TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-00-00153-CR
Cindy Ann Mendoza, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. CR-98-0372, HONORABLE JACK ROBISON, JUDGE PRESIDING
A jury found appellant Cindy Ann Mendoza guilty of murder and assessed punishment
at imprisonment for life and a $10,000 fine. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02 (West 1994).
Appellant brings forward five points complaining of error during jury selection, in the admission and
exclusion of evidence, and in the jury charge. We will overrule these contentions and affirm the
conviction.
Appellant, her fiancee Joe Martinez, and her seven-year-old son lived with Castulo
Martinez, Joe’s father. Appellant and Joe returned home about 9:00 p.m. on October 10, 1998, after
spending the day drinking beer and tequila with a friend. Appellant and Castulo argued. Later, under
circumstances not entirely clear from the record, appellant fatally stabbed Castulo Martinez, took his
wallet, and fled. Appellant was tried for capital murder and convicted of the lesser included offense.
The sufficiency of the evidence is not in dispute. In point of error five, appellant contends the court erroneously admitted “prosecution-
manufactured evidence to improperly impeach a witness.” Joe Martinez testified as a State witness.
During his testimony, Martinez acknowledged that he still had “very strong . . . feelings” for
appellant, and that he had in fact married her two months after the murder. The prosecutor then
showed Martinez State’s exhibit 55, which contained enlarged quotations taken from recorded
telephone conversations between Martinez and appellant. Martinez said he recognized the statements
as his.1 The State then offered the exhibit in evidence. Appellant objected that this was not proper
impeachment; that the prosecutor should read each quoted passage and ask the witness whether he
made the statement. Appellant also objected to the exhibit itself, on the ground that it was cumulative
of the witness’s testimony. These objections were overruled. The prosecutor then read the
statements contained in the exhibit, each of which Martinez acknowledged making.
Appellant does not complain of the prosecutor reading the statements to Martinez,
or of having Martinez admit before the jury that he made the statements. Instead, appellant complains
only of the admission of the exhibit containing the enlargement of the statements. Appellant
contends that the admission of the exhibit violated evidence rule 613(b) because Martinez admitted
having a bias in favor of appellant. See Tex. R. Evid. 613(b) (examining witness concerning bias or
interest). In appellant’s view, exhibit 55 was extrinsic evidence showing an admitted bias. See id.
Whatever the merits of this argument, it was not made to the district court and therefore not
preserved for appeal. Tex. R. Evid. 33.1(a); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a). Further, we are satisfied that any
1 The statements were supportive of appellant. Martinez indicated that he was trying to raise money for appellant’s bail. He also told her, “[Y]ou need to face what you did . . . [but] God being with us, we can lower that sentence . . . .”
2 error in the admission of exhibit 55 was harmless under the circumstances. See Tex. R. App. P.
44.2(b). Point of error five is overruled.
Next, appellant contends the court erred by admitting extraneous misconduct
testimony by a witness who could not identify appellant. Saletus Smith testified that he and his
girlfriend encountered a drunken woman outside their apartment on the night of October 10, 1998.2
Smith testified that the woman was extremely intoxicated, accused him of stealing her food stamp
card, and threatened to shoot him. Smith and his girlfriend managed to get away from the woman,
and called the police from a nearby store. At the conclusion of Smith’s testimony, to which appellant
voiced no objection, the witness was asked if the woman he encountered on October 10 was present
in the courtroom. Smith said he could not make a positive identification. The prosecutor then asked
Smith if anyone in the courtroom “looks similar” to the woman. Appellant voiced her only objection
at this point: “That’s an improper question, whether or not he can identify her or not. He’s already
answered the question.” The objection was overruled. The question was repeated and Smith
answered, “I couldn’t tell.”
Appellant argues that the court should not have permitted testimony regarding
extraneous misconduct that could not be affirmatively linked to her. This objection was not made to
the district court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). In any event, the next witness for the State was the
police officer who responded to Smith’s call. The officer positively identified appellant as the person
2 The record reflects that this encounter took place about forty-five minutes after the victim was stabbed.
3 he arrested at Smith’s apartment complex after Smith identified her at the scene as the woman who
threatened him. Point of error four is overruled.
In point of error one, appellant contends the district court erred by prohibiting her
from impeaching a State witness, San Marcos police officer Dan Misiaszek. During cross-
examination by defense counsel, Misiaszek was asked if he ever told appellant she would “get the
needle” if she did not confess. The officer replied that he never personally spoke to appellant. Later,
during her own testimony, appellant told the jury that a detective who “looked like the same guy that
was up here the other day, but except his hair was combed different” spoke to her while she was in
jail. The State’s objection to the relevance of this conversation was sustained, and appellant was not
permitted to tell the jury that this detective said “he knew what happened and that I better say the
truth and tell them that Joe was in it with me because if not I was going to life or death penalty no
matter what I said, and that he knew I did it, and that he knew why, and he scared me.”
In the trial court, appellant urged that the excluded statement was admissible under
evidence rule 613(a), which permits impeachment by proof of a prior inconsistent statement. Tex.
R. Evid. 613(a). Appellant does not now contend that her proffered testimony was a prior
inconsistent statement by the detective. Instead, she argues on appeal that the district court’s ruling
infringed on her constitutional right to confront the witnesses through cross-examination. U.S.
Const. amend. VI; Tex. Const. art. I, § 10; see Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 315 (1974); Rankin
v. State, 41 S.W.3d 335, 344 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet. hist.).
The contention appellant now advances does not comport with her trial objection.
Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). Moreover, her argument to this Court does not comport with the ruling of
4 which she complains. The district court’s ruling excluded appellant’s own testimony; the court did
not limit her cross-examination of Officer Misiaszek. In fact, appellant does not refer us to any
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-00-00153-CR
Cindy Ann Mendoza, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. CR-98-0372, HONORABLE JACK ROBISON, JUDGE PRESIDING
A jury found appellant Cindy Ann Mendoza guilty of murder and assessed punishment
at imprisonment for life and a $10,000 fine. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02 (West 1994).
Appellant brings forward five points complaining of error during jury selection, in the admission and
exclusion of evidence, and in the jury charge. We will overrule these contentions and affirm the
conviction.
Appellant, her fiancee Joe Martinez, and her seven-year-old son lived with Castulo
Martinez, Joe’s father. Appellant and Joe returned home about 9:00 p.m. on October 10, 1998, after
spending the day drinking beer and tequila with a friend. Appellant and Castulo argued. Later, under
circumstances not entirely clear from the record, appellant fatally stabbed Castulo Martinez, took his
wallet, and fled. Appellant was tried for capital murder and convicted of the lesser included offense.
The sufficiency of the evidence is not in dispute. In point of error five, appellant contends the court erroneously admitted “prosecution-
manufactured evidence to improperly impeach a witness.” Joe Martinez testified as a State witness.
During his testimony, Martinez acknowledged that he still had “very strong . . . feelings” for
appellant, and that he had in fact married her two months after the murder. The prosecutor then
showed Martinez State’s exhibit 55, which contained enlarged quotations taken from recorded
telephone conversations between Martinez and appellant. Martinez said he recognized the statements
as his.1 The State then offered the exhibit in evidence. Appellant objected that this was not proper
impeachment; that the prosecutor should read each quoted passage and ask the witness whether he
made the statement. Appellant also objected to the exhibit itself, on the ground that it was cumulative
of the witness’s testimony. These objections were overruled. The prosecutor then read the
statements contained in the exhibit, each of which Martinez acknowledged making.
Appellant does not complain of the prosecutor reading the statements to Martinez,
or of having Martinez admit before the jury that he made the statements. Instead, appellant complains
only of the admission of the exhibit containing the enlargement of the statements. Appellant
contends that the admission of the exhibit violated evidence rule 613(b) because Martinez admitted
having a bias in favor of appellant. See Tex. R. Evid. 613(b) (examining witness concerning bias or
interest). In appellant’s view, exhibit 55 was extrinsic evidence showing an admitted bias. See id.
Whatever the merits of this argument, it was not made to the district court and therefore not
preserved for appeal. Tex. R. Evid. 33.1(a); Tex. R. Evid. 103(a). Further, we are satisfied that any
1 The statements were supportive of appellant. Martinez indicated that he was trying to raise money for appellant’s bail. He also told her, “[Y]ou need to face what you did . . . [but] God being with us, we can lower that sentence . . . .”
2 error in the admission of exhibit 55 was harmless under the circumstances. See Tex. R. App. P.
44.2(b). Point of error five is overruled.
Next, appellant contends the court erred by admitting extraneous misconduct
testimony by a witness who could not identify appellant. Saletus Smith testified that he and his
girlfriend encountered a drunken woman outside their apartment on the night of October 10, 1998.2
Smith testified that the woman was extremely intoxicated, accused him of stealing her food stamp
card, and threatened to shoot him. Smith and his girlfriend managed to get away from the woman,
and called the police from a nearby store. At the conclusion of Smith’s testimony, to which appellant
voiced no objection, the witness was asked if the woman he encountered on October 10 was present
in the courtroom. Smith said he could not make a positive identification. The prosecutor then asked
Smith if anyone in the courtroom “looks similar” to the woman. Appellant voiced her only objection
at this point: “That’s an improper question, whether or not he can identify her or not. He’s already
answered the question.” The objection was overruled. The question was repeated and Smith
answered, “I couldn’t tell.”
Appellant argues that the court should not have permitted testimony regarding
extraneous misconduct that could not be affirmatively linked to her. This objection was not made to
the district court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). In any event, the next witness for the State was the
police officer who responded to Smith’s call. The officer positively identified appellant as the person
2 The record reflects that this encounter took place about forty-five minutes after the victim was stabbed.
3 he arrested at Smith’s apartment complex after Smith identified her at the scene as the woman who
threatened him. Point of error four is overruled.
In point of error one, appellant contends the district court erred by prohibiting her
from impeaching a State witness, San Marcos police officer Dan Misiaszek. During cross-
examination by defense counsel, Misiaszek was asked if he ever told appellant she would “get the
needle” if she did not confess. The officer replied that he never personally spoke to appellant. Later,
during her own testimony, appellant told the jury that a detective who “looked like the same guy that
was up here the other day, but except his hair was combed different” spoke to her while she was in
jail. The State’s objection to the relevance of this conversation was sustained, and appellant was not
permitted to tell the jury that this detective said “he knew what happened and that I better say the
truth and tell them that Joe was in it with me because if not I was going to life or death penalty no
matter what I said, and that he knew I did it, and that he knew why, and he scared me.”
In the trial court, appellant urged that the excluded statement was admissible under
evidence rule 613(a), which permits impeachment by proof of a prior inconsistent statement. Tex.
R. Evid. 613(a). Appellant does not now contend that her proffered testimony was a prior
inconsistent statement by the detective. Instead, she argues on appeal that the district court’s ruling
infringed on her constitutional right to confront the witnesses through cross-examination. U.S.
Const. amend. VI; Tex. Const. art. I, § 10; see Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 315 (1974); Rankin
v. State, 41 S.W.3d 335, 344 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet. hist.).
The contention appellant now advances does not comport with her trial objection.
Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). Moreover, her argument to this Court does not comport with the ruling of
4 which she complains. The district court’s ruling excluded appellant’s own testimony; the court did
not limit her cross-examination of Officer Misiaszek. In fact, appellant does not refer us to any
limitation placed on her cross-examination of the officer. Finally, we note that appellant was
permitted to testify that a detective who “looked like [him]” talked to her, thereby impeaching the
officer’s testimony denying such a conversation. No reversible error is presented and point of error
one is overruled.
In point of error three, appellant complains that the reporter’s record does not indicate
the name of several venire members who made statements during voir dire. Appellant contends that
the prosecutor should have indicated the name of each venire member with whom he spoke.
Appellant complains that without the names, it is impossible to determine if the panelists who
indicated that they could not follow the law were in fact struck from the jury. She concedes that
there is no authority supporting her contention.
After both attorneys completed their questioning of the panel, the State challenged six
panelists by name. Appellant agreed to four of the challenges, which were immediately granted. The
two other panelists challenged by the State were questioned individually and the challenges were then
granted. Appellant voiced no objection and does not now contend that any of the State’s challenges
were erroneously granted. Appellant also challenged three panelists. Two of these challenges were
granted, and the other panelist did not serve on the jury because he was outside the strike zone.
The record reflects that appellant had a full and fair opportunity both to challenge
panelists and to object to the State’s challenges. The failure to record the names of panelists as they
5 spoke to the attorneys during voir dire of the panel has not been shown to have harmed appellant.
Point of error three is overruled.
Finally, appellant contends the court’s jury charge “omitted the proper standard of
proof applicable to the affirmative defense of self-defense.” Appellant urges that the court should
have instructed the jury that she had to prove the existence of the affirmative defense by a
preponderance of the evidence. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 2.04(d) (West 1994).
This point of error is premised on a mistaken understanding of the applicable law.
Self-defense is a justification. Id. § 9.31(a) (West Supp. 2001). Justification is a defense, not an
affirmative defense. Id. § 9.02 (West 1994). If the existence of a defense is submitted to the jury,
the court must charge that a reasonable doubt on the issue requires that the defendant be acquitted.
Id. § 2.03(d). The district court’s jury charge in this cause properly placed the burden on the State
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant did not act in self-defense when she stabbed the
victim. Point of error two is overruled.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
__________________________________________
Marilyn Aboussie, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Aboussie, Justices Yeakel and Patterson
Affirmed
Filed: August 30, 2001
Do Not Publish