COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Petty and AtLee UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Lexington, Virginia
CHRISTOPHER LEE CROFT MEMORANDUM OPINION BY v. Record No. 1957-14-3 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY JUNE 30, 2015 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Marcus H. Long, Jr., Judge
Bruce T. Phillips (Phillips Law, PLC, on brief), for appellant.
(Mark R. Herring, Attorney General; Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.
Christopher Lee Croft was convicted of driving while his license was suspended, in
violation of Code § 18.2-272. On appeal, Croft argues that the trial court incorrectly interpreted
the driving prohibition contained in Code § 18.2-272 as applying beyond the initial one-year
period of suspension imposed by Code § 18.2-271. We agree.
I.
Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite only those facts and incidents of
the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal.
“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Becker v. Commonwealth,
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 64 Va. App. 481, 486, 769 S.E.2d 683, 685 (2015) (quoting Archer v. Commonwealth, 26
Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997)).
II.
The question before this Court is whether the period of suspension required by Code
§ 18.2-271 should be interpreted as a fixed term of one year, and if so whether the one year in
this case expired before Croft was charged. “Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed
de novo.” Sarafin v. Commonwealth, 288 Va. 320, 325, 764 S.E.2d 71, 74 (2014). The question
of whether the period of suspension expired in this case is a mixed question of law and fact
which is reviewed de novo. See id.
Code § 18.2-266 states, in relevant part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to
drive or operate any motor vehicle . . . while such person is under the influence of alcohol.”
Code § 18.2-271(A) provides, in relevant part, that “the judgment of conviction if for a first
offense under § 18.2-266 . . . shall of itself operate to deprive the person so convicted of the
privilege to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train in the Commonwealth for a
period of one year from the date of such judgment.”1 Finally, Code § 18.2-272 provides, in
relevant part, that “[a]ny person who drives or operates any motor vehicle, engine or train in the
Commonwealth during the time for which he was deprived of the right to do so . . . by
§ 18.2-271. . . is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.”
The Commonwealth argues that, because Croft’s license was never reinstated, his
suspension under Code § 18.2-271 did not expire. We disagree.
1 In addition to the suspension required by Code § 18.2-271, Code § 46.2-389 requires the Commissioner of the Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”) to revoke an individual’s license upon receiving a record of his conviction for violation of Code § 18.2-266. Thus two distinct consequences flow from a conviction under Code § 18.2-266. The individual’s privilege to drive is suspended for a year pursuant to Code § 18.2-271, and his license is revoked for a year pursuant to Code § 46.2-389. Croft was convicted of violating Code § 18.2-272, which references the period of suspension pursuant to Code § 18.2-271 only. Our analysis is therefore limited to the suspension under that section. -2- Our recent decision in Barden v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 700, 771 S.E.2d 699
(2015), is instructive.2 In that case, this Court recognized that a suspension is separate and
distinct from a period of suspension. Id. at 707, 771 S.E.2d at 703. This follows from the plain
language of Code § 46.2-100, which provides that a suspended privilege may be reinstated
“following the period of suspension.” Id. Thus, we concluded in Barden that although
appellant’s license was still in revoked status, he was not driving during the period of suspension
or revocation because the “periods of suspension and revocation terminated by operation of the
same statutory provisions that first authorized them.” Id. at 708, 771 S.E.2d at 703.
Although we did not address Code § 18.2-271 in Barden, we hold that the same reasoning
applies to the period of suspension authorized by that section. Under Code § 18.2-271, the
conviction “of itself operate[d] to deprive [Croft] of the privilege to drive or operate any motor
vehicle . . . for a period of one year from the date of such judgment.” See Code § 18.2-271. This
was a suspension of Croft’s driving privilege. See id. (“This suspension period shall be in
addition to the suspension period provided under § 46.2-319.2.” (emphasis added)). Croft was
charged with violation of Code § 18.2-272 only, which is driving “during the time for which he
was deprived of the right to do so” by Code § 18.2-271. Consequently, the only time period
relevant here is the period under Code § 18.2-271 that Croft was deprived of the right to drive.
Under the plain language of that section, Croft’s judgment of conviction under Code § 18.2-266
operated to deprive Croft of the privilege to drive “for a period of one year from the date of such
judgment.” Here, the date of conviction was in May 2008, meaning the one year of suspension
expired in 2009.3 After that point, regardless of Croft’s numerous other suspensions for failing
2 This opinion was published after the parties submitted their appellate briefs. 3 The order of conviction for the May 2008 conviction for driving while intoxicated was not included in the record. According to the DMV transcript, the DMV revoked Croft’s license on June 18, 2008 for a term to expire on May 15, 2009 for a conviction dated May 21, 2008. -3- to pay court costs, fees, and fines, he could not be charged with driving during the period of his
Code § 18.2-271 suspension.
The Commonwealth also argues that based on the plain language of Code § 18.2-271(D)
Croft’s period of suspension did not begin to expire because Croft provided no evidence that he
ever surrendered his license. We disagree.
Code § 18.2-271(D) provides that “[n]otwithstanding any other provision of this section,
the period of license revocation or suspension shall not begin to expire until the person convicted
has surrendered his license to the court or to the Department of Motor Vehicles.” However, the
transcript of Croft’s driving record, which was admitted without objection, indicates that Croft
was never issued a license. On the contrary, he was convicted twice in 2005 of driving without a
license, and subsequently convicted four additional times in 2005 and 2006 of driving while his
license was revoked or suspended. The transcript further shows that on the day he was convicted
of driving while intoxicated, Croft was also convicted of driving while his license was revoked
or suspended. Thus, the transcript indicates that Croft had no license to surrender when he was
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Petty and AtLee UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Lexington, Virginia
CHRISTOPHER LEE CROFT MEMORANDUM OPINION BY v. Record No. 1957-14-3 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY JUNE 30, 2015 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY Marcus H. Long, Jr., Judge
Bruce T. Phillips (Phillips Law, PLC, on brief), for appellant.
(Mark R. Herring, Attorney General; Leah A. Darron, Senior Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.
Christopher Lee Croft was convicted of driving while his license was suspended, in
violation of Code § 18.2-272. On appeal, Croft argues that the trial court incorrectly interpreted
the driving prohibition contained in Code § 18.2-272 as applying beyond the initial one-year
period of suspension imposed by Code § 18.2-271. We agree.
I.
Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite only those facts and incidents of
the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal.
“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Becker v. Commonwealth,
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 64 Va. App. 481, 486, 769 S.E.2d 683, 685 (2015) (quoting Archer v. Commonwealth, 26
Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997)).
II.
The question before this Court is whether the period of suspension required by Code
§ 18.2-271 should be interpreted as a fixed term of one year, and if so whether the one year in
this case expired before Croft was charged. “Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed
de novo.” Sarafin v. Commonwealth, 288 Va. 320, 325, 764 S.E.2d 71, 74 (2014). The question
of whether the period of suspension expired in this case is a mixed question of law and fact
which is reviewed de novo. See id.
Code § 18.2-266 states, in relevant part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to
drive or operate any motor vehicle . . . while such person is under the influence of alcohol.”
Code § 18.2-271(A) provides, in relevant part, that “the judgment of conviction if for a first
offense under § 18.2-266 . . . shall of itself operate to deprive the person so convicted of the
privilege to drive or operate any motor vehicle, engine or train in the Commonwealth for a
period of one year from the date of such judgment.”1 Finally, Code § 18.2-272 provides, in
relevant part, that “[a]ny person who drives or operates any motor vehicle, engine or train in the
Commonwealth during the time for which he was deprived of the right to do so . . . by
§ 18.2-271. . . is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.”
The Commonwealth argues that, because Croft’s license was never reinstated, his
suspension under Code § 18.2-271 did not expire. We disagree.
1 In addition to the suspension required by Code § 18.2-271, Code § 46.2-389 requires the Commissioner of the Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”) to revoke an individual’s license upon receiving a record of his conviction for violation of Code § 18.2-266. Thus two distinct consequences flow from a conviction under Code § 18.2-266. The individual’s privilege to drive is suspended for a year pursuant to Code § 18.2-271, and his license is revoked for a year pursuant to Code § 46.2-389. Croft was convicted of violating Code § 18.2-272, which references the period of suspension pursuant to Code § 18.2-271 only. Our analysis is therefore limited to the suspension under that section. -2- Our recent decision in Barden v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 700, 771 S.E.2d 699
(2015), is instructive.2 In that case, this Court recognized that a suspension is separate and
distinct from a period of suspension. Id. at 707, 771 S.E.2d at 703. This follows from the plain
language of Code § 46.2-100, which provides that a suspended privilege may be reinstated
“following the period of suspension.” Id. Thus, we concluded in Barden that although
appellant’s license was still in revoked status, he was not driving during the period of suspension
or revocation because the “periods of suspension and revocation terminated by operation of the
same statutory provisions that first authorized them.” Id. at 708, 771 S.E.2d at 703.
Although we did not address Code § 18.2-271 in Barden, we hold that the same reasoning
applies to the period of suspension authorized by that section. Under Code § 18.2-271, the
conviction “of itself operate[d] to deprive [Croft] of the privilege to drive or operate any motor
vehicle . . . for a period of one year from the date of such judgment.” See Code § 18.2-271. This
was a suspension of Croft’s driving privilege. See id. (“This suspension period shall be in
addition to the suspension period provided under § 46.2-319.2.” (emphasis added)). Croft was
charged with violation of Code § 18.2-272 only, which is driving “during the time for which he
was deprived of the right to do so” by Code § 18.2-271. Consequently, the only time period
relevant here is the period under Code § 18.2-271 that Croft was deprived of the right to drive.
Under the plain language of that section, Croft’s judgment of conviction under Code § 18.2-266
operated to deprive Croft of the privilege to drive “for a period of one year from the date of such
judgment.” Here, the date of conviction was in May 2008, meaning the one year of suspension
expired in 2009.3 After that point, regardless of Croft’s numerous other suspensions for failing
2 This opinion was published after the parties submitted their appellate briefs. 3 The order of conviction for the May 2008 conviction for driving while intoxicated was not included in the record. According to the DMV transcript, the DMV revoked Croft’s license on June 18, 2008 for a term to expire on May 15, 2009 for a conviction dated May 21, 2008. -3- to pay court costs, fees, and fines, he could not be charged with driving during the period of his
Code § 18.2-271 suspension.
The Commonwealth also argues that based on the plain language of Code § 18.2-271(D)
Croft’s period of suspension did not begin to expire because Croft provided no evidence that he
ever surrendered his license. We disagree.
Code § 18.2-271(D) provides that “[n]otwithstanding any other provision of this section,
the period of license revocation or suspension shall not begin to expire until the person convicted
has surrendered his license to the court or to the Department of Motor Vehicles.” However, the
transcript of Croft’s driving record, which was admitted without objection, indicates that Croft
was never issued a license. On the contrary, he was convicted twice in 2005 of driving without a
license, and subsequently convicted four additional times in 2005 and 2006 of driving while his
license was revoked or suspended. The transcript further shows that on the day he was convicted
of driving while intoxicated, Croft was also convicted of driving while his license was revoked
or suspended. Thus, the transcript indicates that Croft had no license to surrender when he was
convicted of driving while intoxicated.
“Our goal in statutory interpretation is to carry out the General Assembly’s intent ‘as
expressed by the language used unless a literal interpretation of the language would result in a
manifest absurdity.’” Bailey v. Spangler, ___ Va. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___ (Apr. 16, 2015)
(quoting Board of Supervisors v. Windmill Meadows, LLC, 287 Va. 170, 179-80, 752 S.E.2d
837, 842 (2014)). Under the Commonwealth’s interpretation of Code § 18.2-271(D), an
individual who was convicted of driving while intoxicated in violation of Code § 18.2-266, but
who had no license to surrender, would be subject to a never-expiring suspension. Such an
There is no explanation in the record to account for the discrepancy between the days. Nonetheless, since the subsequent charge of driving while suspended occurred six years after the date of conviction, a few days’ difference does not affect our analysis. -4- individual would never be able to acquire a valid operator’s license. The General Assembly
could not have intended such a result. It would be a manifest absurdity to require Croft to
surrender a license that he does not have in order for the suspension term to begin expiring. We
therefore hold that where an individual convicted under Code § 18.2-266 has no license to
surrender, the period of suspension required by Code § 18.2-271 begins on the date of conviction
and ends one year later.4
We agree that based on the record Croft’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle remains
suspended. The record shows at least seventeen “indefinite” periods of suspension for unpaid
fines, costs, and fees. Nevertheless, the question before us is whether Croft was properly
convicted under Code § 18.2-272. We hold that he was not. The period of suspension
authorized by Code § 18.2-271 was one year from the date of conviction for driving while
intoxicated. Because Croft had no license to surrender, the period of suspension began to expire
on the day of conviction, May 21, 2008 and concluded a year later. His subsequent arrest six
years later was therefore well beyond the suspension period imposed by Code § 18.2-271, and
Croft cannot be convicted under Code § 18.2-272 for driving during the period of that
suspension.
III.
Despite Croft’s numerous other suspensions of his driving privilege, we must reverse the
trial court’s conviction of Croft for violation of Code § 18.2-272 and dismiss the warrant.
Reversed and dismissed.
4 Because the Commonwealth’s evidence shows that Croft did not have an operator’s license on the date of his conviction, we are not called upon to analyze who has the burden of proof in showing the individual has no license. -5-