COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 02-11-00243-CR
CHRISTOPHER L. SMITH APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
----------
FROM THE 371ST DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
MEMORANDUM OPINION1
Introduction
Appellant Christopher L. Smith appeals his convictions on two counts of
sexual assault, contending that the trial court erred by not calling a jury to decide
whether he was competent to stand trial. We affirm.
1 See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. Background Facts and Procedural History
Sandra Carter2 tended bar and waited tables in a Fort Worth nightclub. After
she had finished her shift and walked into the parking lot late one night, she saw
Appellant standing by her car. He told her she was pretty and asked her for a ride to
his apartment. He said he was a good guy who had retired from the military, and he
explained that he lived only a short drive away and that he needed a ride because
his nephew had taken his car. She thought he seemed nice and since his
apartment was close to the gas station where she was going to fill up, she agreed.
After Sandra had pulled into his apartment complex, he told her to park.
When she replied that she was just dropping him off and did not need to park, he
looked angry and ordered her out of the car. They both got out and he walked
behind her, directing her upstairs to his apartment. Once they were inside, he
disrobed her and sexually assaulted her.
Sandra convinced Appellant that she would spend the night with him if he let
her take a shower first. As he ran water in the bath, she ran out the front door,
completely naked. She found a gentleman walking in the complex, and he and
another couple took her into an apartment, where they clothed her and tried to
comfort her. When she had calmed down somewhat, they all walked out together
and saw Appellant driving Sandra’s car. She called 911, and the police promptly
arrived and arrested him.
2 This is a pseudonym.
2 A grand jury indicted Appellant on multiple counts of sexual assault and the
trial court appointed counsel (Counsel). Attached to Appellant’s application for a
court-appointed lawyer is an affidavit stating that Appellant is unemployed and listing
the reason for his unemployment as “disabled––MHMR.” The affidavit also notes
that Appellant lives with his sister and receives disability benefits for “MHMR.”
A magistrate ordered the county mental health department to assess whether
Appellant had a mental illness or mental retardation and whether there was clinical
evidence to support a belief that he may have been incompetent to stand trial.
Within a week of the order, a psychiatrist evaluated Appellant, and the forensic unit
of the mental health department filed its written assessment with the trial court,
reporting that although he had “adjustment disorder,” which is a mental illness,
Appellant was not mentally retarded nor was there clinical evidence to support a
belief that he was incompetent to stand trial or needed to undergo a complete
competency examination.
The next month, the trial court granted a motion filed by Counsel to have a
psychiatrist examine Appellant to determine whether he was competent to stand
trial. Dr. Jim Womack interviewed Appellant for an hour, discussed the case with
Counsel, and reviewed documents including Appellant’s mental health records from
the jail.
Dr. Womack’s results were inconclusive: his written report submitted to the
trial court states that “due to a questionable mix of unlikely symptom severity,
relative recall problems, and [Appellant’s] history of receiving medication for a
3 psychotic condition,” it was unclear whether Appellant was competent. Dr. Womack
recommended that the trial court consider Appellant incompetent for the time being,
pending further examination to rule out the possibility that he was malingering.3
The trial court authorized further evaluation. Dr. Womack interviewed
Appellant’s sister, interviewed Appellant for an additional forty-five minutes, and had
him complete an intelligence exam. Dr. Womack also administered two additional
tests to determine whether Appellant was exerting “optimal effort.”
After his second evaluation, Dr. Womack reported to the trial court that
Appellant’s performance on one of the effort-measuring tests “strongly support[s] the
opinion he was not exerting optimal effort to do his best.” Dr. Womack also noted
that Appellant had “made a considerable effort” to answer test items incorrectly.
Although Dr. Womack suspected that Appellant may be mildly mentally retarded, he
also concluded that Appellant had exaggerated his cognitive deficiency.
On the issue of Appellant’s competency, Dr. Womack reported that Appellant
was competent as statutorily defined, having “a minimal, but acceptable degree of
rational and factual understanding of the proceedings against him, as required by
the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.”
During a pretrial hearing held before a magistrate in June 2011, Counsel
advised the trial court that two psychological assessments had found Appellant
3 The report states that further examination would “assist in forming a confident opinion as to [Appellant’s] true deficits and/or psychotic features, and perhaps help determine what features are due to lack of effort or purposeful distortion.”
4 competent to stand trial. Counsel also reported that he had represented Appellant
for approximately six months and had during that time gone over with Appellant the
psychological assessments, of which he reported that Appellant “understood
everything that we’ve talked about.” Counsel advised the trial court that he thought
“the problem is that [Appellant] doesn’t like what I’m telling him; therefore, it’s turned
into somehow now he doesn’t understand it.”
Counsel also stated that when he and Appellant had discussed their defensive
strategy, Appellant told him that he was refusing to cooperate and would not give
Counsel the names and locations of possible witnesses. Counsel advised the trial
court, “He’s told me he’s not going to sign any paperwork. He’s also not going to
testify. He’s not going to do anything in this case is what I’ve been told, so that’s
what [sic] we’re here today.”
The trial court at that point engaged Appellant in an extended colloquy during
which Appellant remained uncooperative with both the trial court magistrate and
Counsel. After the nearly twenty minute hearing, the trial court found Appellant
competent to stand trial.
On the day of jury selection a week later, the trial court considered Appellant’s
motion for continuance. Noting that Appellant had displayed an “inclination to
become upset and unruly in the courtroom,” had become upset during the pretrial
hearing, and had engaged in “obvious efforts to avoid trial,” and considering “the
whole history of this case,” including the trial court’s interaction with Appellant, the
5 trial court denied the motion, finding that it “was another attempt” by Appellant “to
manipulate his trial date and the criminal justice system.”
The next day, Appellant secreted a razor blade into the holding cell and cut
himself with it, prompting the trial court to order another competency evaluation. Dr.
Womack interviewed Appellant again––this time for thirty minutes–– and also had
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COURT OF APPEALS SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH
NO. 02-11-00243-CR
CHRISTOPHER L. SMITH APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
----------
FROM THE 371ST DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
MEMORANDUM OPINION1
Introduction
Appellant Christopher L. Smith appeals his convictions on two counts of
sexual assault, contending that the trial court erred by not calling a jury to decide
whether he was competent to stand trial. We affirm.
1 See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4. Background Facts and Procedural History
Sandra Carter2 tended bar and waited tables in a Fort Worth nightclub. After
she had finished her shift and walked into the parking lot late one night, she saw
Appellant standing by her car. He told her she was pretty and asked her for a ride to
his apartment. He said he was a good guy who had retired from the military, and he
explained that he lived only a short drive away and that he needed a ride because
his nephew had taken his car. She thought he seemed nice and since his
apartment was close to the gas station where she was going to fill up, she agreed.
After Sandra had pulled into his apartment complex, he told her to park.
When she replied that she was just dropping him off and did not need to park, he
looked angry and ordered her out of the car. They both got out and he walked
behind her, directing her upstairs to his apartment. Once they were inside, he
disrobed her and sexually assaulted her.
Sandra convinced Appellant that she would spend the night with him if he let
her take a shower first. As he ran water in the bath, she ran out the front door,
completely naked. She found a gentleman walking in the complex, and he and
another couple took her into an apartment, where they clothed her and tried to
comfort her. When she had calmed down somewhat, they all walked out together
and saw Appellant driving Sandra’s car. She called 911, and the police promptly
arrived and arrested him.
2 This is a pseudonym.
2 A grand jury indicted Appellant on multiple counts of sexual assault and the
trial court appointed counsel (Counsel). Attached to Appellant’s application for a
court-appointed lawyer is an affidavit stating that Appellant is unemployed and listing
the reason for his unemployment as “disabled––MHMR.” The affidavit also notes
that Appellant lives with his sister and receives disability benefits for “MHMR.”
A magistrate ordered the county mental health department to assess whether
Appellant had a mental illness or mental retardation and whether there was clinical
evidence to support a belief that he may have been incompetent to stand trial.
Within a week of the order, a psychiatrist evaluated Appellant, and the forensic unit
of the mental health department filed its written assessment with the trial court,
reporting that although he had “adjustment disorder,” which is a mental illness,
Appellant was not mentally retarded nor was there clinical evidence to support a
belief that he was incompetent to stand trial or needed to undergo a complete
competency examination.
The next month, the trial court granted a motion filed by Counsel to have a
psychiatrist examine Appellant to determine whether he was competent to stand
trial. Dr. Jim Womack interviewed Appellant for an hour, discussed the case with
Counsel, and reviewed documents including Appellant’s mental health records from
the jail.
Dr. Womack’s results were inconclusive: his written report submitted to the
trial court states that “due to a questionable mix of unlikely symptom severity,
relative recall problems, and [Appellant’s] history of receiving medication for a
3 psychotic condition,” it was unclear whether Appellant was competent. Dr. Womack
recommended that the trial court consider Appellant incompetent for the time being,
pending further examination to rule out the possibility that he was malingering.3
The trial court authorized further evaluation. Dr. Womack interviewed
Appellant’s sister, interviewed Appellant for an additional forty-five minutes, and had
him complete an intelligence exam. Dr. Womack also administered two additional
tests to determine whether Appellant was exerting “optimal effort.”
After his second evaluation, Dr. Womack reported to the trial court that
Appellant’s performance on one of the effort-measuring tests “strongly support[s] the
opinion he was not exerting optimal effort to do his best.” Dr. Womack also noted
that Appellant had “made a considerable effort” to answer test items incorrectly.
Although Dr. Womack suspected that Appellant may be mildly mentally retarded, he
also concluded that Appellant had exaggerated his cognitive deficiency.
On the issue of Appellant’s competency, Dr. Womack reported that Appellant
was competent as statutorily defined, having “a minimal, but acceptable degree of
rational and factual understanding of the proceedings against him, as required by
the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.”
During a pretrial hearing held before a magistrate in June 2011, Counsel
advised the trial court that two psychological assessments had found Appellant
3 The report states that further examination would “assist in forming a confident opinion as to [Appellant’s] true deficits and/or psychotic features, and perhaps help determine what features are due to lack of effort or purposeful distortion.”
4 competent to stand trial. Counsel also reported that he had represented Appellant
for approximately six months and had during that time gone over with Appellant the
psychological assessments, of which he reported that Appellant “understood
everything that we’ve talked about.” Counsel advised the trial court that he thought
“the problem is that [Appellant] doesn’t like what I’m telling him; therefore, it’s turned
into somehow now he doesn’t understand it.”
Counsel also stated that when he and Appellant had discussed their defensive
strategy, Appellant told him that he was refusing to cooperate and would not give
Counsel the names and locations of possible witnesses. Counsel advised the trial
court, “He’s told me he’s not going to sign any paperwork. He’s also not going to
testify. He’s not going to do anything in this case is what I’ve been told, so that’s
what [sic] we’re here today.”
The trial court at that point engaged Appellant in an extended colloquy during
which Appellant remained uncooperative with both the trial court magistrate and
Counsel. After the nearly twenty minute hearing, the trial court found Appellant
competent to stand trial.
On the day of jury selection a week later, the trial court considered Appellant’s
motion for continuance. Noting that Appellant had displayed an “inclination to
become upset and unruly in the courtroom,” had become upset during the pretrial
hearing, and had engaged in “obvious efforts to avoid trial,” and considering “the
whole history of this case,” including the trial court’s interaction with Appellant, the
5 trial court denied the motion, finding that it “was another attempt” by Appellant “to
manipulate his trial date and the criminal justice system.”
The next day, Appellant secreted a razor blade into the holding cell and cut
himself with it, prompting the trial court to order another competency evaluation. Dr.
Womack interviewed Appellant again––this time for thirty minutes–– and also had
discussions with medical staff at the jail and with the trial court judge. In his third
report, Dr. Womack noted that Appellant’s speech became “pressured” when
Appellant complained about his lawyer but that Appellant “was easily understood.”
Dr. Womack further reported that “when allowed to engage in a diatribe about his
attorney, [Appellant’s] speech was sequential, relevant, and generally logical.” He
also observed that Appellant made unsolicited comments that suggested he
understood more than he professed. For example, he remembered being in court
when the jury was “picked,” and understood that was what was happening at the
time, which was established when he was asked if he had been found “guilty,” and
he replied by saying, “No, they just picked the jury.” Dr. Womack concluded that
nothing in Appellant’s current presentation altered his earlier opinion that Appellant
was competent to stand trial.
When trial resumed, Appellant specifically invoked his right to call witnesses,
and he also addressed the trial court as follows:
THE DEFENDANT: Ma’am, I have –– this is the problem I’m having with Officer Willett –– I mean, with Attorney Willet [(Counsel)]. I have a problem. I know I do mentally. But I’m not as stupid as he thinks I am. Okay?
6 I know when––I know when something is not right. Okay?
Now, he was trying to limit me to only one witness, which was Sonja Jacobs, limit me to one witness. Then he tells us that due to the aggravated sexual assault case, he come back and tells us that the DA says that the girl is out of the state. Well, we had –– we had our own investigation and our own investigators who found out that the girl is not out of the state, that the reason he moved on to the next case4 was because I had a substantial amount of witnesses that would have been –– that would have been in my favor on that case. So they jumped to another case, and ––which was only leaving me one witness and limit my witness, and then had you stricken the witnesses that I needed. I still have two witnesses, two witnesses that he has not even subpoenaed that can place this girl at my apartment at two different times, at two different––I have three people that can place her––
At that point, the trial court interrupted Appellant to counsel him against
discussing trial strategies on the record in front of the prosecution, but Appellant
continued:
THE DEFENDANT: They’re going to find out anyway because I feel that he’s working with them. That’s the whole problem that I have. I mean, that’s the whole problem that I have. I wish you would just––I just––I know I don’t have to have on these.5 I know how to act on trial. I wish you would just give me another attorney, an attorney that cares about me. Okay? Cares about this case.
I didn’t do this, and I want to testify. I know I’m going to testify, okay, because I have a right to testify because I ––because it’s a lot of things that’s not going to get put in the court if I leave it up to [Counsel]. It’s not going to get put in front of the jury, and it’s not going to come out. You know what I’m saying? I know this, and he knows this. Okay? It shouldn’t have to go––be like this, Judge. It shouldn’t have to be like this.
4 Appellant had multiple cases pending. 5 Because earlier Appellant had threatened Counsel, he had been handcuffed and shackled.
7 .....
The Court ordered an investigator. I mean, literally, this investigator was paid to––to pass out three subpoenas, because that’s all he did. He didn’t find any witnesses. He didn’t do anything. He didn’t find anything that I sit there and talk to him about and [Counsel] about. Nothing was done. He sits there and tells me yesterday, “I called him, but I couldn’t get him to call me back.” Come on. How can you not get a court-ordered investigator online with his attorney who hired him? I mean, do you––I mean, can’t you see why I’m upset? That is why I’m upset.
THE COURT: I understand why you’re upset.
THE DEFENDANT: A juror stood up––a juror stood up and said, “You know what, sir, [Counsel], I’m a little confused because the vibe I’m getting from you is that he’s already guilty.” I mean, come on. If they can see this, how do you expect I’m supposed to feel? A juror––that’s what the jury said. . . . Come on. It’s not right. I just want a fair trial. That’s all. If I’m found guilty, okay, fine, but I want a fair trial because I didn’t do this.
The State then proceeded with its case and rested, after which the defense
presented four witnesses before resting.6 The jury convicted on two counts, and the
trial court sentenced Appellant to life in prison.
Discussion
Appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by disregarding
the statutory procedures for determining competency and by not assembling a jury
to determine whether he was competent to stand trial. He argues that the trial court
should have conducted a jury trial on the issue because evidence raised a bona fide
doubt that he was competent. He also contends that the trial court further erred by
6 After consulting with Counsel, Appellant elected not to testify.
8 disregarding the procedures in chapter 46B of the code of criminal procedure by
entering an informal finding of competency without a trial and by soliciting testimony
confirming his competence to stand trial.
The conviction of an accused person while he is legally incompetent to stand
trial violates due process. See McDaniel v. State, 98 S.W.3d 704, 709 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2003). A defendant is incompetent to stand trial if he does not have a “(1)
sufficient present ability to consult with [his] lawyer with a reasonable degree of
rational understanding; or (2) a rational as well as factual understanding of the
proceedings against [him].” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 46B.003(a) (West
2006). A defendant is presumed to be competent to stand trial, and incompetence
must be established by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at art. 46B.003(b).
The standard of review is whether the trial court abused its discretion by
failing to empanel a jury for the purpose of conducting a competency hearing.
Moore v. State, 999 S.W.2d 385, 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), cert. denied, 530 U.S.
1216 (2000); Lawrence v. State, 169 S.W.3d 319, 322 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth
2005, pet. ref’d).
Contrary to Appellant’s position, a jury trial is not required when evidence
raises a bona fide doubt that a defendant is competent. When there is evidence that
is sufficient to raise a bona fide doubt as to a defendant’s competency, a trial court
shall first conduct an informal inquiry to ascertain whether there is evidence that
would support a finding of incompetence. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
9 46B.004(c) (West Supp. 2012); Montoya v. State, 291 S.W.3d 420, 425 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009).
If an informal inquiry shows that evidence exists that would support a finding
of incompetence, the trial court shall then order an examination to determine
whether the defendant is incompetent to stand trial. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
46B.005(a) (West 2006).
Only after such an examination, if the trial court still has a bona fide doubt
about the defendant’s competency, need the trial court conduct a formal hearing on
the issue. See Montoya, 291 S.W.3d at 424–25; Moore, 999 S.W.2d at 393. And
the formal hearing need not be conducted before a jury unless a party requests it or
the trial court determines on its own motion to conduct the hearing before a jury.
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 46B.051 (West 2006).
Neither party in this case requested a jury trial on the issue of competency.
To the extent that Appellant claims the trial court erred by not granting him a jury
trial to determine whether he was competent to stand trial, that part of his claim is
overruled. See id.
The State argues that the trial court followed proper statutory procedure
because it made several informal inquires into Appellant’s competency. The State
points to the trial court’s ordering an evaluation by the county mental health
department; Dr. Womack’s initial examination with follow-up testing and evaluation,
which the trial court ordered in response to Appellant’s motion; the pretrial hearing
during which Appellant’s counsel advised the trial court that he believed Appellant
10 was competent; and the trial court’s ordering Dr. Womack to conduct yet another
evaluation of Appellant after he had cut himself with a smuggled razor blade. We
agree with the State.
Each of these informal inquires showed that Appellant was competent to
stand trial. First, the county mental health department found him competent.
Second, although Dr. Womack’s initial examination was inconclusive and prompted
him to recommend that the trial court consider Appellant incompetent until he could
rule out malingering, his further examination showed that Appellant was malingering
and convinced Dr. Womack that although Appellant had certain mental health
issues, those issues did not render him incompetent to stand trial. Third, Counsel,
who had worked with Appellant for approximately six months and had discussed
strategies with him, told the trial court that he thought Appellant was competent.
Fourth, when the trial court asked Dr. Womack after evaluating Appellant for the
third time if anything had changed his opinion that Appellant was competent, Dr.
Womack replied that nothing he had seen had changed his mind.
These expert conclusions together with Appellant’s own arguments and
statements in court did not create a bona fide doubt as to his ability to consult with
Counsel with a reasonable degree of rational understanding or as to his rational or
factual understanding of the proceedings against him. See Fuller v. State, 253
S.W.3d 220, 228 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1105 (2009).
Moreover, Appellant’s own statements to the trial court confirmed that he
understood the trial process and that he had his own trial strategy. His argument at
11 trial was not that he did not understand the process but that Counsel would not
pursue the case as Appellant thought best. Appellant expressly stated “I’m not as
stupid as he [Counsel] thinks I am.” It was within the zone of reasonable
disagreement for the trial court to conclude from this that Appellant was competent
to stand trial.
Conclusion
Based upon these facts in the record, we hold that the trial court followed the
proper statutory procedures set out for determining competency to stand trial and
did not abuse its discretion by finding that Appellant was competent. No error being
shown, Appellant’s point is overruled and the judgment is affirmed. See Montoya,
291 S.W.3d at 425; Iniquez v. State, ––S.W.3d––, No. 03-11-00333-CR, 2012 WL
2742632, at *5 (Tex. App.––Austin July 6, 2012, pet. ref’d).
PER CURIAM
PANEL: GABRIEL, WALKER, and MCCOY, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: August 23, 2012