In the Missouri Court of Appeals Western District CINDY WALDEN, ) ) Appellant, ) WD75982 ) v. ) OPINION FILED: April 15, 2014 ) KENNETH SMITH AND AMERICAN ) FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE ) COMPANY, ) ) Respondents. )
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Clay County, Missouri The Honorable Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judge
Before Division One: Cynthia L. Martin, Presiding Judge, Mark D. Pfeiffer, Judge and Karen King Mitchell, Judge
Cindy Walden ("Walden") appeals from the trial court's entry of summary
judgment in favor of American Family Mutual Insurance Company ("American Family").
The trial court found that Walden's American Family automobile policies did not afford
uninsured motorist coverage for injuries Walden sustained when a dog bit her through an
open window of a vehicle because her injuries did not "arise out of the use" of the
vehicle. We affirm. Factual and Procedural Background
On September 28, 2006, Walden, an employee at a bar and grill in Gladstone,
Missouri, was walking to her place of employment. She saw Kenneth Smith's ("Smith")
pick-up truck in the parking lot. Smith was sitting in the parked vehicle and had two pit
bull terriers in the cab of his truck. Walden approached the truck and stood outside the
driver's side door. One of Smith's dogs lunged through the open driver's side window and
bit Walden on the upper lip. Smith did not have insurance. However, Walden had
several automobile liability policies with American Family.
Walden filed suit against Smith and American Family. She claimed that Smith
was negligent in that he failed to warn Walden of the harm posed by the dangerous
propensities of the dog, failed to restrain or otherwise prevent the dog from biting her,
and failed to restrict or otherwise prevent people from coming into contact with the dog.
Walden's petition also sought a declaratory judgment that she was entitled to coverage
under the uninsured motorist provision in her American Family policies.1 Walden
alleged that Smith was an uninsured motorist and "was engaged in the operation and use
of his motor vehicle, was in the process of transporting his dog, and failed to contain said
dog" resulting in Walden's injuries.
The American Family policies each provide:
PART III--UNINSURED MOTORIST COVERAGE
We will pay compensatory damages for bodily injury which an insured person is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an
1 Walden had three American Family automobile policies and sought to stack the uninsured motorist coverage available under each.
2 uninsured motor vehicle. The bodily injury must be sustained by an insured person and must be caused by accident and arise out of the use of the uninsured motor vehicle.
(Emphasis in policies.) The policies do not define the phrase "arise out of." The policies
define "use" as "ownership, maintenance, or use."
American Family filed a motion for summary judgment on the declaratory
judgment action. American Family asserted as uncontroverted facts the facts set forth
above. American Family argued that the uncontroverted facts established as a matter of
law that Walden's injuries did not "arise out of the use" of Smith's uninsured vehicle and
established only that Smith's vehicle was the "situs" of the injury.
Walden admitted all of the uncontroverted facts asserted in American Family's
motion for summary judgment, and generally alleged that her injuries arose out of the use
of Smith's vehicle. Walden did not identify any issues of fact in genuine dispute that
prevented the entry of judgment on the issue of coverage. In fact, Walden filed her own
motion for summary judgment which mirrored the uncontroverted facts from American
Family's motion, and added only that her injuries "arose out of the use" of Smith's
uninsured vehicle.2 Walden argued that the uncontroverted facts established that
Walden's injuries arose out of the use of Smith's uninsured vehicle as a matter of law
because:
2 Walden's assertion that her injuries arose out of Smith's use of his vehicle is not an assertion of fact, but is instead an assertion of Walden's opinion that her dog bite injuries were covered because they arose out of the use of Smith's uninsured vehicle. The resolution of that issue is a question of law. Ward v. Int'l Indem. Co., 897 S.W.2d 627, 629 (Mo. App. E.D. 1995) (holding that where facts relating to how an injury occurred are not in dispute, the question of whether those facts support a finding that the injuries arose out of the use of a vehicle within the coverage provisions of a policy is "a question of law").
3 Walden's injuries arose out of Smith's use of his automobile as a dog cage. But for Smith's use of his vehicle as a cage for his dogs, the dogs would not have been at the parking lot, and they would not have bitten Walden. Therefore, Walden's injuries arose out of Smith's use of his vehicle as a dog cage.
[L.F. p. 73; see also L.F. p. 88].
The parties thus agreed that the uncontroverted facts permitted the entry of
judgment as a matter of law on the issue of coverage. They disagreed, however, about
the legal effect of the uncontroverted facts.
On April 9, 2010, the trial court entered an order granting American Family's
motion for summary judgment and denying Walden's motion for summary judgment.3
After reciting the uncontroverted facts the trial court held that:
[Walden] has not asserted any facts which establish any injury caused by the uninsured motorist's use of the uninsured motor vehicle itself. [Walden's] injury was caused by the dog bite. There are no facts which allege the motor vehicle was the instrumentality of the injury. There are no facts that assert that [Smith] was negligent in the inherent "use" of his vehicle. The automobile was not involved in the injury. [Walden] was not in the automobile at the time of the injury. There is nothing about [Smith's] use of the truck that caused the attack and nothing about [Smith's] use of the automobile which caused [Walden's] injury. The vehicle was not an active accessory to the injury and was not an essential or even significant element that lead [sic] to the injury. The allegations of negligence against [Smith] are totally independent from the "use" of the vehicle itself. The motor vehicle was the fortuitous location of the injury, not an integral part of the proximate cause of the injury.
In this case, the uninsured motor vehicle simply provided the situs of the injury. Missouri law requires the vehicle be more than the "situs" of an injury to recover under these circumstances.
3 After the competing motions for summary judgment were argued, but before they were ruled, the trial court permitted Walden to file a first amended petition which amended the negligence cause of action against Smith. The declaratory judgment claim asserted against American Family was not amended. The amended petition had no impact on the trial court's ability to resolve the legal issue of coverage framed by the parties' competing summary judgment motions.
4 ....
. . . . [Walden's] injury did not arise out of the use of the uninsured motor vehicle. Accordingly, there is no coverage under the policies issues [sic] by [American Family].
On November 28, 2012, the trial court entered a judgment against Smith on Walden's
negligence claim. The judgment incorporated the trial court's earlier order granting
summary judgment in favor of American Family on the declaratory judgment claim.
Walden filed this timely appeal from the trial court's entry of judgment in favor of
American Family.
Standard of Review
The grant of summary judgment is a question of law we review de novo. ITT
Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 376 (Mo.
banc 1993). "Summary judgment is designed to permit the trial court to enter judgment,
without delay, where the moving party has demonstrated, on the basis of facts as to which
there is no genuine dispute, a right to judgment as a matter of law." Id. Here, the parties
agree that there are no issues of fact in genuine dispute. In fact, both parties relied on the
same uncontroverted facts to urge the entry of judgment as a matter of law. All that is at
issue are "differing opinions of the parties concerning the legal effect of" the
uncontroverted facts on the question of coverage, a question of law, not fact, that does not
preclude the grant of summary judgment. Seymour v. Lakewood Hills Ass'n, 927 S.W.2d
405, 407 (Mo. App. E.D. 1996).
5 In granting summary judgment, the trial court interpreted the phrase "arising out of
the use" in American Family's policies. "The interpretation of an insurance policy is a
question of law" that we review de novo. Seeck v. Geico Gen. Ins. Co., 212 S.W.3d 129,
132 (Mo. banc 2007). "Disputes arising from the interpretation and application of
insurance contracts are matters of law for the court where there are no underlying facts in
dispute." Watters v. Travel Guard Int'l, 136 S.W.3d 100, 107 (Mo. App. E.D. 2004); see
also Ward v. Int'l Indem. Co., 897 SW.2d 627, 629 (Mo. App. E.D. 1995) (holding that
whether undisputed facts support a finding that injuries "arose out of the use" of a vehicle
is a question of law).
Analysis
The sole issue presented on appeal is whether the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment by concluding as a matter of law that Walden's dog bite injuries were
not covered under American Family's automobile policies because the injuries did not
"arise out of the use" of an uninsured vehicle. Walden's point relied on argues that
because Smith was using his uninsured motor vehicle as a "moving dog kennel,"4
Walden's injuries arose out of Smith's "transportation and confinement of a dog within an
uninsured motor vehicle."
No Missouri court has addressed whether injuries caused by a dog when it is being
transported in a motor vehicle "arise out of the use" of the vehicle as to support coverage 4 The manner in which Walden has described Smith's use of his vehicle has varied. In her petition, Walden alleges that Smith used his vehicle to "transport" his dogs. In her summary judgment pleadings, Walden alleges that Smith used his vehicle for "carriage and confinement" of his dogs, and as a "dog cage." In her point on appeal and during oral argument, Walden alleges that Smith used his vehicle as a "moving dog kennel." The varying nomenclature is immaterial. It is uncontroverted that Smith had his dogs in his vehicle with him when one of the dogs bit Walden. The issue is whether Walden's dog bite injuries arose out of this use of Smith's vehicle as to support coverage--a question of law. Ward, 897 S.W.2d at 629.
6 under an automobile liability policy. When interpreting language in an insurance policy,
our courts generally begin by determining "whether the policy language is ambiguous or
unambiguous." Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wemhoff, 972 S.W.2d 402, 405 (Mo. App.
W.D. 1998). However, that determination is not required where the policy language has
already been judicially defined. Id. Missouri courts have judicially defined both "arising
out of" and "use." The judicial definitions assigned to these policy terms are controlling,
even though the factual circumstances presented here are a matter of first impression.
(i) "Arising out of" requires a causal relationship but not proximate cause
Schmidt v. Utilities Insurance Co., 182 S.W.2d 181 (Mo. 1944) is the seminal
Missouri case construing the phrase "arising out of" in an automobile liability policy.
The omnibus clause5 in the policy afforded coverage for bodily injuries "caused by
accident and arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of the automobile." Id. at
183. The "bodily injury coverage" section of the policy defined "use" to "include[]
loading and unloading" of the vehicle.6 Id. at 182. The plaintiff was injured after
tripping over wooden blocks left behind by truck drivers who had used the blocks as
makeshift ramps to drive over a sidewalk to unload coal. Id. at 181-82. The question
before the Court was whether the plaintiff's injuries "arose out of" use--specifically
loading or unloading--of the truck.
5 An "omnibus clause" is defined as "[a] provision in an automobile-insurance policy that extends coverage to all drivers operating the insured vehicle with the owner's permission." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1197 (9th ed. 2009). 6 We address the significance of the policy's definition of "use" to include loading and unloading in greater detail, infra.
7 The insurer argued that the plaintiff's injuries did not "arise out of" unloading the
truck. Id. at 183. Rather, according to the insurer, "the efficient, direct and proximate
cause of the injury was the separate, independent, and intervening negligent acts of the
truck drivers in placing the blocks on the sidewalk." Id. The insurer thus argued that
"arising out of" requires proximate cause between an injury and the use of a vehicle.
Our Supreme Court disagreed. It noted that the "policy, by its terms, does not
require a finding that the injury to [plaintiff] was directly and proximately caused by the
use of the automobile." Id. Rather, "[t]he words of the policy are 'caused by accident and
arising out of the use of the automobile.'" Id. (emphasis added). The Court observed:
The words 'arising out of . . . use' are very broad, general and comprehensive terms. The insurer made no attempt to limit the plain, usual and ordinary meaning of the terms used. We find nothing in the policy requiring that the ownership, maintenance, or use of the automobile shall be the direct and 'efficient cause of the injuries sustained,' as appellant contends. The words used, we think, are much broader than the words 'caused by' . . . .
Id. The Court then held that the term "arising out of" should be afforded its plain and
ordinarily understood meaning of "'originating from' or 'having its origin in,' 'growing out
of' or 'flowing from.'" Id. at 184. Schmidt thus clearly held that "arising out of" requires
proof of a causal connection, though the standard of causation is broader than "proximate
cause." Cameron Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ward, 599 S.W.2d 13, 15 (Mo. App. W.D. 1980)
(holding that although the use of a vehicle need not be the proximate cause of an injury,
there nonetheless must be some "causal connection between an injury and the 'use' of an
automobile in order for there to be coverage") (citing Schmidt, 182 S.W.2d at 183-84);
see also Pope v. Stolts, 712 S.W.2d 434, 436-37 (Mo. App. E.D. 1986) ("Although it is
8 not required that the 'use' of the automobile be the direct and proximate cause of the
injury in the strict legal sense of causation permeating general tort law, there must be
some causal connection between an injury and the use in order for there to be recovery.").
The phrase "arising out of" has been similarly defined in other types of insurance
policies. In Colony Insurance Co. v. Pinewoods Enterprises, Inc., 29 F. Supp. 2d 1079
(E.D. Mo. 1998), the federal district court applied Missouri law to interpret the phrase
"arising out of" in determining coverage in a premises liability case. The general liability
policy provided coverage for "'liability arising out of [insured's] operations.'" Id. at 1083.
The court observed that the "insurance language 'arising out of' has been interpreted by
Missouri courts to be a very broad, general and comprehensive phrase to mean
'originating from' or 'having its origins in' or 'growing out of' or flowing from.'" Id.
Consistent with Schmidt, the federal district court concluded that:
The phrase "arising out of" is more expansive than the words "caused by" used in some policies. When the former phrase is used in a liability policy, an unbroken chain of events need not be established but rather a simple causal relationship must exist between the accident or injury and the [operations] of the insured.7 The causation standard is not elevated to the strict "direct and proximate cause" standard of general tort law. Id.
The same result was reached in Capitol Indemnity Corp. v. 1405 Associates, Inc.,
340 F.3d 547 (8th Cir. 2003), where coverage was sought under a commercial liability
policy for claims of false imprisonment, wrongful termination, and slander. The insurer
7 In contrast to Schmidt, where the causal connection had to be between the injury and the use of the vehicle (which the policy in Schmidt defined to be loading and unloading), the causal connection in Colony Insurance had to be between the injury and the operations of the insured. Colony Insurance observed that although it was relying on Missouri cases that interpreted the phrase "arising out of" in the "automobile context . . . the reasoning is equally applicable to the 'arising out of operations' language" it was interpreting. 29 F. Supp. 2d at 1083.
9 relied on an employment-related practices exclusion in the policy in an effort to defeat
coverage. Id. at 550. The exclusion applied to "personal and advertising injury" to "a
person arising out of" identified employment-related practices. Id. The Eighth Circuit
observed that "under Missouri law, 'arising out of ' has been interpreted 'to be a very
broad, general and comprehensive phrase' meaning 'originating from' or 'having its
origins in' or 'growing out of' or 'flowing from.'" Id. (quoting Colony Ins., 29 F. Supp. 2d
at 1083). The court noted that the phrase imposes a causation standard, but that the
"applicable causation standard is not the strict 'direct and proximate cause' standard
applicable in general tort law." Id. (citing Colony Ins., 29 F. Supp. 2d at 1083).
Missouri courts have also consistently interpreted the phrase "arising out of" when
it has been used, but not defined, by the Missouri legislature.8 One common example is
in the workers' compensation arena. In Tangblade v. Lear Corp., we observed that under
the workers' compensation act, "an employee is entitled to workers' compensation
benefits for personal injury or death 'by accident arising out of and in the course of his
employment.'" 58 S.W.3d 662, 666 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001)9 (quoting section 287.120.1).
We held that "'[a]rising out of' means that a causal connection exists between the
employee's duties and the injury." Id.
8 Principles of statutory construction require Missouri courts to afford words used by the legislature their plain and ordinary meaning if possible. Utility Serv. Co. v. Dept. of Labor & Indus. Relations, 331 S.W.3d 654, 658 (Mo. banc 2011) ("Statutory analysis requires ascertaining the intent of the legislature, as expressed in the words of the statute. Statutory language is given its plain and ordinary meaning."). This is the same principle of construction used to determine the meaning of an undefined term in a contract, including an insurance policy. Fire Ins. Exchange v. Horner, 368 S.W.3d 214, 217 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) ("When interpreting the language of an insurance policy, a court must give the language of the policy its plain meaning."). The principle of construction is influenced, however, by legislative guidance. In the case of the Worker's Compensation Act, a 2005 amendment now requires the language of the Act to be "strictly construed." Section 287.800. 9 Overruled on other grounds by Hampton v. Big Boy Steel Erection, 121 S.W.3d 220 (Mo. banc 2003).
10 In summary, Missouri courts consistently define the phrase "arising out of" to
require a causal relationship, described as "originating from" or "having its origins in" or
"growing out of" or "flowing from" the object or circumstance referenced in the policy or
statute. Here, the referenced object or circumstance is the "use" of a vehicle. We thus
turn our attention to the judicial definition of "use" in automobile liability policies.
(ii) Unless "use" is otherwise defined by the policy, "use" refers broadly to the employment of a vehicle for some purpose or object of the user and includes any act that assumes the ability to exercise supervisory control or guidance over the vehicle's movement
"Use" is defined in American Family's policies (and in many automobile policies)
as "ownership, maintenance, or use." Defining "use" by reference to "use" has required
our courts to determine the "uses" of a vehicle other than "ownership" and "maintenance"
which will support coverage.10 State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Whitehead, 711 S.W.2d
198, 200 (Mo. App. S.D. 1986) ("'Use' is the general catch-all of the insuring clause,
designed and construed to include all proper uses of the vehicle not falling within one of
the previous terms of definition.") (internal quotation marks omitted).
In Allstate Insurance Co. v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., the omnibus
clause in an automobile liability policy afforded coverage to the named insured and "any
other person using such automobile with the permission of the named insured, provided
his actual operation or (if he is not operating) his other actual use thereof is within the
10 As we noted, supra, in discussing Schmidt, and as we discuss, infra, in footnote 11, many automobile liability policies often provide in the "bodily injury coverage" provision of the policy that "use" specifically includes "loading and unloading" of the insured vehicle. Thus, if an accident involves the loading or unloading a vehicle, the policy definition of "use" controls. In such cases, a court would simply substitute "loading and unloading of a vehicle" for the phrase "use of the vehicle" as it assesses whether the required causal relationship exists to support coverage.
11 scope of such permission." 486 S.W.2d 38, 43 (Mo. App. 1972) (emphasis omitted).
The court concluded that in this context, "'use' and 'operation' are not synonymous. . . .
'[U]se' of an automobile by an individual involves his employment for some purpose or
object of the user while its 'operation' by him involves his direction and control of its
mechanism as its driver for the purpose of propelling it as a vehicle." Id.
In Pope v. Stolts, the Eastern District similarly held that "use . . . [goes] beyond the
narrow meaning of the direct mechanical operation performed by the driver [and]
encompass[es] the broader concept of employing or putting the vehicle into one's service
by an act which assumes at anytime--with the consent of the owner or agent--the
supervisory control or guidance of its movements." 712 S.W.2d at 436. The Eastern
District thus defined "use" to be broader in scope "than the act of driving in or riding in
an automobile." Id. (citing Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 599 S.W.2d
516, 518 (Mo. App. E.D. 1983) ("[U]se in an omnibus clause imports more than the
actual driving of or riding in a vehicle," and includes the act of pushing a disabled vehicle
as in doing so, the person is exercising supervisory control over the vehicle's
movement)); see also Harrison v. Tomes, 956 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Mo. banc 1997) (where
in interpreting an exclusion in a homeowner's liability policy for "personal liability [that]
arises out of the 'use' of a motor vehicle 'operated' by an insured," the court defined "use"
as "a broad term that includes riding in the vehicle").
12 Thus, unless the facts of a case implicate a specific policy definition of "use,"11
"use" is a broad term which includes within its scope any means by which a vehicle may
be employed or put into service consistent with its nature as a vehicle including, but not
limited to, the operation of, driving of, or riding in a vehicle. "Use" of a vehicle alone
does not support coverage, however, under American Family's policies. Coverage
requires that an accident causing injury "arise out of the use" of a vehicle.
iii. "Arising out of the use of a vehicle" requires the vehicle's particular use to create a condition that contributes to cause the accident resulting in injury
The application of the judicial definitions of "arising out of" and "use" in tandem
to determine whether the requisite causal relationship exists between an accident causing
injury and the use of a vehicle turns on the factual circumstances in each case. Pope, 712
S.W.2d at 436. Clearly established legal principles nonetheless assist in defining the
outer parameters of the required causal relationship.
First, an accident causing injury does not "arise out of the use of a vehicle" when
the vehicle is merely the "situs" or "locus" of an injury. Ward, 897 S.W.2d at 628
("Missouri cases interpreting 'use' require that the . . . automobile be more than just the
'situs' of the injury."). In plain speak, "'the mere fact that the use of [a] vehicle precede[s]
11 We remind that the broad judicial definition of "use" is not always implicated. For example, if an accident involves the "ownership" or "maintenance" of a vehicle, and if the policy defines "use" to specifically include "ownership" and "maintenance," then a court will necessarily consider whether an accident giving causing injury "arises out of" the ownership or maintenance of the vehicle. As a further example, if an accident involves the loading and unloading of a vehicle, and if the applicable policy defines use to include "loading and unloading," courts necessarily consider whether the accident causing injury arose out of the "loading or unloading" of the vehicle--an activity which by its very nature need not involve the vehicle itself. That was precisely the circumstance in Schmidt, where the plaintiff's injuries were deemed to "arise out of" the loading and unloading of a truck that was not even in the vicinity when the plaintiff tripped and fell. 182 S.W.2d 181-82; see also Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 747 S.W.2d 174, 176 (Mo. App. W.D. 1988) (addressing whether injuries come within loading and unloading clause of a motor vehicle policy with citation to Schmidt); Esmond v. Bituminous Cas. Corp., 23 S.W.3d 748, 751-52 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000) (discussing Schmidt, American Family, and "arising out of" in a case where driver was injured moving the load in his truck after it shifted).
13 the harm which was later sustained is not sufficient to bring such harm within the
coverage of the policy.'" State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Flanary, 879 S.W.2d 720,
722 (Mo. App. S.D. 1994) (quoting Associated Indep. Dealers, Inc. v. Mut. Serv. Ins. Co.,
229 N.W.2d 516, 518 (Minn. 1975)). It is legally insufficient that an injury occurs in or
near a vehicle, or while a vehicle is in use, as those facts establish only a temporal and/or
spatial relationship between injury and the vehicle's use, and not a causal relationship.
Second, an injury may "arise[] out of a covered use . . . even if the vehicle did not
itself cause the injury or the injury did not occur while the plaintiff or another was driving
the vehicle." Esmond v. Bituminous Cas. Corp., 23 S.W.3d 748, 752 (Mo. App. W.D.
2000). In other words, so long as a vehicle's use bears a causal relationship with the
accident causing injury, there will be coverage, even if the "accident" does not involve
the vehicle itself or its operation.
What the required causal relationship cannot and need not be to support coverage
for an injury "arising out of the use" is thus well established in Missouri. What the causal
relationship must be in order to support coverage has proven a bit more elusive to capture
in a succinct and clearly understood legal principle. Some Missouri cases have held that
the vehicle must be the "instrumentality" causing the injury. See Lemmons v. Prudential
Property & Cas. Ins. Co., 878 S.W.2d 853, 856 (Mo. App. E.D. 1994) ("[U]nder
Missouri law the automobile must be more than just the situs of the injury; it must be the
instrumentality which caused the injury."); Ward, 897 S.W.2d at 628 ("Missouri cases
interpreting 'use' require that the uninsured automobile . . . must be the 'instrumentality'
which caused the injury."). At first blush, requiring a vehicle to be the instrumentality of
14 injury seems inconsistent with the principle that an injury need not be "caused" by the
vehicle or its operations. The principles are not inconsistent, however. "Instrumentality"
is defined as "[a] thing used to achieve an end or purpose; a means or agency through
which a function . . . is accomplished." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 870 (9th ed. 2009).
The legal definition of "instrumentality" is wholly consistent with the concept of
causation. By requiring a vehicle to be the "instrumentality" of an injury, Missouri courts
have simply attempted to attach a label to the required causal connection between an
accident causing injury and the use of a vehicle. In other words, Missouri courts require
the vehicle's use to be an instrumentality of the injury.
Missouri courts have also described the "arising out of" nexus as requiring an
injury arising out of an "inherent use" of the vehicle. Ward, 897 S.W.2d at 629; Steelman
v. Holford, 765 S.W.2d 372, 378 (Mo. App. S.D. 1989). The "inherent use" is similarly
subject to potential misapplication, as at first blush the phrase appears inconsistent with
the broad judicial definition of "use." There is no inconsistency, however. "Use" of a
vehicle, though broadly defined, nonetheless requires a use consistent with the inherent
nature of a vehicle, including, but not limited to, driving, riding in, or operation of a
vehicle. Pope, 712 S.W.2d at 436. Thus, the requirement that an injury be related to an
"inherent use" of a vehicle is simply another way of saying that an injury must bear a
causal relationship to a vehicle's nature. Lemmons, 878 S.W.2d at 856 ("[A] vehicle is
inherently no different from any other place or object and its existence or use becomes no
more than the situs of injuries caused by accidents or intentional acts bearing no causal
15 relationship to its nature as a vehicle. . . .") (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
The requirements that a vehicle's use be the "instrumentality" of an injury, and that
an injury arise out of an "inherent use of a vehicle" simply reinforce that a causal
relationship must exist between injury and use of a vehicle. For an accident causing
injury to "arise out of the use" of a vehicle, the purpose for which the vehicle is being
employed must be consistent with the vehicle's inherent nature, and must create a
condition which contributes to cause the accident. "'Automobile insurance contracts
protect against liability for accidents arising out of the 'use' of vehicle (sic) but they
cannot be held to protect against liability for accidents where the use of the automobile
was not connected with the accident or the creation of a condition that caused the
accident.'" Bituminous Cas. Corp, 599 S.W.2d at 519 (emphasis omitted) (quoting
Wiebel v. Am. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 140 A.2d 712, 714 (Del. Super. 1958)).
Missouri cases have thus consistently determined whether an accident causing
injury "arises out of the use" of a vehicle by evaluating the extent to which the particular
use of the vehicle contributed to create a condition that caused the accident at issue. In
Suburban Service Bus Co. v. National Mutual Casualty Co., a passenger was injured
when a bus driver discharged a fire extinguisher on a bus to control unruly passengers.
183 S.W.2d 376 (Mo. App. 1944). The court noted that the bus was being used to
transport passengers. Id. at 377. That "use" alone did not establish coverage. However,
the court found that the passenger's injury "arose out of the use" of the bus to transport
passengers because "[w]hat the driver did for the prevention of disorderly conduct on the
16 part of any of the passengers, causing interference with the safe operation of the bus, or
disturbance or annoyance of other passengers, was regulatory in character, and incident
to the use of the bus in transporting passengers." Id. (emphasis added). In short, the
"use" of the bus (to transport passengers in a commercial vehicle) created a condition (the
bus driver's regulatory obligation to control unruly passengers) that caused the accident
(the bus driver's discharge of the fire extinguisher to control unruly passengers which
injured the plaintiff).
In Bituminous Casualty Corp., plaintiff was injured when a truck mired in mud
was disengaged by a bulldozer that then hit the plaintiff. The plaintiff sought coverage
under the truck policy, arguing his injuries arose out of the use of the truck because it was
being pushed by the bulldozer. 599 S.W.2d at 517. The court agreed that the broad
definition of "use" included "impelling [the truck] forward with the bulldozer" as that act
constitutes the exercise of "supervisory control or guidance of [the truck's] movements."
Id. at 518. The court thus concluded that the plaintiff's injuries arose out of the use of the
truck because the bulldozer operator's "'use' of the [truck] by pushing it free was directly
responsible for 'the creation of a condition that caused the accident,' i.e., the bulldozer
moving forward in [plaintiff's] direction behind the truck." Id. at 519.
Similarly, in Whitehead, a passenger in a deputy sheriff's car was shot when
another passenger and the deputy sheriff got into a shoot-out inside the vehicle. 711
S.W.2d at 199-200. The vehicle was being used to transport the plaintiff who was
looking for his stolen car. Id. That use changed when the deputy sheriff picked up a
second individual to give him a ride, only to realize the second passenger was a robbery
17 suspect. Id. The deputy sheriff turned into the police station, and the robbery suspect
reacted by initiating a gun fight within the vehicle. Id. at 200. The mere fact that the
plaintiff was injured while riding in the vehicle did not support coverage. The court
found coverage because the use of the vehicle (to transport a robbery suspect to the police
department) created a condition (the likelihood that a robbery suspect who did not want
to go to the police station would take action to avoid capture) that contributed to cause
the accident (the shoot-out in the car which injured the plaintiff). Id. at 201. The use of
the pistol "resulted because the car was being used to take [the robbery suspect] where he
preferred not to go. . . . That use caused the shooting." Id. (emphasis added).
In contrast, in Cameron Mutual Insurance Co., a rifle lying on the seat of a pickup
truck accidentally discharged injuring a person standing outside the truck. 599 S.W.2d at
14. The injured person alleged that the driver engaged in some "overt act . . . after the
pickup came to a stop [that] caused the rifle to discharge." Id. at 18. This court affirmed
the trial court's denial of coverage, finding that "human conduct wholly independent of
the operation or use of the vehicle caused the rifle to discharge. . . . [T]he pickup was
merely the 'situs' or 'locus' of the accidental discharge of the rifle and, such being the
case, there was no causal connection between the discharge of the rifle and the use of the
automobile." Id. Translated within the framework we have discussed, the use of the
automobile (to transport a firearm) did not create a condition that caused the accident (the
accidental discharge of the firearm). Though the accident and resultant injury plainly
occurred while the vehicle was being used, that established only a temporal or spatial, and
18 not a causal, relationship between the injury and the vehicle. Thus, the vehicle was
merely the "situs" of the injury.
In Pope, plaintiff was injured jump starting a neighbor's vehicle. The plaintiff was
leaning over the hood of the stalled vehicle preparing to attach jumper cables to another
one of the neighbor's vehicles when the jump vehicle was hit by an uninsured motorist
who crossed from the west bound into the east bound lanes. 712 S.W.2d at 435-36. The
plaintiff sought coverage under the policy on the jump vehicle. Id. at 436. Plaintiff
claimed that his injury arose out of the use of the jump vehicle. Id. The court disagreed
and found an insufficient "causal connection between the plaintiff's 'use' of the [jump
vehicle] to jump start the [stalled vehicle] and the injuries received." Id. at 437. The
"use" of the jump vehicle to jump start another car did not create a condition that
contributed to cause the accident (an uninsured motorist crossing from the west bound to
the east bound lanes of travel). Id.
In Steelman, two men in a vehicle who were on their way to visit a girlfriend
purposefully discharged a gun from their vehicle. 765 S.W.2d at 375-76. A bullet
randomly struck the plaintiff who was across the road outside his own vehicle. Id. The
plaintiff sought coverage under the homeowner's insurance policy for one of the men, and
that insurer sought to avoid the obligation to defend because of an exclusion in the policy
for acts causing injury that arise out of the use of a motor vehicle. Id. at 378. The court
noted that there was no question that the plaintiff was injured while the other two men
were using their vehicle. Id. "That fact, however, is not enough to exclude coverage
[from the homeowner's policy]. There must be proof that there was a causal connection
19 between the injury and the 'use' of the motor vehicle in order to hold that the injury arose
out of the use of a motor vehicle." Id. The court concluded that "[n]o such causal
connection is shown under the facts of this case. At best the [vehicle the two men
occupied] was merely the 'situs' or 'locus' of [plaintiff's] injury, as the discharge of the
rifle was unconnected with the inherent use of the motor vehicle in question." Id. As in
Cameron Mutual Insurance Co., the evidence did not indicate that the use of the vehicle
(to transport two men and a firearm to visit a girlfriend) created a condition that
contributed to cause the accident (the decision to randomly but purposefully discharge a
firearm from the car). Though the two men were plainly using their car when the
accident causing injury occurred, their use was only temporally and spatially, but not
causally, related to the plaintiff's injury. The vehicle was merely the "situs" of the
accident.
In Brown v. Shelter Mutual Insurance Co., plaintiff appealed the grant of summary
judgment denying coverage because a decedent's injury did not arise out of the use of a
vehicle. 838 S.W.2d 148 (Mo. App. W.D. 1992). Plaintiff's decedent was shot and killed
when a vehicle's driver reached for a handgun to show it to the decedent. Id. at 149. The
gun accidentally discharged. Id. The plaintiff claimed that "the vehicle was used to
transport the gun and [the] decedent." Id. at 151. The court held the facts could not be
distinguished from Cameron Mutual Insurance Co. and Steelman, and that "[t]he most
[plaintiff] has proved is that the vehicle was the 'situs' or 'locus' for the shooting." Id.
The court concluded that because the plaintiff established only the use of the car to
transport a gun, no issue of genuine fact in dispute existed from which a court could
20 conclude that the use of the vehicle to transport a firearm created a condition that caused
the gun to discharge. Id. The use of the vehicle (to transport a gun and the gun's owner)
did not create a condition which contributed to cause the accident (the accidental
discharge of the gun).
Finally, in Ward, plaintiff's decedent was killed in his vehicle by a drive-by
shooter from another vehicle. Plaintiff's decedent sought uninsured motorist coverage,
and the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the insurer because the
decedent's injuries did not arise out of use of the uninsured vehicle. 897 S.W.2d at 628.
Our Eastern District affirmed, holding that "[i]njuries inflicted on a victim of a drive-by
shooting by the occupant of a motor vehicle are not injuries which arise out of the "use"
of the motor vehicle because the motor vehicle is merely the 'situs' or 'locus' of the cause
of the victim's injuries and the discharge of the gun is unconnected to the inherent use of
the motor vehicle." Id. at 629. The use of the uninsured vehicle12 (to transport a person
and a firearm) did not create a condition that caused the accident (the intentional shooting
of another person by an occupant of the uninsured vehicle). Though the vehicle's use
placed the shooter in a temporal and spatial relationship with the plaintiff, that established
only that the vehicle was the "situs" or "locus" of the injury, and did not establish a causal
connection between the vehicle's use and the accident causing the injury. As was
observed in Flanary, the relationship between a vehicle's use and the accident that causes
12 When coverage is sought under an uninsured motorist provision the relevant "use" to which the court must direct its inquiry is the use of the uninsured vehicle. See Esmond, 23 S.W.3d at 752 (holding that injury must arise out of the use of the uninsured motor vehicle and not the injured person's vehicle.)
21 the injury requires more than "the mere fact that the use of the vehicle preceded the harm
that was later sustained." 879 S.W.2d at 722 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Though not involving automobile liability policies, it is noteworthy that in the
other scenarios discussed, supra, where the phrase "arising out of" has been defined, our
courts have applied a consistent standard to determine whether the required causal
relationship has been established. In Capitol Indemnity, the insurer claimed that a former
employee's claims for injuries under a commercial liability policy were excluded from
coverage because they arose out of the employment-related practices of the insured
employer. 340 F.3d at 550. The Eighth Circuit found "such a relationship exists here, as
the incidents of which [plaintiff] complains, specifically false arrest, false imprisonment,
and slander, all flow directly from [plaintiff's] employment with [insured]." In
Kammeyer v. Board of Education, the court considered whether a workplace injury
"arose out of" the injured worker's employment. 393 S.W.2d 122 (Mo. App. 1965). The
court observed that "arising out of" required there to be a "causal connection between the
nature of the employee's duties or the conditions under which she was required to
perform them and the resulting injury . . . so that the accident can fairly be said to have
been a rational consequence of some hazard connected with (or aggravated by) the
employment." Id. at 127 (emphasis added). Similarly, in Felden v. Horton & Coleman,
Inc., the court held the standard for testing whether injuries by a workplace accident
"arise out of" the employment is "always the same to wit, Did the employment increase
the danger?" 135 S.W.2d 1115, 1117 (Mo. App. 1939) (emphasis added).
22 In summary, "[n]ot every tortious act occurring inside a vehicle constitutes use of
that vehicle for imposing liability under an automobile liability policy." 6B APPELEMAN
ET AL., INSURANCE LAW AND PRACTICE WITH FORMS section 4317 (Supp. 2011).
Instead, for an accident causing injury to "arise out of the use" of a vehicle, the use of a
vehicle must be consistent with the vehicle's nature as a vehicle, and must create a
condition that contributes to cause the accident. If the uncontroverted facts establish only
that an injury occurred while a vehicle was being used, then the injury does not arise out
of the use of the vehicle as a matter of law. See Brown, 838 S.W.2d at 151.
When applied to the instant case, the aforesaid discussion requires us to affirm the
trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of American Family.
(v) The uncontroverted facts establish that Smith's vehicle was merely the "situs" of Walden's injuries
It is Walden's burden to establish that her injuries are covered under the uninsured
motorist provisions in her American Family policies. See generally Oates v. Safeco Ins.
Co., 583 S.W.2d 713, 715 (Mo. banc 1979). As the party defending against coverage,
American Family filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Missouri Supreme
Court Rule 74.04(b) setting forth uncontroverted facts it claimed established a lack of
coverage as a matter of law. It was then Walden's burden under Rule 74.04(c)(2) to file a
response that admitted or denied American Family's factual statements and that "set forth
additional material facts that remain in dispute" preventing the entry of summary
judgment as a matter of law. Walden admitted all of American Family's factual
statements and identified no facts in genuine dispute. Instead, Walden filed her own
23 motion for summary judgment claiming she was entitled to coverage as a matter of law
based on the same uncontroverted facts relied upon by American Family. All that
remained, therefore, was for the trial court to determine whether the uncontroverted facts
established that the accident which caused Walden's injury "arose out of the use" of
Smith's vehicle, a question of law. Ward, 897 S.W.2d at 629.
The trial court found that the uncontroverted facts could not establish the required
causal relationship between the accident causing Walden's injury and Smith's use of his
vehicle. We agree. The uncontroverted facts establish that Smith was using his vehicle
to transport his dogs.13 The uncontroverted facts establish that Walden was injured when
one of the dogs bit her. The uncontroverted facts establish that Walden's injury occurred
while Smith was using his vehicle to transport his dogs. However, the uncontroverted
facts do not establish that Smith's use of his vehicle to transport his dogs created a
condition that caused the dog to bite Walden. Nor did Walden identify any facts
remaining in genuine dispute on this critical element of her claim for coverage that would
prevent the entry of judgment as a matter of law. At most, the uncontroverted facts
established that Smith's vehicle was the "situs" of Walden's injuries. Brown, 838 S.W.2d
at 151 (summary judgment proper where uncontroverted facts established only that
vehicle was used to transport a gun that accidentally discharged, as "[t]he most [plaintiff]
has proved is that the vehicle was the 'situs' or 'locus' for the shooting").
13 As noted, supra, Walden wordsmith's this use from time to time, periodically referring to Smith's car as a "dog cage," as used to "carriage and confine" the dogs, and as a "moving kennel."
24 This conclusion is underscored by Walden's summary judgment pleadings where
Walden alleged that:
But for Smith's use of his vehicle as a cage for his dogs, the dogs would not have been at the parking lot, and they would not have bitten Walden. Therefore, Walden's injuries arose out of Smith's use of his vehicle as a dog cage.
[L.F. p. 73; see also L.F. p. 88]. Plainly, Walden's "but-for" assertions establishes a
temporal and spatial relationship between Smith's use of his vehicle and Walden's injury,
but not a causal relationship between the use of the vehicle and the creation of a condition
that caused one of Smith's dogs to bite Walden.
The trial court thus properly concluded that Walden:
has not asserted any facts which establish any injury caused by the uninsured motorist's use of the uninsured motor vehicle itself. [Walden's] injury was caused by the dog bite. There are no facts which allege the motor vehicle was the instrumentality of the injury. There are no facts that assert that [Smith] was negligent in the inherent "use" of his vehicle. The automobile was not involved in the injury. . . . There is nothing about [Smith's] use of the truck that caused the attack and nothing about [Smith's] use of the automobile which caused [Walden's] injury. The vehicle was not an active accessory to the injury and was not an essential or even significant element that lead [sic] to the injury. The allegations of negligence against [Smith] are totally independent from the "use" of the vehicle itself.
Indeed, the uncontroverted facts established only that "human conduct [Smith's
negligence in failing to warn Walden or to restrain his dog] wholly independent of the
operation or use of the vehicle caused the [dog to bite Walden]." Cameron Mut. Ins. Co.,
599 S.W.2d at 18; see also Schmidt, 182 S.W.2d at 184 ("[An] injury, of course, [does]
not arise out of the use of [a vehicle] if it was directly caused by some independent act, or
25 intervening cause wholly disassociated from, independent of and remote from the use of
the [vehicle].").
Walden summarily argues in her Brief that Smith's use of his vehicle was a factor
in contributing to cause Walden's injury. Walden baldly asserts in her point relied on that
Smith's use of his vehicle as a "moving dog kennel" "facilitat[ed] the dog attack."
[Appellant's Brief, p. 5]. She argues in her Brief with no reference to the record that "the
physical structure and nature of Smith's pickup truck was instrumental in allowing the
dog to be at head level and because Smith completely rolled down his driver's side
window the motor vehicle facilitated the dog attack on Walden." [Appellant's Brief, p.
12]. She argues in her Brief with no reference to the record that "animals are living,
animate creatures and can at times be unpredictable." [Appellant's Brief, p. 11]. These
are factual assertions. They were not raised by Walden as properly supported facts in
genuine dispute in the proceedings before the trial court. Rule 74.04(c)(2). They cannot
be raised for the first time on appeal.14 Sheedy v. Mo. Hwys. & Transp. Comm'n, 180
S.W.3d 66, 70 (Mo. App. S.D. 2005) ("[A]ppellate review of a decision to grant summary
judgment is limited to the issues put before the trial court."); Mothershead v. Greenbriar
Country Club, Inc., 994 S.W.2d 80, 85 (Mo. App. E.D. 1999) (holding that the court of
appeals "[is] confined to considering the same information that the trial court considered
in rendering its decision on a motion for summary judgment"). 14 We express no opinion as to whether the unsupported factual assertions raised for the first time on appeal would have been sufficient to establish a material issue of fact in genuine dispute that would have prevented the entry of summary judgment on the issue of coverage had they been properly raised in the trial court. Further, the import of our ruling today is not to suggest that there is no set of factual circumstances involving a dog bite and the use of a vehicle that would fall within the "arising out of the use" language. Instead, our ruling merely requires what Missouri courts have always required in these circumstances--factual allegations that invoke a "causal relationship" between the "use" a vehicle and the accident causing injury.
26 More to the point, a cursory review of the record reveals that Walden's true
objective before the trial court was not to establish the "causal relationship" required by
Missouri law, but instead to advocate for a change in Missouri law. In the trial court,
Walden relied exclusively on Smith's use of his vehicle as a dog cage standing alone to
support the conclusion that her injuries "arose out of" the use. Walden cited to a few dog
bite cases from other jurisdictions,15 and represented that in those cases, an injury is
deemed to "arise out of the use" of a vehicle merely if the injury occurs while the vehicle
is being used in a foreseeable manner. [L.F. 175] Walden advocated abandonment of
Missouri's requirement of a "causal relationship" in lieu of a foreseeable use or
"substantial nexus" test. Walden acknowledged in her pleadings before the trial court
that her position is not consistent with Missouri law, and asked the trial court to depart
from Missouri precedent. [L.F. 176] She argued that "the current test in Missouri for
determining when an injury arises out of the use of an automobile is inadequate." [L.F.
176]
Walden's intent to advocate for a change in Missouri law continues on appeal.
Walden argues that because the dictionary defines "use" as "employ[ing] for . . . a given
purpose," we should conclude that any injury that occurs while a vehicle is being used in
a foreseeable manner "arises out of the use" of the vehicle. [Appellant's Brief, pps. 9,
11]. Walden's construction of the phrase "arising out of the use" of a vehicle represents a
dramatic departure from established precedent, and would require us to overrule or ignore
15 E.g., Transamerica v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 463 N.W.2d 641 (N.D. 1990); Diehl v. Cumberland Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 686 A.2d 785 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1997).
27 the holdings in every Missouri case herein summarized. Walden's construction would
require us to rewrite American Family's policies to delete the judicially defined phrase
"arising out of the use," substituting in its stead the phrase "while using."
We are not inclined to reject the established lineage of Missouri cases which
define "arising out of" to require a causal relationship, and not merely a temporal or
spatial relationship, and which thus require a vehicle's use to be consistent with its nature
as a vehicle, and to create a condition that contributes to cause an accident resulting in
injury.16
Point denied.
Conclusion
The trial court's entry of summary judgment is affirmed.
__________________________________ Cynthia L. Martin, Judge
All concur
16 It is noteworthy that numerous non-jurisdictional cases not mentioned by Walden have denied coverage in dog bite cases employing a definition of "arising out of the use" of a vehicle that is virtually indistinguishable from Missouri law. See Or. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Nat'l Gen. Ins. Co., 436 Fed. App'x 802 (9th Cir. 2011); Boatright v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., No. 3:09-cv-946-J-32MCR, 2010 WL 2220250 (M.D. Fla. June 2, 2010); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Grisham, 18 Cal. Rptr. 3d 809 (Cal. Ct. App. 2004); Underwriters Guarantee Ins. Co. v. Therrien, 640 So. 2d 234 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994); Am. States Ins. Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 484 So. 2d 1363 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1986); Keppler v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 588 N.W.2d 105 (Iowa 1999); Farmers Union Coop. Ins. Co. v. Allied Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 569 N.W.2d 436 (Neb. 1997); Feldkamp v. USAA Ins. Co., 743 N.E.2d 405 (Ohio Ct. App. 2000); Alvarino v. Allstate Ins. Co., 537 A.2d 18 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1988); Heringlake v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 872 P.2d 539 (Wash. Ct. App. 1994).