for damages resulting wholly from the absence of such crossings.” These were inapplicable and misleading. By implication they assumed that the negligence complained of was the neglect to put in an artificial crossing at Fifth street on the east side of Adams. Neither of the four counts contained any such complaint. Each charged the wrong to be that the city spoiled a safe crossing made by use, by cutting this ditch through it and neglecting to cover or guard it, or properly light it at night; and all the evidence offered went to sustain the charge so made.
In several instructions for plaintiff touching the duty of the city in the premises, “ streets ” were put in the same category with “ sidewalks and crossings; ” and it is said, upon the authority of City of Aurora v. Hilman, 90 Ill. 61, and the City of Lacon v. Page, 48 Ill. 499, that they do not belong there, and that as the city had not constructed a crossing at the place where plaintiff fell, and there was evidence tending to prove it was not “ generally ” used as such, these instructions were improper. There was a cinder crossing on Fifth street On the west side of Adams, and it may well be that it was more generally used than the path in question, but there is no contradiction of the proof that there was a plain, beaten path over the east side of Adams which ivas quite commonly used as a crossing. The public, so far as appears, did not complain of the want of an artificial crossing there, and the city did not complain of the use of the path for that purpose. It would have been entirely safe if let alone, and being known to be so used, the city was bound to take reasonable or ordinary care not to change it from a safe to a dangerous condition. We think that for all the purposes of this case it was a crossing; and since the allegation and proof were confined to it, the instruction as to il streets” if erroneous, could not have done any harm. Besides, several of the instructions for defendant are to the same effect. The language of the fifth is that “while the law requires a municipal .corporation to keep its streets and sidewalks in a reasonably safe condition, yet a person who travels over the streets or sidewalks has no right, recklessly, to walk into danger.” And that of the fourth is “ that the defects in the streets or sidewalks of a city, to make the corporation liable, must be of such a nature,” etc. So of the eighth. A party can not assign for error an error in an instruction which he has himself induced the court to commit, substantially, in another. Calumet Iron & Steel Co. v. Martin, 115 Ill. 366-7; Northern Line Packet Co. v. Bininger, 70 Ill. 575.
If, as above said, the “ path ” may properly be regarded as a crossing, it disposes of the objection to the seventh instruction for plaintiff.
On her direct examination she was asked: “ "What were you receiving for your work while you worked ? ” and answered : “ I received fifty cents a day while I was working for the Misses Hinton. I had made arrangements to go into business in Roodhouse for myself, by which I could have made $2.50 per day for my work.” This last statement was objected to, and the court was asked to rule it out, but refused, and exception was taken. The next question was: “ You may state what you could have earned if it had not been for this accident; ” and answered: “ I could have earned $2.50 per day,” to which no objection was made. To the next question, “Have you been able to earn anything since ? ” she answered, “ Ho, sir.”
The record of her cross-examination is as follows : “ Tell this jury how you were going to earn this $2.50 a day? A. By dress-making. Q. Did you ever earn $2.50 a day at dress-making? A. Yes, sir. Q. Whereat? A. In Roodhouse. Q. How much did you get when you worked by the day? A. Fifty cents. Q. You say you earned more at Roodhouse? A. Yes, sir. Q. Why did you come down to work for fifty cents ? A. That ivas because I was called home at the time my sister got married. Q. And you continued to work for fifty cents a day when you could make $2.50 a day? A, Yes, sir. I was not ready to go into business for myself.”
The special damages claimed in the declaration covered only the hindrance to her business and expenses incurred to be cured. What she would have made by the special arrangement referred to in her statement was, therefore, not properly admissible under the pleadings, nor was her estimate or opinion of what she would or could have so earned. It should have been ruled out on the objection made. City of Chicago v. O’Brennan, 65 Ill. 160. But it was “ necessary to inquire into the ability and capability to labor or carry on business prior to the injury, for it is manifest that what would be compensation would be greatly in excess of what another should recover, and inadequate to compensate still another,” as was said by the Supreme Court in City of Joliet v. Conway, 119 Ill. 492. To show her “ ability and capability to labor and carry on business,” in order to ascertain what would be a fair compensation for its prevention, is to show the reasonable value of her labor in such business. When it is of a kind that is paid for in wages, the usual amount per day, week or month is easily ascertainable as a fact; but in other cases it is matter of opinion, and therefore opinion is as competent evidence in such cases as is knowledge in the others. This statement objected to was not responsive to the question, and also was incompetent, not because it was an opinion as to what she could have made, but because it was what she could have made by special arrangement to go into business for herself, the loss of which would be special damage, not alleged in the declaration. But the next question was without reference to any special arrangement, How much could you have earned if it had not been for the accident ? and the answer was the same — $2.50 per day. Ho objection was made to this question or answer. Counsel accepted it and cross-examined upon it as general and competent, without any inquiry as to the special arrangement, what it was, wh ether partnership or not, how much capital it required and how much she had, of anything else in relation to it. This may be considered as an abandonment of the objection, since the statement complained of was the same as the answer which was received without objection, and could do no more harm. Hor do we think that the jury could have been influenced by either. The fact she stated was that she worked by the day and got fifty cents for it, while her opinion was that if she had gone into business for herself, with the necessary capital and ability to conduct it, without any experience, she could have made out of that capital, labor and ability as much as $2.50 per day; but she was called home by the marriage of her sister, and was not ready to g¡o into business for herself, whether because of her injury, or for want of the necessary capital, or for what other reason, if any, does not appear. It is not to be presumed that such an opinion, of a party to the suit, in her own interest, could have had any weight with the jury as against the fact that in her actual business she received only fifty cents a day.
Dr. Lang treated appellee professionally, and testified on her behalf to some facts he claimed to have observed, and upon some other points as an expert. Appellant offered to prove by him, that he had been sued for malpractice, and adjudged guilty; and also, by Dr. King, that his professional standing was not very good; all of which, on objection made, the court excluded.
That he was competent to testify as an expert, was established by proof that he was a graduate in medicine, and had actively pursued its practice for fifteen years. The evidence offered would have had no tendency to impeach his veracity or his memory, and we know of no rule under which the mere weight of an expert’s testimony can be affected, one way or the other, by proof of his general reputation for skill or judgment, or knowledge in his art or profession. That can be done only by dealing directly with the particular opinions and statements in question.
The court ivas asked to order the plaintiff to submit to an examination by a physician, under proper restrictions, but refused. This ruling was proper. “ The court had no power to make or enforce such an order.” Parker v. Enslow, 102 Ill. 279; C. & E. I. R. R. Co. v. Holland, 18 App. 422-3.
Lastly, it is urged that the verdict should have been set aside, for alleged misconduct of a juror, in associating with the plaintiff during the progress of the trial. The alleged association consisted in his walking with her on one occasion, a part of the way, being a short distance—from the court house to their common boarding place. Unexplained, this might have been regarded as a serious matter. The affidavits filed in support of, and opposition to the motion, fully disclose the circumstances, and in our opinion relieve it of all suspicion of wrong in its purpose, or injury in its effect. It would be useless to go into the details.
Seeing no material error in the record, the judgment will bo affirmed.