Filed 2/18/20
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
CITIZENS FOR SOUTH BAY COASTAL D075387 ACCESS,
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 37-2017-00048213- v. CU-TT-CTL)
CITY OF SAN DIEGO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Joel R.
Wohlfeil, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
Mara W. Elliott, City Attorney, George F. Schaefer, Assistant City Attorney, and
Jenny K. Goodman, Deputy City Attorney, for Defendant and Appellant.
Briggs Law Corporation, Cory J. Briggs and Anthony N. Kim for Plaintiff and
Respondent. The City of San Diego (the City) appeals from a judgment in a lawsuit filed by
Citizens for South Bay Coastal Access (Plaintiff), which challenged the City's issuance of
a conditional use permit allowing it to convert a motel that it recently purchased into a
transitional housing facility for homeless misdemeanor offenders. Specifically, the City
contends that the trial court erred by ruling that the City was required to obtain a coastal
development permit for the project because the motel is located in the Coastal Overlay
Zone as defined in the City's municipal code. We conclude that the trial court erred in
concluding that a coastal development permit was required under state law regulations
promulgated by the California Coastal Commission (the Commission). Because the
Commission has certified the City's local coastal program, those provisions apply here
rather than the Commission's regulations. Under the City's local coastal program, the
project is exempt from the requirement to obtain a coastal development permit because it
involves an improvement to an existing structure, and no exceptions to the existing-
structure exemption are applicable. We accordingly reverse the judgment.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The City participates in the San Diego Misdemeanants At-Risk Track program
(SMART), which provides homeless misdemeanor offenders with housing, case
management, job training, and other supportive services required to end the cycle
of homelessness. To expand the transitional housing capacity of the SMART program,
the City located a suitable property in the South Bay area of the City which was operated
as a Super 8 motel (the Property). The City planned to rehabilitate the existing building
2 on the Property with interior and exterior improvements including new office space,
computer rooms, client community space, kitchens, storage, roofing, low water
landscaping, ADA accessibility, safety and security upgrades, interior and exterior
cameras, electrical vehicular and pedestrian gates, new sidewalks, and a new fire
suppression system. The City's plan also reduced the existing 53 parking spaces in the
parking lot to a total of 25 parking spaces and added passive open green spaces.
The Property is located near the southern end of San Diego Bay, and is in the
Coastal Overlay Zone as defined by the City. (San Diego Mun. Code, § 132.0402) The
City's municipal code provides that "[a] Coastal Development Permit [CDP] issued by
the City is required for all coastal development of a premises within the Coastal Overlay
Zone" unless an exemption applies. (San Diego Mun. Code, § 126.0702, subd. (a), italics
omitted.)
On July 24, 2017, the City Council passed a resolution approving the acquisition
of the Property for the SMART program. Prior to the adoption of the resolution, the City
filed a notice of exemption stating that the acquisition of the Property was exempt from
the California Environmental Quality Act (Pub. Resources Code, § 21000 et seq.)
(CEQA) under several categorical exemptions. The same notice stated that "[t]he project
is located within the Coastal Overlay Zone, but does not require a [CDP]."
After acquiring the Property, the City Council passed a resolution approving a
conditional use permit for the project on December 11, 2017, which permitted the City to
rehabilitate the existing structure by transforming it into a transitional housing facility for
the SMART program, with 42 transitional housing rooms. In connection with the
3 approval of the conditional use permit, the City Council passed a resolution determining
that the project was exempt from CEQA. A PowerPoint presentation from City staff for
the hearing on the conditional use permit stated that "[t]he facility is exempt from the
requirement to obtain a [CDP], pursuant to [San Diego Municipal Code]
[s]ection 126.0704." On December 13, 2017, the City issued the conditional use permit
approved by the City Council.
The next day, on December 14, 2017, Plaintiff filed a "Complaint for Declaratory
and Injunctive Relief and Petition for Writ of Mandate" against the City (the Petition).
Plaintiff alleged that it "opposes the Project based on environmental- and economic-
justice grounds. The Project is located in the South Bay portion of [the City], in the
coastal zone, and involves the conversion of the community's only commercial lodging
facility into a transitional-housing facility. That leaves nowhere for tourists to lodge
when they visit the South Bay's coastal resources. The Project thus violates [the City]'s
[Local Coastal Program] and/or effectively amends it (without approval from the
California Coastal Commission) by substantially curtailing public access to coastal
resources in the South Bay." The Petition contained a single cause of action titled
"Illegal Approval of Project," which alleged that the approval of the project violated
CEQA, the California Coastal Act of 1976 (Pub. Resources Code, § 30000, et seq.) (the
Coastal Act), and the Planning and Zoning Law (Gov. Code, § 65000, et seq.). As
relevant here, with respect to the Coastal Act, the Petition alleged, among other things,
that "[t]he Project requires the issuance of a [CDP], which [the] City has not approved for
the Project."
4 After the City filed an answer, the parties submitted briefing on the Petition.
Plaintiff presented various arguments with respect to CEQA, the Coastal Act, and
conformity to the City's planning documents.
As relevant to the issue presented in this appeal, Plaintiff argued that "[t]he Project
violates the Coastal Act" because "the City failed to obtain the requisite CDP before
moving forward with the Project, and no exemption applies." Plaintiff did not dispute
that the portion of the City's municipal code governing the requirement to obtain a CDP
for development in the Coastal Overlay Zone contained an exemption for improvements
to existing structures. (San Diego Mun. Code, § 126.0702, subd. (a).) Further, Plaintiff
did not dispute that none of the municipal code's exceptions to the existing-structure
exemption for certain types of improvements were applicable in this case. (San Diego
Mun. Code, § 126.0702, subd. (a).) As relevant here, San Diego Municipal Code
section 126.0704, subdivision (a)(3) sets forth an exception to the existing structure
exemption for "[i]mprovements that result in an intensification of use," which it defines
as "a change in the use of a lot or premises which, based upon the provisions of the
applicable zone, requires more off-street parking than the most recent legal use on the
property." (Italics omitted.) The City apparently identified this exception to the existing-
structure exemption as the most relevant during its analysis of whether a CDP was
required, but the City determined that the exception does not apply because the City's
5 planned use of the Property will require less parking, and the City therefore plans to
significantly reduce the number of parking spaces on the Property.1
Instead of arguing that the City's municipal code provisions required the City to
obtain a CDP for the project, Plaintiff argued that the Coastal Act and the regulations
promulgated thereunder by the Commission had the effect of preempting the City's
municipal code and required the City to obtain a CDP. Specifically, Plaintiff argued, "the
[San Diego Municipal Code's] exemptions are pre-empted by state law to the extent they
have any applicability at all. Every improvement to a structure other than a single-family
home is presumptively exempt from the CDP requirement unless the Commission
prescribes otherwise by formal regulation; the adoption of a regulation takes the
improvement out of the exempt category and puts it into the non-exempt category. . . .
[(]§ 30610[, subd.] (b).[)] As it turns out, the Commission has adopted at least two
regulations that separately trigger the CDP-requirement for the Project. [¶] First, there is
a regulation that requires a CDP for '[a]ny improvement to a structure which changes the
intensity of use of the structure.' [(Cal. Code. Regs.], tit. 14, § 13253[, subd.] b)(7)[)]. . . .
[¶] Second, there is a regulation that requires a CDP for '[a]ny improvement made
1 Although Plaintiff does not take issue with the fact that the City's project on the Property will not require additional off-street parking and therefore will not create an intensification of use as defined in the City's municipal code, Plaintiff contends in its appellate briefing that a Commission staff member engaged in correspondence with the City prior to approval of the conditional use permit in which the Commission twice rejected the City's contention that the project would not result in an intensification of use. We have reviewed the relevant correspondence from the Commission staff member, and we note that it does not discuss the concept of intensification of use as it is defined for purposes of the existing-structure exception in the City's municipal code. 6 pursuant to a conversion of an existing structure from a . . . visitor-serving commercial
use to a use involving a fee ownership . . . .' [Cal. Code. Regs.], tit. 14,
§ 13253[,subd.] (b)(8)." As Plaintiff summarized the argument in its reply briefing to the
trial court, the state-law provisions it identified "forbid (1) development involving a
decrease in intensity of use and (2) development pursuant to a conversion of an existing
structure from a visitor-serving commercial use to a use involving fee ownership. Yet,
that is precisely the type of development [San Diego Municipal Code] [s]ection
126.0704[, subdivision] (a)(3) purports to allow. That [San Diego Municipal Code]
provision is therefore invalid."
The trial court issued a tentative ruling granting in part and denying in part
Plaintiff's petition for writ of mandate. The trial court found no merit to Plaintiff's
argument under CEQA. It also determined that the project was consistent with the
applicable community plan.
However, the trial court then determined that there was merit to Plaintiff's
argument that the City improperly failed to obtain a CDP. As a preliminary matter, the
trial court noted that under the existing-structure exemption set forth in the City's
municipal code, "substantial evidence supports the City's determination that the project
did not require a CDP because of the section 126.0704[,subdivision] (a) exemption. . . .
Acquisition of the Super 8 hotel and the associated improvements for use as transitional
housing is exempted from the requirement of obtaining a CDP as an improvement to an
existing structure. There is substantial evidence that the improvements did not result in
an intensification of use, including a decrease in required parking. . . . Thus, a facial
7 application of the exemption supports the City's position." However, after determining
that substantial evidence supported the City's application of the existing-structure
exemption, the trial court then turned to the issue of preemption. The trial court agreed
with Plaintiff's argument that state law preempted portions of the existing-structure
exemption set forth in the City's municipal code:
"On the other hand, the [San Diego Municipal Code] section 126.0704 exemption, as applied, is pre-empted by state law. 'An ordinance contradicts state law if it is inimical to state law; i.e., it penalizes conduct that state law expressly authorizes or permits conduct which state law forbids.' Suter v. City of Lafayette (1997) 57 Cal. App. 4th 1109, 1124. Public Resources Code, section 30610[, subd.] (b) provides: 'Notwithstanding any other provision of this division, no coastal development permit shall be required pursuant to this chapter for the following types of development . . . : . . . [¶] . . . (b) Improvements to any structure other than a single-family residence or a public works facility; provided, however, that the commission shall specify, by regulation, those types of improvements which (1) involve a risk of adverse environmental effect, (2) adversely affect public access, or (3) involve a change in use contrary to any policy of this division. Any improvement so specified by the commission shall require a coastal development permit.' The companion regulation is found at Title 14, section 13253[, subd.] (b) [of the California Code of Regulations], and provides in relevant part:
" '(b) Pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 30610[, subd.] (b), the following classes of development require a coastal development permit because they involve a risk of adverse environmental effect, adversely affect public access, or involve a change in use contrary to the policy of Division 20 of the Public Resources Code:
"[¶] . . . [¶]
" '(7) Any improvement to a structure which changes the intensity of use of the structure;
" '(8) Any improvement made pursuant to a conversion of an existing structure from a multiple unit rental use or visitor-serving commercial use to a use involving a fee ownership or long-term leasehold
8 including but not limited to a condominium conversion, stock cooperative conversion or motel/hotel timesharing conversion.'
"The administrative record indicates that the [San Diego] Municipal Code section 126.0704 exemption was applied in such a way that a CDP was not required because the project resulted in a lowered intensification of use (as evidenced by less required parking). However, this is forbidden by state law. Instead, any 'change' in intensity, not just a higher intensity, requires a CDP. In addition, the administrative record indicates that the subject hotel conversion project seeks to convert the hotel from multiple unit commercial use to a use involving a fee ownership. This is also forbidden by state law in the absence of a CDP. As a result, the section 126.0704 exemption, as applied, is pre-empted by state law. The exemption is not valid and a CDP is required."
At the hearing on the petition, the trial court agreed to allow the City to submit
supplemental briefing on the issue of preemption. After reviewing the supplemental
briefing, the trial court issued an order confirming its tentative ruling and further
discussing the preemption issue: "The Coastal Act requires local governments to develop
local coastal programs, comprised of a land use plan and implementing ordinances to
promote the Coastal Act's objectives. [(]Kalnel Gardens, LLC v. City of Los Angeles
(2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 927, 940.[)] 'Under the Coastal Act, the local coastal program and
development permits issued by local agencies are not just matters of local law. Instead,
they embody state policy. A fundamental purpose of the Coastal Act is to ensure that
state policies prevail over local government concerns.' [(]Id.[)] As discussed within the
tentative (now confirmed) ruling, there is a fundamental state policy requiring a CDP for
any development involving an improvement changing the intensity of use of a structure,
or the 'conversion of an existing structure from a multiple unit rental use or visitor-
serving commercial use to a use involving a fee ownership or long-term leasehold.' . . .
9 [San Diego] Municipal Code section 126.0704, as applied, contradicts this state law and
is inimical to state policy."
The trial court thereafter entered judgment, granting in part and denying in part
Plaintiff's petition for writ of mandate. On January 2, 2019, the trial court issued a
peremptory writ of mandate requiring that the City shall "1. Obtain a coastal development
permit before proceeding with any project on the project site that would change the
intensity of use (whether the change is an increase or decrease in intensity)" and "2.
Refrain from implementing any contemplated use of the project site that by law
requires the issuance of a coastal development permit."
The City appeals from the judgment.2
II.
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
The resolution of this appeal depends on whether the trial court erred in
concluding that the portions of the City's existing-structure exemption in San Diego
2 While this appeal was pending, the City filed a request that we take judicial notice of a decision by the Commission on December 11, 2019, concerning the City's project at the Property. Specifically, after the trial court's judgment, the City obtained a CDP for the project on October 22, 2019. Plaintiff appealed the CDP to the Commission arguing that the project did not conform to the City's LCP with regard to the protection of visitor- serving overnight accommodations and public access policies. On December 11, 2019, the Commission decided that it would not hear the appeal because no substantial issue existed with respect to the grounds of the appeal. We grant the City's request to take judicial notice, but we note that the Commission's decision has no direct relevance to the preemption issues presented in this appeal, and thus we have no occasion to consider the substance of the Commission's decision in deciding this appeal. 10 Municipal Code section 126.0704 were preempted by state law. We apply a de novo
standard of review in deciding that issue. (Apartment Assn. of Los Angeles County, Inc.
v. City of Los Angeles (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 13, 21 [" 'The issue of preemption of a
municipal ordinance by state law presents a question of law, subject to de novo
review.' "].)
B. Legal Principles Applicable to the Preemption Analysis
Before turning to the specific local and state-law provisions at issue, we first
discuss the principles applicable to a preemption analysis. "[T]he 'general principles
governing state statutory preemption of local land use regulation are well settled. . . . "A
county or city may make and enforce within its limits all local, police, sanitary, and other
ordinances and regulations not in conflict with general laws." (Cal. Const., art. XI, § 7,
italics added.) " 'Local legislation in conflict with general law is void. Conflicts exist if
the ordinance duplicates [citations], contradicts [citation], or enters an area fully occupied
by general law, either expressly or by legislative implication [citations].' " ' " (Big Creek
Lumber Co. v. County of Santa Cruz (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1139, 1150 (Big Creek Lumber).)
Here, the type of preemption identified by Plaintiff and the trial court arises from
an alleged contradiction with state law. "A local ordinance contradicts state law when it
is inimical to or cannot be reconciled with state law." (O'Connell v. City of
Stockton (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1061, 1068.) "The 'contradictory and inimical' form of
preemption does not apply unless the ordinance directly requires what the state statute
forbids or prohibits what the state enactment demands. [Citations] Thus, no inimical
conflict will be found where it is reasonably possible to comply with both the state and
11 local laws." (City of Riverside v. Inland Empire Patients Health & Wellness Center,
Inc. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 729, 743 (City of Riverside).) "The party claiming that general
state law preempts a local ordinance has the burden of demonstrating preemption." (Big
Creek Lumber, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 1149.)
C. The Coastal Act and Regulations Promulgated Thereunder
The next step in our analysis is to examine the state-law provisions that the trial
court believed to be contradictory to the City's municipal code provisions governing the
issuance of CDPs.
The state law provisions at issue here are certain portions of the Coastal Act and
regulations promulgated thereunder by the Commission. "The Coastal Act 'was enacted
by the Legislature as a comprehensive scheme to govern land use planning for the entire
coastal zone of California. The Legislature found that "the California coastal zone is a
distinct and valuable natural resource of vital and enduring interest to all the people"; that
"the permanent protection of the state's natural and scenic resources is a paramount
concern"; that "it is necessary to protect the ecological balance of the coastal zone" and
that "existing developed uses, and future developments that are carefully planned and
developed consistent with the policies of this division, are essential to the economic and
social well-being of the people of this state . . . ." ([Pub. Resources Code,] § 30001,
subds. (a) and (d).)' [Citation] The Coastal Act is to be 'liberally construed to
accomplish its purposes and objectives.' (Pub. Resources Code, § 30009.)" (Pacific
Palisades Bowl Mobile Estates, LLC v. City of Los Angeles (2012) 55 Cal.4th 783, 793-
794 (Pacific Palisades).)
12 "There is no doubt that the Coastal Act is an attempt to deal with coastal land use
on a statewide basis." (Yost v. Thomas (1984) 36 Cal.3d 561, 571.) However, "[t]he
Coastal Act expressly recognizes the need to 'rely heavily' on local government '[t]o
achieve maximum responsiveness to local conditions, accountability, and public
accessibility . . . .' (Pub. Resources Code, § 30004, subd. (a).) As relevant here, it
requires local governments to develop local coastal programs [(LCPs)], comprised of a
land use plan and a set of implementing ordinances designed to promote the [Coastal
Act's] objectives of protecting the coastline and its resources and of maximizing public
access." (Pacific Palisades, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 794.) "The Coastal Act provides that
a local government must submit its [land use plan] to the [Commission] for certification
that the [land use plan] is consistent with the policies and requirements of the Coastal
Act. ([Pub. Resources Code,] §§ 30512, 30512.2.) After the Commission certifies a
local government's [land use plan], it delegates authority over coastal development
permits to the local government. (Pacific Palisades, at p. 794, citing [Pub. Resources
Code,] §§ 30519, subd. (a), 30600.5, subds. (a), (b), (c).)" (Beach & Bluff Conservancy
v. City of Solana Beach (2018) 28 Cal.App.5th 244, 252.)
As particularly relevant here, Public Resources Code section 30519,
subdivision (a) provides that with certain exceptions that are not relevant in this case,
"[e]xcept for appeals to the commission, as provided in Section 30603, after a local
coastal program, or any portion thereof, has been certified and all implementing actions
within the area affected have become effective, the development review authority
provided for in Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 30600) shall no longer be exercised
13 by the commission over any new development proposed within the area to which the
certified local coastal program, or any portion thereof, applies and shall at that time be
delegated to the local government that is implementing the local coastal program or any
portion thereof." (Pub. Resources Code, § 30519, subd. (a), italics added.) Similarly,
subdivision (a) of Public Resources Code section 30600 states that, in general, "any
person . . . wishing to perform or undertake any development in the coastal zone . . . shall
obtain a coastal development permit." However, as clarified in subdivision (d), "[a]fter
certification of its local coastal program . . . a coastal development permit shall be
obtained from the local government as provided for in Section 30519 . . . ." (Pub.
Resources Code, § 30600, subd. (d), italics added.) These two provisions make clear
that, except in certain cases not relevant here, after a local government's LCP is certified
by the Commission, the Commission no longer exercises original jurisdiction over the
issuance of a CDP.
However, because the Commission still retains original jurisdiction over the
issuance of CDPs in certain circumstances, such as when no LCP has been certified or in
other cases such as development on tidelands, submerged lands or public trust lands,
(Pub. Resources Code, § 30519, subds. (a), (b)), the Coastal Act contains provisions
governing the Commission's exercise of its original jurisdiction to issue CDPs. As
relevant here, Public Resources Code section 30610 states that "[n]otwithstanding any
other provision of this division, no coastal development permit shall be required pursuant
to this chapter for the following types of development and in the following areas: [¶] . . .
(b) Improvements to any structure other than a single-family residence or a public works
14 facility; provided, however, that the commission shall specify, by regulation, those types
of improvements which (1) involve a risk of adverse environmental effect, (2) adversely
affect public access, or (3) involve a change in use contrary to any policy of this division.
Any improvement so specified by the commission shall require a coastal development
permit." (Pub. Resources Code, § 30610, italics added.) When stating that "no coastal
development permit shall be required pursuant to this chapter," the statute is referring to
Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 30600). As we have already discussed, when the
Commission has certified a local government's LCP, "the development review authority
provided for in Chapter 7 (commencing with Section 30600) shall no longer be exercised
by the commission." (Pub. Resources Code, § 30519, subd. (a).)
To comply with the directive in Public Resources Code section 30610,
subdivision (b) that the Commission "specify, by regulation, those types of improvements
which (1) involve a risk of adverse environmental effect, (2) adversely affect public
access, or (3) involve a change in use contrary to any policy of this division," the
Commission promulgated a regulation, which provides in relevant part:
"(b) Pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 30610[, subd.] (b), the following classes of development require a coastal development permit because they involve a risk of adverse environmental effect, adversely affect public access, or involve a change in use contrary to the policy of Division 20 of the Public Resources Code:
"(7) Any improvement to a structure which changes the intensity of use of the structure;
"(8) Any improvement made pursuant to a conversion of an existing structure from a multiple unit rental use or visitor-serving commercial
15 use to a use involving a fee ownership or long-term leasehold including but not limited to a condominium conversion, stock cooperative conversion or motel/hotel timesharing conversion." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 13253.)
As we have explained, the trial court relied on this regulation to conclude that state
law contradicted the City's municipal code provisions governing whether a CDP was
required for the development on the Property.
D. The City's LCP
Coastal development in the City is governed by an LCP that was certified by the
Commission. As the Petition alleges, "[the City] implements and administers a local
coastal program ('LCP') that was certified by the California Coastal Commission as being
consistent with the Coastal Act. Generally speaking, the LCP applies to all development
and land uses in [the City]'s portion of the 'coastal zone' as defined by Public Resources
Code Section 30103."
The City's LCP includes Chapter 12, Article 6, Division 7 of the San Diego
Municipal Code, titled "Coastal Development Permit Procedures" ("Division 7").
Division 7 includes San Diego Municipal Code section 126.0702, subdivision (a), which
states that "[a] Coastal Development Permit issued by the City is required for all coastal
development of a premises within the Coastal Overlay Zone." (Italics omitted.) As we
have discussed, the Property at issue here is located in the Coastal Overlay Zone.
Further, the City does not dispute that its issuance of a conditional use permit to
transform the former Super 8 motel into a transitional housing facility constitutes "coastal
development of a premises" within the meaning of this municipal code provision.
16 However, Division 7 also includes San Diego Municipal Code section 126.0704, which
sets forth exemptions for the requirement to obtain a CDP.3 As relevant here,
section 126.0704, subdivision (a) provides an exemption for "[i]mprovements to existing
structures," and it then lists certain specific exceptions to that existing-structure
exemption. (Italics omitted.)
The only exception to the existing-structure exemption that the parties have
identified as potentially relevant here states that the exemption does not apply to
"[i]mprovements that result in an intensification of use," and further states that
"intensification of use means a change in the use of a lot or premises which, based upon
the provisions of the applicable zone, requires more off-street parking than the most
recent legal use on the property." (San Diego Mun. Code, § 126.0704, subd. (a)(3),
italics omitted.) It is undisputed that the transformation of the Super 8 motel into a
transitional housing facility will not require more off-street parking.4
3 Plaintiff contends that "there's zero evidence in the record that [San Diego Municipal Code] section 126.0704[,subdivision] (a) was ever certified by the Coastal Commission." We disagree. The City has identified ample evidence in the record, of which the trial court took judicial notice, to show that Division 7, including section 126.0704, subdivision (a), was certified by the Commission. Further, the City has filed a request that we take judicial notice of meeting agendas and minutes of the Commission, which further establish that the Commission certified the portion of the City's Local Coastal Program that includes its coastal development permit procedures. We grant the request to take judicial notice.
4 The trial court concluded that substantial evidence supports a finding that the project would result in "a decrease in required parking." 17 Based on the LCP's existing-structure exemption, along with the fact that no
exception to the exemption applies, the City concluded that no CDP was required prior to
issuing the conditional use permit for the Property.
E. The Exemption for Improvements to Existing Structures in the City's LCP Does Not Contradict the Coastal Act or the Regulations Promulgated Thereunder
The trial court based its preemption ruling on a comparison of the scope of the
existing-structure exemption in the City's LCP with the scope of the existing-structure
exemption in the regulation that the Commission promulgated pursuant to Public
Resources Code section 30610, subdivision (b). (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 13253,
subd. (b).) Specifically, the trial court noted two ways in which the existing-structure
exemption in the City's LCP was more permissive of certain improvements without a
CDP than the existing-structure exemption in the Commission's regulation.
First, the City's LCP disallows an existing-structure exemption if the improvement
would "result in an intensification of use." (San Diego Mun. Code, § 126.0704,
subd. (a)(3).) However, "intensification of use" is narrowly defined in the City's LCP as
a use that requires more off-street parking. (Ibid.) In contrast, the Commission's
regulation disallows an existing-structure exemption for an improvement that "changes
the intensity of use of the structure." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 13253, subd. (b)(7).)
The Commission's regulation does not limit the situations in which a "change[]" in "the
intensity of use" might occur and does not focus solely on parking. Indeed, as the trial
court concluded, because only a "change[]" in intensity of use is required, the
Commission's regulation could require a CDP even when, as is the case with the City's
18 intended use of the Property, there may be a decrease in intensity. As the trial court
explained, "The administrative record indicates that the [San Diego] Municipal Code
section 126.0704 exemption was applied in such a way that a CDP was not required
because the project resulted in a lowered intensification of use (as evidenced by less
required parking). However, this is forbidden by state law. Instead, any 'change' in
intensity, not just a higher intensity, requires a CDP." 5
Second, the Commission's regulation disallows an existing-structure exemption if
the improvement is "made pursuant to a conversion of an existing structure from multiple
unit rental use or visitor serving commercial use to a use involving a fee ownership or
long-term leasehold . . . ." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 13253, subd. (b)(8).) The City's
LCP contains no comparable provision.
5 In support of its argument that Public Resources Code section 30610 and the regulations promulgated thereunder require a CDP when there is any change in intensity of use, even a decrease, Plaintiff relies on Pacific Palisades, supra, 55 Cal.4th 783. In that case, our Supreme Court decided that under the Coastal Act's definition of "development," all subdivisions in the coastal zone qualified as developments, even if they would not alter the density or intensity of use of the land. (Id. at pp. 795-796.) Plaintiff argues that Pacific Palisades (1) shows that the Coastal Act is concerned with any type of change in intensity of use; and (2) supports an interpretation of the Commission's regulation referring to an improvement that "changes the intensity of use of the structure" (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 13253, subd. (b)(7)) as referring to any type of change in intensity, even a decrease. We note that Pacific Palisades is not directly on point because it concerned the definition of "development" rather than the scope of permissible exemptions under the Coastal Act. Moreover, as we will explain, because the City's approval of the project is controlled by its LCP, not by the Commission's regulations, it is ultimately not relevant whether Plaintiff is correct that the Commission's regulation referring to an improvement that "changes the intensity of use of the structure" (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 13253, subd. (b)(7)) means any type of change in intensity, even a decrease. 19 Based on the contradiction between the scope of these two aspects of the existing-
structure exemption in the City's LCP and in the Commission's regulation, the trial court
concluded that the City's LCP was preempted to the extent it was more permissive with
respect to the existing structure exemption than the Commission's regulation.
Although we understand the trial court's preemption ruling, it contains a
fundamental flaw. As a basic analytical premise, the trial court assumed that Public
Resources Code section 30610, subdivision (b) and the regulations that the Commission
promulgated thereunder were intended to apply to the City's decision whether a CDP is
required for a proposed coastal development. Finding a contradiction between the
Commission's regulations and the City's LCP, both of which the trial court assumed were
applicable here, the trial court concluded that the Commission's regulations should
prevail. However, because the Commission has certified the City's LCP, Public
Resources Code section 30610, subdivision (b) and the regulations that the Commission
promulgated thereunder do not apply to the City's CDP decisions. As the Coastal Act
makes clear, after a local government's LCP is certified by the Commission, "the
development review authority provided for in Chapter 7 (commencing with
Section 30600) shall no longer be exercised by the commission over any new
development proposed within the area to which the certified local coastal program, or any
portion thereof, applies and shall at that time be delegated to the local government that is
implementing the local coastal program or any portion thereof." (Pub. Resources Code,
§ 30519, subd. (a).) "After certification of its local coastal program . . . a coastal
development permit shall be obtained from the local government as provided for in
20 Section 30519 . . . ." (Pub. Resources Code, § 30600, subd. (d), italics added.) Further,
the Coastal Act clarifies that the existing-structure exemption described in Public
Resources Code section 30610, subdivision (b) and the regulations that the Commission
promulgates thereunder apply only with respect to CDP's "required pursuant to this
chapter," i.e., Chapter 7. The development review authority provided for in Chapter 7
does not apply when a local government has obtained a certified LCP. (Pub. Resources
Code, § 30519, subd. (a).)
In sum, preemption based on a contradiction between a local ordinance and state
law arises only when "the ordinance directly requires what the state statute forbids or
prohibits what the state enactment demands." (City of Riverside, supra, 56 Cal.4th at
p. 743.) Here, the Coastal Act makes it clear that the existing-structure exemption as
described in Public Resources Code section 30610, subdivision (b) and the regulations
that the Commission promulgates thereunder do not apply to the City's CDP decisions
because the City's coastal development is governed by a certified LCP. Because the
state-law provisions that the trial court identified do not apply to the City, the City's LCP
does not "require[] what the state statute forbids or prohibit[] what the state enactment
demands." (City of Riverside, at p. 743.) Instead, the Coastal Act expressly allows for a
21 local government to be governed by its certified LCP provisions while the Commission's
decision whether to issue a CDP is governed by provisions of state law.6
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed, and this matter is remanded with directions that the trial
court (1) enter an order denying Plaintiff's petition for writ of mandate; and
(2) vacate the peremptory writ of mandate.
IRION, J.
WE CONCUR:
McCONNELL, P. J.
AARON, J.
6 Because we conclude that the trial court erred in ruling that the relevant portions of the City's LCP were preempted by state law, we need not, and do not, consider the other grounds that the City presents in support of its appeal, including that Plaintiff is improperly seeking to challenge the City's LCP outside of the time period to bring such a challenge, and that the Petition was untimely because Plaintiff did not file it within 90 days of the City's resolution approving its acquisition of the Property. 22