IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2017-CA-00959-SCT
CINDY HENDERSON AND JOHN HENDERSON
v.
COPPER RIDGE HOMES, LLC, RICHARD CONEY, INDIVIDUALLY AND FIRST BANK, A MISSISSIPPI BANKING CORPORATION
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/28/2017 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. MICHAEL M. TAYLOR TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS: MACY DERALD HANSON DENNIS L. HORN SHIRLEY PAYNE W. BRADY KELLEMS JOSEPH PRESTON DURR ALFRED L. FELDER LEVOY BRYANT AGNEW, IV COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: PIKE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS: MACY DERALD HANSON ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: DENNIS L. HORN W. BRADY KELLEMS SHIRLEY PAYNE NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - CONTRACT DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART - 03/14/2019 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE RANDOLPH, C.J., MAXWELL AND BEAM, JJ.
BEAM, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. This appeal stems from a breach-of-contract and tort case in the Pike County Circuit
Court. John and Cindy Henderson filed suit against Copper Ridge Homes (“Copper Ridge”) and First Bank regarding the construction of their new home in Magnolia, Mississippi.
However, the case quickly spiraled into foreclosure proceedings upon the Hendersons’
defaulting on their loan with First Bank. The judge granted First Bank’s motion for judicial
foreclosure.
¶2. After that, the Hendersons unsuccessfully moved multiple times to amend their
complaint to add wrongful foreclosure. The judge granted Copper Ridge’s and First Bank’s
motions for summary judgment on the Hendersons’ claims, finding that the claims, which
arose from the alleged faulty construction of the house traveled with the title to the property.
Because the Hendersons no longer owned any interest in the house and land, the judge found
that they had lost their right to seek damages.
¶3. On appeal, the Hendersons argue that the trial court erred by granting First Bank a
judicial foreclosure, by granting Copper Ridge’s and First Bank’s motions for summary
judgment, and by denying their motions for leave to amend and to add wrongful foreclosure
to their complaint. Finding that the trial court erred in granting Copper Ridge’s and First
Bank’s post-foreclosure motions for dismissal of the Hendersons’ claims, the Court affirms
the grant of judicial foreclosure, reverses the grant of summary judgment to both parties, and
remands the case to the trial court for determination of the Hendersons’ claims.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶4. The Hendersons and Copper Ridge entered into a new-home construction contract on
May 9, 2014, in Magnolia, Mississippi. Shortly thereafter, on May 24, 2014, the Hendersons
contracted with First Bank to finance the construction of their new home.
2 ¶5. The Hendersons’ complaint stems from a dispute over the price of the home and
whether the contract was a fixed-price or cost-plus contract.1 The Hendersons contend that
the contract was a fixed-price contract for $320,000, but Copper Ridge contends it was a
cost-plus contract.
¶6. The construction contract contained a provision regarding the changes to the scope
of work: any changes to be made had to be in writing. The record contains no evidence of
any change orders. Yet the Hendersons received two invoices from Copper Ridge for overage
charges in the amounts of $24,386.07 and $29,829.44.
¶7. The Hendersons further allege that First Bank, which exercised sole and exclusive
control over the disbursements, had paid approximately $316,000 to Copper Ridge, leaving
approximately $4,000 to complete the house under the fixed-price contract. John Henderson
was asked to sign three backdated draw disbursements for First Bank. However, he refused
to sign a final disbursement because the house was not close to being completed.
¶8. Dissatisfied with Copper Ridge and First Bank, the Hendersons filed their complaint
on April 30, 2015, alleging breach-of-contract and tort claims against both parties. Shortly
after filing their complaint, the Hendersons did not make their payment on May 23, 2015, as
required by the promissory note. First Bank amended its initial answer on October 1, 2015,
to include a counterclaim for judicial foreclosure. In response, the Hendersons filed a motion
1 A cost-plus contract is “a contract in which payment is based on a fixed fee or a percentage added to the actual cost incurred.” Cost-plus contract, Black’s Law Dictionary (3d ed. 2001).
3 for leave to amend their complaint so they could add wrongful foreclosure, fraud, and breach
of the duty of good faith and fair dealing to their complaint.
¶9. Because the foreclosure had not occurred at that time, the judge disallowed adding
wrongful foreclosure, but he allowed the Hendersons to amend their complaint to include
fraud and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. At the summary-judgment
hearing on judicial foreclosure, the trial court found that the Hendersons had not produced
sufficient evidence to rebut the foreclosure; therefore, the judge granted First Bank’s motion
for an order of judicial foreclosure.
¶10. Following the judicial foreclosure, the Hendersons sought leave to amend their
complaint to add wrongful foreclosure a second time. Simultaneously, Copper Ridge and
First Bank sought to dismiss the Hendersons’ claims altogether. The trial court denied the
Hendersons’ motion for leave to amend and granted Copper Ridge’s and First Bank’s post-
foreclosure summary-judgment motions, finding that the claims arising out of the alleged
faulty construction of the house traveled with the title to the property. In view of the
foreclosure, the trial court found that because the Hendersons no longer owned any interest
in the house and land, they had lost their right to seek damages.
¶11. A third time, the Hendersons moved for leave to amend their complaint to add
wrongful foreclosure, and the trial judge denied the motion. Aggrieved, the Hendersons
appeal the orders entered by the trial court.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
I. Standard of Review
4 ¶12. “We review the grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo, viewing
the evidence ‘in the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion has been
made.’” Karpinsky v. Am. Nat’l Ins. Co., 109 So. 3d 84, 88 (Miss. 2013) (quoting Pratt v.
Gulfport–Biloxi Reg’l Airport Auth., 97 So. 3d 68, 71 (Miss. 2012)).
Summary judgment is appropriate and “shall be rendered” if the “pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Id. (quoting M.R.C.P. 56(c)).
Importantly, the party opposing summary judgment “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings, but his response, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. If he does not so respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, will be entered against him.”
Id. (quoting M.R.C.P. 56(e)).
II. Whether the trial court erred in granting First Bank’s summary- judgment motion for foreclosure.
¶13. In First Bank’s motion for summary judgment on judicial foreclosure, the bank
produced evidence of the promissory note that the Hendersons signed on May 23, 2014. The
promissory note stated that the Hendersons had agreed to “pay this loan in one payment with
all outstanding principal plus all accrued unpaid interest on May 23, 2015,” and to pay
“regular monthly payments of all accrued unpaid interest due as of each payment date
beginning July 5, 2014, with all subsequent interest payments to be due on the same day of
each month after that.” First Bank also provided evidence of the Hendersons’ security for
the promissory note, the assignment of the deposit account, and a construction deed of trust
5 with First Bank as lender and beneficiary. The promissory note was not paid by May 23,
2015, and as of September 28, 2015, the payoff on the deed of trust was $326,969.38.
¶14. In response to First Bank’s motion, the Hendersons did not argue that the loan
documents were erroneous; rather they argued that First Bank’s alleged material breach was
an excuse or defense to their default. The Hendersons further contended that ruling on the
motion for judicial foreclosure then would have been premature when their other claims had
yet to be adjudicated. The judge, in finding that judicial foreclosure was appropriate,
responded, “And nothing about a ruling, nothing about granting summary judgment on the
foreclosure, cuts off any damages of the Plaintiff. As a matter of fact, it may create damage
arguments for the Plaintiff.”
¶15. This Court finds that, absent a genuine issue of material fact, First Bank was entitled
to summary judgment as a matter of law. It is undisputed that the Hendersons breached their
contract with First Bank by failing to make payments as required by the promissory note and
deed of trust. Accordingly, this Court affirms the order of judicial foreclosure.
III. Whether the trial court erred in granting Copper Ridge’s and First Bank’s post-foreclosure summary-judgment motions and in dismissing the Hendersons’ claims.
¶16. First Bank argues that it had purchased all of the Hendersons’ claims or that the claims
had been extinguished because of the foreclosure. In the alternative, First Bank argued that
the Hendersons had lost the rights to those claims upon foreclosure and that First Bank
should be substituted as the real party in interest under Rules 17 and 25(c) of the Mississippi
Rules of Civil Procedure. Copper Ridge contends that because First Bank holds title to the
6 property, the bank holds all rights and claims associated with repairs or completion costs;
therefore, the Hendersons have no standing to pursue damages for construction claims
against Copper Ridge. In response, the Hendersons argue that their claims are their choses
in action2 or their personal property and that their claims do not travel with the title to the
property upon foreclosure. The Hendersons argue that they did not lose standing by virtue
of foreclosure.
¶17. After previously stating at the judicial foreclosure motion hearing that the Hendersons
would not forfeit the opportunity to argue their other claims, the trial judge ruled that “the
claims arising out of the faulty construction of the house travel with the property” and that
“no longer being in possession or owner[ship] of the property, those claims, to the extent that
they exist, don’t belong to Plaintiff anymore.”
¶18. The Court finds that the trial court erred in finding that the claims traveled with the
land and that the Hendersons thus lost rights to those claims. The deed of trust specifically
stated that it conveys
all of Grantor’s right, title, and interest in and to the following described real property, together with all existing or subsequently erected or affixed buildings, improvements and fixtures; all easements, rights of way, and appurtenances; all water, water rights and ditch rights; and all other rights, royalties and profits relating to the real property including without limitation all minerals, oil, gas, geothermal and similar matters, (the “Real Property”) located in Pike County, State of Mississippi.
2 A chose in action is “a proprietary right in personam, such as a debt owed by another person, a share in a joint-stock company or a claim for damages in tort; the right to bring an action to recover a debt, money or thing; personal property that one person owns by another person possesses, the owner being able to regain possession through a lawsuit.” Chose in action, Black’s Law Dictionary (3d ed. 2001).
7 ¶19. In support of its theory, the bank relied on Citizens National Bank v. Dixieland
Forest Products, LLC, in which the Court held that the bank had purchased the plaintiff’s
lender-liability causes of action against the bank and thus had a right to be substituted as the
party in interest and to have the case dismissed. Citizens Nat. Bank v. Dixieland Forest
Prods., LLC, 935 So. 2d 1004, 1014 (Miss. 2006). This case is not analogous to Citizens,
though, because the bank in Citizens did not foreclose; it purchased the claims in order to
satisfy a debt. Id. at 1008. The bank purchased those choses in action and subsequently filed
a motion in the lender-liability suit (which it had purchased) to substitute itself as the party
plaintiff and to have the suit dismissed, arguing that it owned the remaining claims in the suit
and could rightfully dismiss them. Id. The trial court denied the bank’s motion; however, this
Court on appeal reversed the trial court’s ruling in light of Maranatha Faith Center, Inc. v.
Colonial Trust Co., 904 So. 2d 1004 (Miss. 2004). Citizens 935 So. 2d at 1009.
¶20. The Maranatha Court held that the bank had purchased the plaintiff’s lender-liability
causes of action against the bank and was subsequently substituted as a party interest with
rights to dismiss the case. Id. (citing Maranatha, 904 So. 2d at 1009). In Maranatha, a
creditor was granted a judgment against its debtor, and the judgment went unsatisfied for
months. Id. (citing Maranatha, 904 So. 2d at 1005). The creditor levied execution on
Maranatha’s choses in action against another company and found that the chose in action
could be sold under execution. Id. at 1010 (citing Maranatha, 904 So. 2d at 1005). Here,
First Bank was not asserting that it had purchased the Hendersons’ claims to satisfy any
remaining deficiency on a judgment; it suggested that the claims either traveled with the title
8 to the property by virtue of the foreclosure or that the Hendersons had lost their rights and
the bank should be substituted as the real party in interest.
¶21. The Hendersons rely on a California case, Vaughn v. Dame Construction Co., in
which the original owner of a condominium sold her home and subsequently sued the
construction company for defective construction. Vaughn v. Dame Constr. Co., 223 Cal.
App. 3d 144, 146 (Cal. Ct. App. 1990). The construction company moved for summary
judgment, stating that the owner no longer had standing to sue. Id. The court held, “As the
person who sustained the damage, the cause of action was vested in plaintiff and she is
therefore the real party in interest entitled to maintain the present action. The subsequent sale
of the real property did not automatically assign or transfer her cause of action.” Id. at 149.
¶22. The Court finds that an analysis of choses in action is irrelevant, because the deed of
trust specifically conveys only the property identified in the deed of trust in the event of
foreclosure. Therefore, the Court holds that the trial court erred in finding that the
Hendersons’ claims traveled with the title to the property upon foreclosure. Accordingly, we
reverse the grant of summary judgment to Copper Ridge and First Bank.
IV. Whether the trial court erred in denying the Hendersons’ motion for leave of court to file its third amended complaint to add wrongful foreclosure.
¶23. The Hendersons moved three times for leave to amend their complaint to add
wrongful foreclosure. Under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), “a party may amend
a pleading only by leave of court or upon written consent of the adverse party; leave shall be
freely given when justice so requires.” M.R.C.P. 15(a). “While the trial court has discretion
9 to allow an amendment and should do so freely under the proper circumstances, an
amendment should not occur when to do so would prejudice [the] defendant.” Webb v.
Braswell, 930 So. 2d 387, 393 (Miss. 2006) (quoting Hester v. Bandy, 627 So. 2d 833, 839
(Miss. 1993)). The Court reviews the trial court’s denial of a motion to amend a pleading
for an abuse of discretion. Webb, 930 So. 2d at 393.
¶24. Before the judge ruled on the judicial foreclosure, the Hendersons filed a motion for
leave to amend their complaint to add wrongful foreclosure. First Bank, in response to the
Hendersons’ motion, correctly stated that a claim for wrongful foreclosure had yet to occur
absent a ruling on judicial foreclosure. The trial court found that the matter was not ripe.
¶25. At the time of the subsequent motions, Copper Ridge and First Bank were
simultaneously moving for summary judgment, requesting dismissal of all of the
Hendersons’ claims post foreclosure. Because the Court finds that the grant of summary
judgment on the Hendersons’ claims was in error, the trial court should allow the complaint
to be amended.
CONCLUSION
¶26. Finding that the trial court erred in granting Copper Ridge’s and First Bank’s post-
foreclosure summary-judgment motions on the Hendersons’ claims, the Court affirms the
grant of judicial foreclosure, reverses the grant of summary judgment to Copper Ridge and
First Bank, and remands the case to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
¶27. AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.
10 RANDOLPH, C.J., KING, P.J., COLEMAN, MAXWELL, CHAMBERLIN, ISHEE AND GRIFFIS, JJ., CONCUR. KITCHENS, P.J., CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY KING, P.J., AND BEAM, J.
KITCHENS, PRESIDING JUSTICE, CONCURRING:
¶28. I fully join the majority opinion. I write separately to explain my vote with regard to
whether the trial court erred in granting First Bank’s summary judgment motion for judicial
¶29. Cindy and John Henderson allege that First Bank “made unauthorized disbursements
of the Henderson new home construction loan fund to Copper Ridge Homes[.]” After
discovering those “unauthorized disbursements,” the Hendersons chose not to make any more
payments on the promissory note. Assuming that is true,3 First Bank was the first party to
breach the contract. The Hendersons essentially argue that, since First Bank breached first,
the trial court erred in granting the bank a judicial foreclosure. That argument is but partially
correct and is not well developed.
¶30. Under the common law, “[a] party who has breached or failed to properly perform a
contract has a responsibility and a right to cure the breach.” Byrd Bros., LLC v. Herring, 861
So. 2d 1070, 1073 (¶ 15) (Miss. Ct. App. 2003) (citing Fitzner Pontiac–Buick–Cadillac, Inc.
v. Smith, 523 So. 2d 324, 328 (Miss. 1988)). The nonbreaching party must give the breaching
party notice of the breach and, assuming the breach can be cured, “must give [the breaching
party] a reasonable opportunity to cure the breach.” Id. (citing Fitzner, 523 So. 2d at 328).
3 “When reviewing an award of summary judgment, this Court . . . will presume that all evidence in the non-movant’s favor is true.” Diogenes Editions, Inc. v. State ex rel. Bd. of Trustees of Insts. of Higher Learning, 700 So. 2d 316, 319 (¶ 18) (Miss. 1997) (quoting Allen v. Mac Tools Inc., 671 So. 2d 636, 640 (Miss. 1996)).
11 ¶31. Additionally, there is a difference between a material and an immaterial breach.
A breach is material when there “is a failure to perform a substantial part of the contract or one or more of its essential terms or conditions, or if there is such a breach as substantially defeats its purpose,” or when “the breach of the contract is such that upon a reasonable construction of the contract, it is shown that the parties considered the breach as vital to the existence of the contract[.]”
UHS-Qualicare, Inc. v. Gulf Coast Cmty. Hosp., Inc., 525 So. 2d 746, 756 (Miss. 1987)
(citations omitted). “Where the breach is a material one, the non-breaching party has a right
to end the contract[.]” Herring, 861 So. 2d at 1073 (¶ 16) (citing UHS-Qualicare, Inc., 525
So. 2d at 756). “[I]f the breach is immaterial or minor, the nonbreaching party is not relieved
of its duty to perform but may still sue for damages.” Jeffrey Jackson, Mary Miller, Donald
Campbell, et al., Encyclopedia of Miss. Law § 21:35 (2d ed.) Westlaw (database updated Oct.
2018) (citing Timms v. Pearson, 876 So. 2d 1083 (Miss. Ct. App. 2004)).
¶32. Based on these authorities, the Hendersons could have terminated the contract with
First Bank if the bank’s breach had been material and if they had given First Bank an
opportunity to cure it. Had the Hendersons terminated the contract, the trial court’s granting
a judicial foreclosure to First Bank would have been erroneous. The issues of breach and the
remedies available both to the Hendersons and to the bank would have to have been resolved
before a judicial foreclosure could have occurred. But the record and arguments in this case
are unclear with respect to this issue.
¶33. In their appellate brief, the Hendersons cite only one authority on this issue, Ferrara
v. Walters, 919 So. 2d 876 (Miss. 2005), using that case to define a material breach.
However, the Hendersons offered no argument or legal authorities to explain the reason First
12 Bank’s breach was material as opposed to minor. Nor does the record reflect whether First
Bank was given an opportunity to cure its alleged breach. Lacking argument on these points,
we cannot ascertain from the record whether the contract was terminated before the
Hendersons defaulted on their obligations under the promissory note.
¶34. “Failure to cite relevant authority obviates the appellate court’s obligation to review
such issues.” Bell v. State, 879 So. 2d 423, 434 (¶ 28) (Miss. 2004) (citing Simmons v. State,
805 So. 2d 452, 487 (¶ 90) (Miss. 2001)). Additionally, when no “meaningful argument” is
given in support of an issue on appeal, “the issue is considered waived.” Randolph v. State,
852 So. 2d 547, 558 (¶ 30) (Miss. 2002). See also Doss v. State, 956 So. 2d 1100, 1102 (¶
7) (Miss. Ct. App. 2007). The Hendersons waived a full consideration of the issue they
presented by failing to cite relevant authority and to provide meaningful argument in support
of the same.
¶35. Lawyers must provide authority in support of their arguments when appealing to this
Court. If an issue is one of first impression, attorneys should state as much and, to the
greatest extent possible, provide supporting authority for their arguments. The Court
recognizes that Mississippi jurisprudence has not addressed every legal issue.4 All the same,
citation of some relevant authority—whether from other jurisdictions or secondary
sources—is an important feature of appellate practice. Miss. R. App. P. 28(a)(7).
KING, P.J., AND BEAM, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.
4 The issue at hand does not fall into this category.