Mr. Justice Cartwright
delivered the opinion of-the court:
On July io, 1905, written charges against appellee, fire marshal of the city of Aurora, were presented to the board of fire and police commissioners of said city in pursuance of section 12 of an act entitled “An act to provide for the appointment of a board of fire and police commissioners in all cities of this State having a population of not less than seven thousand nor more than one hundred thousand, and prescribing the powers and duties of such board,” in force April 2, 1903. (Laws of 1903, p. 97.) After an investigation, at which appellee was heard in his own defense, the board found him guilty as charged and made an order removing him from office. Within ten days after the entry of the order appellee filed with the secretary of the board a bond for an appeal to the circuit court of Kane county, in which said city is located, and on November 21, 1905, the secretary transmitted to the court a transcript of the pro- ■ ceedings before the board, in compliance with section 18 of said act, which purports to allow an appeal to the circuit court from any order of a board created under the act. The record recites that appellant filed its motion to dismiss the appeal on the ground that section 18 is unconstitutional and void, and the court denied the motion. No bill of exceptions was taken at the time and there was no extension of time for tendering such a bill. The appeal was subsequently called for trial before another judge and the court ordered a trial de novo, against the objection of appellant, and called a jury against like objection. The files of the proceeding consisted of the written charges, the evidence produced before the board and the order of removal, and the jury were sworn to try the issues joined and a true verdict render according to the evidence. Both parties introduced testimony relating to the charges, and at the conclusion of the evidence the court, on motion of appellee, instructed the jury to find him not guilty. A verdict of not guilty was thereupon returned, and the court entered an order reversing the order of the board removing appellee from office, and ordered the board forthwith to re-instate and re-employ him as fire marshal, and to allow him to perform the duties and services connected with that office and collect the salary and compensation allowed therefor, and also rendered judgment against appellant for costs. From that judgment an appeal was prosecuted to this court, and among other assignments of error is one that the circuit court had no jurisdiction of the subject matter, and that section 18 of said act authorizing an appeal is unconstitutional and void.
Counsel for appellee contend that we cannot entertain the appeal, for the reason that 'the question of the validity of the statute which purports to authorize an appeal to the circuit court was not preserved for review. They are correct in saying that the ruling of the court on the motion to dismiss the appeal was not preserved by the motion for a new trial before another judge. (Guyer v. Davenport, Rock Island and Northwestern Railway Co. 196 Ill. 370; Celia v. Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Co. 217 id. 326.) There was a motion in arrest of judgment, which was general in terms and sufficient to raise the question of the jurisdiction of the court, but if there had been neither motion to dismiss nor motion in arrest of judgment the question of jurisdiction could be raised by assignment of error in this court. The assignment of error is based on matters apparent on the face of the record and requires no bill of exceptions. Jurisdiction of the subject matter cannot be conferred by agreement of parties and a want of jurisdiction cannot be waived by failing to object. The question of jurisdiction of the subject matter may be raised for the first time on appeal or error. (Chicago Portrait Co. v. Chicago Crayon Co. 217 Ill. 200; 2 Cyc. 680; 12 Ency. of PL & Pr. 186.) If the want of jurisdiction of the subject matter results from the unconstitutionality of an act purporting to confer jurisdiction, an appellate court has no power to decide the question and an appeal is properly brought direct to this court.
The board of fire and police commissioners of the city of Aurora is a branch of the executive department of the city government, and all the acts and powers of the board are purely ministerial or executive. The legislature could not confer upon the board any judicial power whatever. By article 3 of the constitution the powers of the government are divided into three distinct departments,—the legislative, executive and judicial,—and it is provided that no person or collection of persons, being one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others, except as thereinafter expressly directed or permitted. By section 1 of article 6 the judicial powers are vested in certain courts, and a board of fire and police commissioners cannot assume or exercise any part of the judicial power. (George v. People, 167 Ill. 447.) Neither does the act purport to give to such boards any judicial power. They are authorized by statute to remove an officer for cause, after a hearing and an opportunity to make a defense, and that authority implies the power to judge of the existence and sufficiency of the cause; but there is no such thing as title or property in a public office and the removal of an officer is not the exercise of judicial power. (Donahue v. Will County, 100 Ill. 94; Stern v. People, 102 id. 540.) No right of life, liberty or property was involved or adjudicated before the board in this case. Although the exercise of the power of removal involved judgment and discretion, it was not a judicial act. It has been said that where an act is the result of judgment and discretion and a decision upon the facts it is of a judicial nature; but there is a clear distinction between such acts and the exercise of judicial power which adjudicates upon and protects the rig'hts and interests of individuals and to that end construes and applies the law.
An appeal is a step in a judicial proceeding, and in legal contemplation there can be no appeal where there has been no decision by a judicial tribunal. Two things are essential to an appeal, in its proper sense: First, the decision of a judicial tribunal; and second, a superior court invested with authority to review the decision of the inferior tribunal. (Elliott on Appellate Procedure, sec. 15.) There have been cases where the jurisdiction of courts has been sustained in what were called appeals from inferior bodies having nonjudicial powers, such as the case of establishing a road by commissioners involving an appraisement of damages; (County of Peoria v. Harvey, 18 Ill. 364;) or an assessment of damages for a right of way; (Joliet and Chicago Railroad Co. v. Barrows, 24 Ill. 562;) or the trial of a right to property levied upon and claimed by a third party before a sheriff and jury; (Rowe v. Bowen, 28 Ill. 116;) or an assessment of property for taxation. (Bureau County v. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Co. 44 Ill. 229.) The nature of such proceedings was explained in the case of Maxwell v. People, 189 Ill. 546, where it was held that there can be no such thing as an appeal, in a legal. sense, from a non-judicial body to a court. It was said that appellate jurisdiction is the attribute of a court created for reviewing the decisions of inferior courts and not of inferior bodies non-judicial in character, citing People v. Cook Circuit Court, 169 Ill.
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Mr. Justice Cartwright
delivered the opinion of-the court:
On July io, 1905, written charges against appellee, fire marshal of the city of Aurora, were presented to the board of fire and police commissioners of said city in pursuance of section 12 of an act entitled “An act to provide for the appointment of a board of fire and police commissioners in all cities of this State having a population of not less than seven thousand nor more than one hundred thousand, and prescribing the powers and duties of such board,” in force April 2, 1903. (Laws of 1903, p. 97.) After an investigation, at which appellee was heard in his own defense, the board found him guilty as charged and made an order removing him from office. Within ten days after the entry of the order appellee filed with the secretary of the board a bond for an appeal to the circuit court of Kane county, in which said city is located, and on November 21, 1905, the secretary transmitted to the court a transcript of the pro- ■ ceedings before the board, in compliance with section 18 of said act, which purports to allow an appeal to the circuit court from any order of a board created under the act. The record recites that appellant filed its motion to dismiss the appeal on the ground that section 18 is unconstitutional and void, and the court denied the motion. No bill of exceptions was taken at the time and there was no extension of time for tendering such a bill. The appeal was subsequently called for trial before another judge and the court ordered a trial de novo, against the objection of appellant, and called a jury against like objection. The files of the proceeding consisted of the written charges, the evidence produced before the board and the order of removal, and the jury were sworn to try the issues joined and a true verdict render according to the evidence. Both parties introduced testimony relating to the charges, and at the conclusion of the evidence the court, on motion of appellee, instructed the jury to find him not guilty. A verdict of not guilty was thereupon returned, and the court entered an order reversing the order of the board removing appellee from office, and ordered the board forthwith to re-instate and re-employ him as fire marshal, and to allow him to perform the duties and services connected with that office and collect the salary and compensation allowed therefor, and also rendered judgment against appellant for costs. From that judgment an appeal was prosecuted to this court, and among other assignments of error is one that the circuit court had no jurisdiction of the subject matter, and that section 18 of said act authorizing an appeal is unconstitutional and void.
Counsel for appellee contend that we cannot entertain the appeal, for the reason that 'the question of the validity of the statute which purports to authorize an appeal to the circuit court was not preserved for review. They are correct in saying that the ruling of the court on the motion to dismiss the appeal was not preserved by the motion for a new trial before another judge. (Guyer v. Davenport, Rock Island and Northwestern Railway Co. 196 Ill. 370; Celia v. Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad Co. 217 id. 326.) There was a motion in arrest of judgment, which was general in terms and sufficient to raise the question of the jurisdiction of the court, but if there had been neither motion to dismiss nor motion in arrest of judgment the question of jurisdiction could be raised by assignment of error in this court. The assignment of error is based on matters apparent on the face of the record and requires no bill of exceptions. Jurisdiction of the subject matter cannot be conferred by agreement of parties and a want of jurisdiction cannot be waived by failing to object. The question of jurisdiction of the subject matter may be raised for the first time on appeal or error. (Chicago Portrait Co. v. Chicago Crayon Co. 217 Ill. 200; 2 Cyc. 680; 12 Ency. of PL & Pr. 186.) If the want of jurisdiction of the subject matter results from the unconstitutionality of an act purporting to confer jurisdiction, an appellate court has no power to decide the question and an appeal is properly brought direct to this court.
The board of fire and police commissioners of the city of Aurora is a branch of the executive department of the city government, and all the acts and powers of the board are purely ministerial or executive. The legislature could not confer upon the board any judicial power whatever. By article 3 of the constitution the powers of the government are divided into three distinct departments,—the legislative, executive and judicial,—and it is provided that no person or collection of persons, being one of these departments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to either of the others, except as thereinafter expressly directed or permitted. By section 1 of article 6 the judicial powers are vested in certain courts, and a board of fire and police commissioners cannot assume or exercise any part of the judicial power. (George v. People, 167 Ill. 447.) Neither does the act purport to give to such boards any judicial power. They are authorized by statute to remove an officer for cause, after a hearing and an opportunity to make a defense, and that authority implies the power to judge of the existence and sufficiency of the cause; but there is no such thing as title or property in a public office and the removal of an officer is not the exercise of judicial power. (Donahue v. Will County, 100 Ill. 94; Stern v. People, 102 id. 540.) No right of life, liberty or property was involved or adjudicated before the board in this case. Although the exercise of the power of removal involved judgment and discretion, it was not a judicial act. It has been said that where an act is the result of judgment and discretion and a decision upon the facts it is of a judicial nature; but there is a clear distinction between such acts and the exercise of judicial power which adjudicates upon and protects the rig'hts and interests of individuals and to that end construes and applies the law.
An appeal is a step in a judicial proceeding, and in legal contemplation there can be no appeal where there has been no decision by a judicial tribunal. Two things are essential to an appeal, in its proper sense: First, the decision of a judicial tribunal; and second, a superior court invested with authority to review the decision of the inferior tribunal. (Elliott on Appellate Procedure, sec. 15.) There have been cases where the jurisdiction of courts has been sustained in what were called appeals from inferior bodies having nonjudicial powers, such as the case of establishing a road by commissioners involving an appraisement of damages; (County of Peoria v. Harvey, 18 Ill. 364;) or an assessment of damages for a right of way; (Joliet and Chicago Railroad Co. v. Barrows, 24 Ill. 562;) or the trial of a right to property levied upon and claimed by a third party before a sheriff and jury; (Rowe v. Bowen, 28 Ill. 116;) or an assessment of property for taxation. (Bureau County v. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Co. 44 Ill. 229.) The nature of such proceedings was explained in the case of Maxwell v. People, 189 Ill. 546, where it was held that there can be no such thing as an appeal, in a legal. sense, from a non-judicial body to a court. It was said that appellate jurisdiction is the attribute of a court created for reviewing the decisions of inferior courts and not of inferior bodies non-judicial in character, citing People v. Cook Circuit Court, 169 Ill. 201; and it was held that this court takes jurisdiction of what is called an appeal in cases relating to the revenue, in the exercise of its original jurisdiction conferred by the constitution. If a controversy belongs to a class of cases of which a court has original jurisdiction and it is brought before the court in the method prescribed by the legislature, the court may take jurisdiction by virtue of its general powers, but. so far as the remedy is judicial it begins with a presentation of the case to the court. The cases in which appeals from non-judicial bodies to courts have been recognized have involved individual or property rights of which the court had jurisdiction under some other form of procedure, and belonged to classes of cases in which; the court, acting judicially, could afford a remedy. This proceeding is not of that character. The section in question purports to authorize an appeal from any order of the board by any person interested or affected, and if it should be sustained it would result in the circuit courts assuming and exercising executive powers. They would practically control the appointment and removal of members of fire departments in the cities of this State to which the act applies, by the exercise of judgment and discretion as to fitness and qualifications of individuals for positions in such departments, and not by adjudicating rights or applying the rules of law. That would be the exercise of executive powers, which the sepáration of departments of the government precludes the court from exercising.
The fact that courts have jurisdiction to issue the common law writ of certiorari to determine whether inferior bodies have acquired jurisdiction to act and have proceeded according to law can have no influence upon the question here involved. The courts do not, by virtue of that writ, review the decisions of the inferior bodies or determine the facts. It has been held competent for the legislature to confer on persons holding judicial offices the power to appoint officers whose selection or appointment cannot be classed as belonging to either of the departments of government; (People v. Morgan, 90 Ill. 558; People v. Hoffman, 116 id. 587;) but we do not think there can be any doubt that officers of a fire department belong to the executive branch of the government.
Section 18, which purports to authorize an appeal to the circuit court from any order of a board of fire and police commissioners, is unconstitutional and void, and the judgment of the circuit court is reversed.
Judgment reversed.