SHERWOOD, J.
— A preliminary rule ha's been awarded in this cause, which was issued to prevent James E. Graham from proceeding further in the cause of the Citizens National Bank of Kansas City v. M. L. C. Donnell, or entertaining any jurisdiction therein at the March term, 1898, of the Oar-roll circuit court, or at any time, etc.
The cause of the Bank v. Donnell, which gave origin to the present prohibitory proceeding, arose in Kansas City, Missouri, and was at the April term, 1897, taken on defendant’s application to the circuit court of Oarroll county, over which Hon. W. W. Rucker presided as judge. The cause was then docketed and came on for trial, on the plea in abatement filed before the change of venue was taken.
The result of the trial of the plea in abatement, before Judge Rucker^ was adverse to defendant, a verdict being rendered upholding the attachment, based on the allegation that Donnell had conveyed some $40,000 worth of his property to his son in order to defraud his creditors.
Donnell’s motion for a new trial and in arrest were denied, and thereupon he filed his answer to the merits, ■ to which plaintiff replied, and a jury was impaneled by Judge Rucker and sworn to try the cause on its merits. This was on Friday afternoon, June 9, 1897.
Judge Rucker’s regular term of court at Salisbury in. Chariton county, began on the Monday following, and the judge resided at'Keytesville, in the same county, the respective places being about eight miles apart and each situated on the Wabash railroad. At this juncture, judging by his observations while presiding at the trial on the plea in abatement, Judge Rucker concluded that to finish the trial of the case on its merits would discommode him, as he desired to return home before opening his term of court at Salisbury, and desired especially to be at Salisbury on the following Monday. So he called the attorneys of both parties to the bench and [254]*254requested them to agree upon some one to finish the case, giving the reasons therefor as we have stated. The attorneys did so and agreed upon Mr. James E. Graham to finish the trial. Mr. Graham ascended the bench and had the jury resworn.
The record whereby this agreement was manifested, omitting caption, is the following: “Come the parties by attorneys, and by agreement this cause is tried before the Honorable J. E. Graham, sitting as a special judge, and by further agreement, waived his taking the oath administered to circuit judges.”
The evidence in the present proceeding shows that Judge Rucker was not at all disqualified from trying the original cause aforesaid. As Mr. Oonkling in his testimony pertinently says: “Counsel on both sides preferred to have Judge Rucker try the case, and so 'stated to him. It was only at his urgent request that counsel agreed to excuse him. I know that Judge Rucker sustained an absolutely fair and impartial relation to thé case and the parties therein, and that nothing whatever existed to disqualify him from proceeding with the case.”
1. Our constitutional provisions in regard to vacancies, etc., occurring in the office of judge of any circuit, are contained in section 29, article VI: “If there be a vacancy in the office of judge of any circuit, or if the judge be sick, absent, or from any cause unable to hold any term or part of term of court, in any county in his circuit, such term or part of term of court may be held by a judge of any other circuit; and at the request of the judge of any circuit, any term of court or part of term in his circuit may be held by the judge of any other circuit, and in 'all such eases, or in any case where the judge can not preside, the General Assembly shall make such additional provision for holding court as may be found necessary.”'
[255]*255The questions arising on this record are three, and these:
First, did James E. Graham acquire any jurisdiction over the cause under consideration in consequence ■ of the agreement of the parties entered of record as aforesaid ?
Second, if he did acquire jurisdiction, did he subsequently lose the jurisdiction thus acquired ?
Third, if Graham did not lose the jurisdiction thus acquired, did Judge Eucker regain or retain such a modicum of jurisdiction therein, as enabled him to try the cause, or as would allow Graham to try the, cause, and in either instance their respective judgments be equally valid?
It is obvious that a negative answer to the first question propounded, settles the judicial and jurisdictional status of Graham towards the cause under review.
Section 29 aforesaid, has greatly broadened section 17, article YI of the Constitution of 1865, but it has not changed the central idea of the original section, to wit, that of the inability of the judge of the circuit through sickness, absence or any other cause to hold court. Such inability as aforesaid, is the indubitable predicate of any acquisition of jurisdiction by any special judge, whether elected or agreed upon in accordance with section3323,EevisedStatutes 1889,or agreed upon by the parties in accordance with section 3327, lb. And such idea of inability being regarded as the sole basis of steps to be taken to substitute a special for a regular judge, runs all through the statutes relating to changes of .venue, and is couched in similar terms to that employed in the section cited. In proof of this, see section 2259 and 2262, where provisions are made where the regular judge is disqualified, for agreement upon, or election of, a special judge.
And although section 3327 does not in terms say that the agreement of the parties is dependent upon the disqualification of the regular judge, yet that section being part and parcel of the same chapter (46) as section 3323, and in pari materia as well with that section as with the other sections [256]*256cited, it must be construed and treated as forming, with those other sections, a connected whole, and governed by the same legislative intent as that which is stated in the other sections in more precise terms.
Even statutes passed at a later date, being in pari materia are construed in connection with former statutes, or even with cognate statutes, and construed as authorizing and requiring for such later statutes, the same methods of procedure as required by such former statutes. [Sutherland’s Stat. Const, secs. 283, 284, 285, 288.] Many illustrations of this constantly applied rule, are furnished in the text-book cited. [See also, Ex parte Marmaduke, 91 Mo. loc. cit 257, and authorities there cited.]
Besides, the terms employed in section 3327 are general terms, and when this is the case, the letter of the statute may be enlarged or restrained according to the true intent of the law, because, in such cases, the reason of the law prevails over its letter, and general terms are so limited and restricted in their application as not to lead to injustice, oppression or an absurd consequence, the presumption being indulged, that the legislature intended no such anomalous results. [Ex parte Marmaduke, 91 Mo. loc. cit. 254, and cases cited; Sutherland’s Stat. Const., sec. 218.]
Now, if section 3327 is to be taken literally, this “absurd consequence” might be presented: Without any disqualification whatever existing on the part of a regular judge, without any hint or suggestion of his disqualification being made, the parties to each cause
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SHERWOOD, J.
— A preliminary rule ha's been awarded in this cause, which was issued to prevent James E. Graham from proceeding further in the cause of the Citizens National Bank of Kansas City v. M. L. C. Donnell, or entertaining any jurisdiction therein at the March term, 1898, of the Oar-roll circuit court, or at any time, etc.
The cause of the Bank v. Donnell, which gave origin to the present prohibitory proceeding, arose in Kansas City, Missouri, and was at the April term, 1897, taken on defendant’s application to the circuit court of Oarroll county, over which Hon. W. W. Rucker presided as judge. The cause was then docketed and came on for trial, on the plea in abatement filed before the change of venue was taken.
The result of the trial of the plea in abatement, before Judge Rucker^ was adverse to defendant, a verdict being rendered upholding the attachment, based on the allegation that Donnell had conveyed some $40,000 worth of his property to his son in order to defraud his creditors.
Donnell’s motion for a new trial and in arrest were denied, and thereupon he filed his answer to the merits, ■ to which plaintiff replied, and a jury was impaneled by Judge Rucker and sworn to try the cause on its merits. This was on Friday afternoon, June 9, 1897.
Judge Rucker’s regular term of court at Salisbury in. Chariton county, began on the Monday following, and the judge resided at'Keytesville, in the same county, the respective places being about eight miles apart and each situated on the Wabash railroad. At this juncture, judging by his observations while presiding at the trial on the plea in abatement, Judge Rucker concluded that to finish the trial of the case on its merits would discommode him, as he desired to return home before opening his term of court at Salisbury, and desired especially to be at Salisbury on the following Monday. So he called the attorneys of both parties to the bench and [254]*254requested them to agree upon some one to finish the case, giving the reasons therefor as we have stated. The attorneys did so and agreed upon Mr. James E. Graham to finish the trial. Mr. Graham ascended the bench and had the jury resworn.
The record whereby this agreement was manifested, omitting caption, is the following: “Come the parties by attorneys, and by agreement this cause is tried before the Honorable J. E. Graham, sitting as a special judge, and by further agreement, waived his taking the oath administered to circuit judges.”
The evidence in the present proceeding shows that Judge Rucker was not at all disqualified from trying the original cause aforesaid. As Mr. Oonkling in his testimony pertinently says: “Counsel on both sides preferred to have Judge Rucker try the case, and so 'stated to him. It was only at his urgent request that counsel agreed to excuse him. I know that Judge Rucker sustained an absolutely fair and impartial relation to thé case and the parties therein, and that nothing whatever existed to disqualify him from proceeding with the case.”
1. Our constitutional provisions in regard to vacancies, etc., occurring in the office of judge of any circuit, are contained in section 29, article VI: “If there be a vacancy in the office of judge of any circuit, or if the judge be sick, absent, or from any cause unable to hold any term or part of term of court, in any county in his circuit, such term or part of term of court may be held by a judge of any other circuit; and at the request of the judge of any circuit, any term of court or part of term in his circuit may be held by the judge of any other circuit, and in 'all such eases, or in any case where the judge can not preside, the General Assembly shall make such additional provision for holding court as may be found necessary.”'
[255]*255The questions arising on this record are three, and these:
First, did James E. Graham acquire any jurisdiction over the cause under consideration in consequence ■ of the agreement of the parties entered of record as aforesaid ?
Second, if he did acquire jurisdiction, did he subsequently lose the jurisdiction thus acquired ?
Third, if Graham did not lose the jurisdiction thus acquired, did Judge Eucker regain or retain such a modicum of jurisdiction therein, as enabled him to try the cause, or as would allow Graham to try the, cause, and in either instance their respective judgments be equally valid?
It is obvious that a negative answer to the first question propounded, settles the judicial and jurisdictional status of Graham towards the cause under review.
Section 29 aforesaid, has greatly broadened section 17, article YI of the Constitution of 1865, but it has not changed the central idea of the original section, to wit, that of the inability of the judge of the circuit through sickness, absence or any other cause to hold court. Such inability as aforesaid, is the indubitable predicate of any acquisition of jurisdiction by any special judge, whether elected or agreed upon in accordance with section3323,EevisedStatutes 1889,or agreed upon by the parties in accordance with section 3327, lb. And such idea of inability being regarded as the sole basis of steps to be taken to substitute a special for a regular judge, runs all through the statutes relating to changes of .venue, and is couched in similar terms to that employed in the section cited. In proof of this, see section 2259 and 2262, where provisions are made where the regular judge is disqualified, for agreement upon, or election of, a special judge.
And although section 3327 does not in terms say that the agreement of the parties is dependent upon the disqualification of the regular judge, yet that section being part and parcel of the same chapter (46) as section 3323, and in pari materia as well with that section as with the other sections [256]*256cited, it must be construed and treated as forming, with those other sections, a connected whole, and governed by the same legislative intent as that which is stated in the other sections in more precise terms.
Even statutes passed at a later date, being in pari materia are construed in connection with former statutes, or even with cognate statutes, and construed as authorizing and requiring for such later statutes, the same methods of procedure as required by such former statutes. [Sutherland’s Stat. Const, secs. 283, 284, 285, 288.] Many illustrations of this constantly applied rule, are furnished in the text-book cited. [See also, Ex parte Marmaduke, 91 Mo. loc. cit 257, and authorities there cited.]
Besides, the terms employed in section 3327 are general terms, and when this is the case, the letter of the statute may be enlarged or restrained according to the true intent of the law, because, in such cases, the reason of the law prevails over its letter, and general terms are so limited and restricted in their application as not to lead to injustice, oppression or an absurd consequence, the presumption being indulged, that the legislature intended no such anomalous results. [Ex parte Marmaduke, 91 Mo. loc. cit. 254, and cases cited; Sutherland’s Stat. Const., sec. 218.]
Now, if section 3327 is to be taken literally, this “absurd consequence” might be presented: Without any disqualification whatever existing on the part of a regular judge, without any hint or suggestion of his disqualification being made, the parties to each cause on the trial docket might come together and agree upon a special judge, have that agreement entered of record; unseat the regular judge, and place simultaneously on the bench of the court as many special judges of co-ordinate and co-equal jurisdiction and powers as there are causes for trial, and then let that temporary and tumultuous judiciary squabble and scramble among themselves in the novel endeavor of attempting to settle the question of precedence between them! A result so absurd could never have been intended [257]*257by the legislature. And I make bold to. say that even if such had been the legislative intent, there does not exist in the legislature the power to give it effect.
And this further and cogent reason exists why the legislature has no such power, is furnished by section 29 of the Constitution already quoted.
That section by stating in what cases the legislature may make provision where the office of a judge of any circuit is vacant, or if the judge be sick or absent or from any cause unable to hold a term, etc., and that in all such eases, or in any case where the judge can not preside, it inevitably limits the power of the legislature to those cases alone, and the maxim of expressio unius applies. This maxim applies as well to Constitutions as it does to. statutes. [State ex rel. v. Seibert, 123 Mo. loc. cit. 435, et seq., and cases cited.]
Erom these considerations it must needs follow that as Judge Rucker, was not disqualified, that the parties did not have it in their power by a mere agreement to choose Graham as a special judge to try the cause, and that such agreement •was a nullity, and the first question propounded must receive a negative answer. And this being a prohibitory proceeding no presumptions can be indulged in the face of the undisputed evidence, that disqualification on Judge Rucker's part existed.
Of course if Graham never acquired any jurisdiction he did not lose any, and therefore the second question is answered by the answer to the first, and so also does that answer render unnecessary the answering of question third, and so I might stop here.
2. But I deem it not improper to briefly advert to Naffzieger v. Reed, 98 Mo. 87, inasmuch as that case has been much pressed upon our attention as holding that where the regular judge is disqualified in a civil cause, and a special judge lias been agreed upon by the parties and has qualified, that such special judge becomes the judge of the court for all [258]*258the purposes of that suit, and retains his powers until 'final determination thereof; 'but tbat when tbe successor of tbe regular, but disqualified judge comes upon the scene, either tbe special judge or tbe newly qualified regular judge, has also full jurisdiction to try and to determine tbe cause which tbe special judge was selected to try. I bave been told by counsel tbat I concurred in tbat ruling, but I am marked “absent.”
That case stands alone, unsupported by a single decision of tbis court, and in effect opposed by all of them.
The case of Lacy v. Barrett, 75 Mo. 469, though cited for that purpose, gives it no support, because there, owing to certain omissions and irregularities, no special judge bad been elected, and of course, tbe judgment being reversed it was proper to send tbe cause back for trial before tbe newly elected regular judge, as in contemplation of law no special judge stood in tbe way.
Not so, however, in Naffzieger’s case, as there tbe special judge bad been duly agreed upon and bad taken tbe required oath. To say, therefore, tbat after tbis formality bad been gone through with, tbat on tbe coming in of tbe newly elected regular judge tbe jurisdiction over tbe particular cause would be thrown into hotchpot and be divided between tbe special and tbe regular judge, share and share alike, is more than I can subscribe to. It sounds to me like flagrant nonsense! Such a ruling is as absurd as to declare to be true tbat two bodies could occupy tbe same space at tbe same time, or tbat two men could bave legal conjugal relations with tbe same woman at tbe same time.
But upon close examination of tbat case, it will be found tbat tbe special judge mentioned therein, Selvidge, did preside, and entered tbe decree complained of, and tbat Judge Alton, tbe recently elected regular judge, took no part whatever in tbe litigation which resulted in tbe decree aforesaid. So tbat tbe remarks made respecting tbe competency of Judge Alton were wholly obiter.
[259]*259Inasmuch, however, as they are misleading and mischievous in their tendency, that case, in so far as concerns them should be overruled.
For the foregoing reasons the preliminary rule should be made absolute.
Burgess, Williams and Marshall, JL, concur; Brace, J., in paragraph 1; Gantt, O. J., concurs, but not “in all the language used.”