IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2011-KA-01911-SCT
CHRISTOPHER K. TAYLOR a/k/a CHRISTOPHER TAYLOR a/k/a CHRIS TAYLOR a/k/a CHAIN
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/15/2011 TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ROBERT P. CHAMBERLIN COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: DESOTO COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF INDIGENT APPEALS BY: GEORGE T. HOLMES ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL BY: JEFFREY A. KLINGFUSS DISTRICT ATTORNEY: JOHN W. CHAMPION NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 04/11/2013 MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE RANDOLPH, P.J., PIERCE AND KING, JJ.
KING, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Christopher Taylor was convicted in the Circuit Court of DeSoto County of one count
of burglary and one count of larceny. Aggrieved, Taylor appeals his conviction and
sentence, raising three issues:
I. Whether the trial court erred by allowing the State’s impeachment evidence.
II. Whether the evidence was legally sufficient to support his convictions. III. Whether the verdict was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
The Court finds no error and affirms Taylor’s conviction and sentence.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. On the afternoon of January 24, 2011, Isaac and Anita Wallace’s home in Hernando,
Mississippi was burglarized. Anita reported the following items missing from her home: a
flat-screen television, a laptop, her husband’s jewelry, a jar of change, and a clear backpack
which contained a pair of clippers and two flat irons. According to Anita, the items were
worth more than $3,000.
¶3. Detective Semche Pieh of the Hernando Police Department investigated the case.
According to Detective Pieh, the assailant broke a window and entered the home through the
kitchen. Detective Pieh observed muddy footprints inside the home, and he noticed a trail
of footprints which led from the kitchen window to another home behind the Wallaces’
residence. The home belonged to the Thornton family.1 Detective Pieh visited the home and
informed Mr. Thornton of the burglary and the footprints leading to his home. Mr. Thornton
denied having any knowledge of the burglary and suggested Detective Pieh return later to
interview his grandson, Derrick Alexander, who was not home at the time.
¶4. Detective Pieh later interviewed Alexander. Alexander told the detective that his
friend, Christopher Taylor, had visited his home the day of the burglary. The two were
supposed to hang out, but Taylor left after Alexander took too long to get dressed. Detective
Pieh testified that Alexander gave him conflicting times Taylor was at his home – once
1 Mr. and Mrs. Thornton’s first names are absent from the record.
2 saying Taylor was there between 12:00 p.m. and 12:30 p.m., and later saying Taylor was
there between 2:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m.
¶5. After speaking with Alexander, Detective Pieh attempted to locate Taylor, who lived
with his grandparents. Taylor was out of town with his grandmother, but Detective Pieh was
able to speak with Taylor’s grandfather. Taylor’s grandfather denied having any knowledge
of the crime. The grandfather allowed Detective Pieh to search their home, and the detective
specifically asked to see Taylor’s shoes.2 The grandfather told the detective that Taylor had
taken a pair of shoes with him. Before leaving, Detective Pieh requested the grandfather tell
Taylor to contact him upon his return.
¶6. On a tip,3 Detective Pieh learned some of the stolen items – the clear backpack, two
flat irons, and hair clippers – were at the home of Taylor’s girlfriend, Kamesha Todd.4
Detective Pieh visited Todd, and she allowed him to search her apartment. He recovered
Anita’s hair clippers.5 As the State’s witness, Todd testified that Taylor gave her a clear
2 The detective had taken photographs of and sketched the footprints found outside the Wallaces’ home. He used the photographs and sketches to compare to Alexander’s and Taylor’s shoes. Alexander’s shoes did not match the footprints exactly, but they were similar. Taylor’s shoes were not a match. 3 The tipster’s identity is not revealed in the record. Detective Pieh testified that Anita advised him to discuss the burglary with a local business owner. The business owner introduced the detective to an employee, who provided the information. 4 Todd claimed she and Taylor were just friends at the time of the incident. The two now have a child together. However, testimony is inconsistent regarding whether the two were dating at the time of trial. Todd claimed that she and Taylor were engaged. But Taylor stated that they were on bad terms and not speaking. Taylor even insinuated that Todd had a grudge against him. 5 Anita later identified the clippers as hers, which she recognized by a cord she recently had replaced.
3 backpack, which contained hair clippers and two flat irons. Allegedly, Mrs. Thornton,
Alexander’s grandmother, warned Todd that the items were stolen.6 Upon learning this,
Todd asked Taylor to remove the items from her home.7 According to Todd, Taylor said that
Alexander had committed the burglary, and Taylor denied any participation in the burglary.
During her direct examination, Todd denied telling the detective that Taylor was present
during the burglary. She also denied saying that Taylor had thrown away a pair of shoes “he
hit the lick in.” 8 The State impeached Todd with her statement. Afterward, Todd admitted
telling the detective that Taylor had thrown his shoes away, but she denied mentioning
anything about the footprints found outside of the Wallaces’ home.
¶7. The State recalled Detective Pieh to impeach Todd’s testimony. According to the
detective, Todd had said that Taylor admitted being at the Wallaces’ home during the
burglary. But Todd said Taylor did not commit the burglary; she claimed Taylor was there
only to help dispose of the stolen items. The detective also learned from Todd that, after
Taylor heard about the footprints, he disposed of his shoes.
¶8. Detective Pieh was contacted by Sherry Dale, Taylor’s mother. She was concerned
about her youngest son, Chad, who was approached by police regarding stolen items. Dale
6 According to Todd, Mrs. Thornton said her neighbor’s home was burglarized, and the items came from Mrs. Thornton’s home. 7 When Detective Pieh visited Todd, the flat irons were no longer at her apartment. 8 Previously, the Court has stated that “hit a lick” is colloquialism for robbery. Davis v. State, 40 So. 3d 525, 527 (¶6) n.6 (Miss. 2010). Today, the Court notes this phrase can be used in any instance where a person receives a substantial sum of money or goods, whether obtained legally or illegally. For example, you can “hit a lick” at the casino by winning a large sum of money. Thus, “hit a lick” does not always refer to criminal activity.
4 testified for the State. Dale stated that Chad had a laptop in his possession which she had not
purchased. When Dale questioned Taylor about the laptop, he stated that he had received it
from Todd. Dale then asked Taylor to remove the laptop from her home, and he did.
Detective Pieh did not recover the laptop in his investigation.
¶9. Taylor also testified at trial. Taylor contacted Detective Pieh after returning to
Hernando. Detective Pieh interviewed Taylor at the police station, and Taylor signed a
waiver of his Miranda rights.9 Detective Pieh informed Taylor that Alexander had
implicated him in the burglary of the Wallaces’ residence. Taylor was stunned and denied
any knowledge of the burglary.
¶10. At trial, Taylor denied burglarizing the Wallaces’ home and testified that Alexander
actually had committed the burglary.10 According to Taylor, he had received stolen property
from Alexander – a clear backpack, two flat irons, hair clippers, and a laptop. Because the
police had been to Alexander’s home earlier that day, Taylor stated that Alexander had asked
him to “hold” the items. To protect Alexander, who was his friend at the time, Taylor did
not reveal Alexander’s participation in the burglary during his interview with Detective Pieh.
Taylor felt betrayed after learning that Alexander had implicated him in the crime. When
9 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). 10 Todd and Taylor testified regarding how and when Taylor visited Alexander’s home the day of the burglary. According to Taylor, Todd dropped him off at his grandmother’s home that morning. Taylor’s grandmother lives near Alexander’s home. Taylor said he spent the day “walking and chilling” in the neighborhood. Todd got off work around 4:00 p.m. After work, Todd picked Taylor up from a friend’s house, they returned to Todd’s apartment, and Taylor later borrowed Todd’s car to visit Alexander. Taylor stated this was the only time he had visited Alexander that day. Todd testified to similar events. However, she stated that Taylor had borrowed her car to go to his grandmother’s house. When he returned, he had a clear backpack which contained two flat irons.
5 asked where the stolen items were, Taylor testified that he had returned the laptop to
Alexander and had thrown the other items in a dumpster.
¶11. On November 15, 2011, Taylor was convicted of one count of burglary and one count
of larceny. On count one (burglary), he was sentenced to fifteen years in the custody of the
Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC), with three years to serve and twelve years
of post-release supervision, with five years reporting. On count two (larceny), he was
sentenced to ten years in the custody of the MDOC, with three years to serve and seven years
of post-release supervision, with five years reporting. The trial court ordered those
sentences to run concurrently. The trial court also ordered Taylor to pay a $1,000 fine, court
costs, $100 to the Mississippi Crime Victim’s Compensation Fund, and $2,650 in restitution.
¶12. Thereafter, Taylor filed a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV)
and a motion for a new trial. The trial court denied both motions. Taylor timely filed his
notice of appeal with this Court.
ANALYSIS
I. Impeachment Evidence
¶13. Taylor argues that the State was allowed to offer unsworn, out-of-court statements
attributed to Todd through Detective Pieh’s testimony, without proving that Todd was a
hostile witness. Taylor contends that the statements were extremely damaging because they
contained the only evidence connecting him to the scene of the crime. Taylor also complains
that the trial court failed to offer a limiting instruction to the jury. The State argues that the
prior inconsistent statement was used properly to impeach Todd. But the State’s argument,
which cites caselaw regarding the State’s impeachment of a defense witness, is of no
6 assistance here.11
¶14. In order to impeach its own witness with a prior inconsistent statement, a party must
prove it was surprised by the witness’s testimony or that the witness is hostile. Wilkins v.
State, 603 So. 2d 309, 322 (Miss. 1992). A prior inconsistent statement may be admitted for
impeachment purposes only; it cannot be admitted as substantive evidence. Id.
¶15. Taylor does not challenge the State’s impeachment of Todd; he challenges only the
evidence elicited through Detective Pieh’s testimony. As previously mentioned, Todd said
Taylor denied committing the burglary and Todd denied saying that Taylor had thrown away
his shoes. The State impeached Todd with a prior inconsistent statement given to Detective
Pieh. After this, Todd admitted telling the detective Taylor had thrown his shoes away, but
she denied mentioning the footprints found outside the Wallaces’ home. The defense did not
object to Todd’s testimony and, on cross-examination, proceeded to question and elicit
testimony from Todd regarding the statement.12
¶16. After Todd’s testimony, the State recalled Detective Pieh and questioned him
regarding the substance of Todd’s statement. The defense objected to Detective Pieh’s
testimony on the grounds of leading and “improper questioning concerning impeachment of
the State’s own witness.” The trial court sustained as to leading but overruled the improper-
11 In its brief, the State cites a case relied upon by the trial court – Tate v. State, 20 So. 3d 623, 635 (Miss. 2009). In Tate, the Court held that the trial court did not err in allowing the prosecutor to cross-examine the defendant’s wife regarding a prior inconsistent statement. Tate is distinguishable. Here, the State was allowed to impeach its own witness with a prior inconsistent statement without showing that it was surprised by Todd’s testimony or that Todd was a hostile witness. 12 The defense raised one objection to the form of a question, but the defense did not raise a substantive objection to the State’s impeachment of Todd.
7 impeachment objection. Thereafter, the detective testified that Todd said: (1) Taylor had
admitted being at the Wallaces’ home during the burglary, (2) Taylor did not actually break
into the home, but he was there to help Alexander dispose of the stolen items, and (3) Taylor
had disposed of his shoes after learning police had found footprints outside the home.
¶17. The record clearly shows that the State was allowed to impeach Todd, its own witness,
without proving (1) that it was surprised by her testimony, or (2) that she was a hostile
witness. But Taylor failed to object to the State’s impeachment of Todd at trial, which
waives the argument for appellate review. Bove v. State, 185 Miss. 547, 188 So. 557, 558
(Miss. 1939). Taylor also has failed to raise a plain-error claim on appeal.13 Alternatively,
the Court, on its own volition, may recognize this as plain error.14 The Court declines to do
so and determines the issue has been waived for appellate review.
¶18. Defense counsel objected to Detective Pieh’s testimony regarding Todd’s statement,
and the trial court overruled the objection. This was error. But, at that point, the damage had
been done. Todd had admitted making the statements during her direct examination; the
13 The Court has stated that:
A defendant who fails to make a contemporaneous objection must rely on plain error to raise the assignment on appeal. This Court applies the plain error rule only when a defendant’s substantive rights are affected.
Morgan v. State, 793 So. 2d 615, 616 (¶6) (Miss. 2001). 14 The Court of Appeals has reversed a case recognizing as plain error the State’s failure to lay the proper foundation to impeach its own witness. See King v. State, 994 So. 2d 890 (Miss. Ct. App. 2008).
8 defense had failed to object to this testimony and to a request a limiting jury instruction.15
Thus, any error the trial court committed by overruling the objection to Detective Pieh’s
testimony regarding Todd’s statement is harmless. This issue is without merit.
II. Legal Sufficiency
¶19. Taylor challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence. A motion for JNOV
challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Knight v. State, 72 So. 3d 1056, 1063 (¶24)
(Miss. 2011). When ruling on a motion for JNOV, the trial court must view all credible
evidence consistent with the defendant’s guilt in the light most favorable to the State. Id.
The Court will not disturb the trial court’s ruling if “the evidence shows ‘beyond a
reasonable doubt that [the] accused committed the act charged, and that he did so under such
circumstances that every element of the offense existed; and where the evidence fails to meet
this test it is insufficient to support a conviction[,]’” and reversal is required. Id. (quoting
Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 843 (¶16) (Miss. 2005)). Thus, the Court must determine
whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
A. Burglary
¶20. Taylor was charged with two crimes – burglary and larceny. Regarding burglary,
Mississippi Code Section 97-17-23(1) provides that:
Every person who shall be convicted of breaking and entering the dwelling
15 Failure to request a limiting instruction waives the issue on appeal. Russell v. State, 607 So. 2d 1107, 1117 (Miss. 1992).
9 house or inner door of such dwelling house of another, whether armed with a deadly weapon or not, and whether there shall be at the time some human being in such dwelling house or not, with intent to commit some crime therein, shall be punished by commitment to the custody of the Department of Corrections for not less than three (3) years nor more than twenty-five (25) years.
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-17-23(1) (Rev. 2006). Taylor claims that he had received stolen goods
from Alexander, and he did not burglarize the Wallaces’ home. Taylor contends his
possession of the stolen goods is insufficient evidence of burglary. Taylor states the
impeachment evidence is the only evidence which places him at the scene of the crime and,
since it was admitted improperly, it cannot be used as substantive evidence of his guilt.
¶21. Taylor also claims this case is based on circumstantial evidence, and the evidence
does not satisfy the circumstantial-evidence test. The Court finds that Taylor’s conviction
is based upon more than circumstantial evidence. However, we address Taylor’s claim.
Under the circumstantial-evidence test, the Court must consider the following:
1. The temporal proximity of the possession to the crime to be inferred;
2. The number or percentage of the fruits of the crime possessed;
3. The nature of the possession in terms of whether there is an attempt at concealment or any other evidence of guilty knowledge;
4. Whether an explanation is given and whether that explanation is plausible or demonstrably false.
Shields v. State, 702 So. 2d 380, 383 (Miss. 1997).
¶22. Taylor claims the evidence is insufficient because he never concealed his possession
of the items, and he provided an explanation for his possession. We disagree. Based on
Todd’s testimony, there is evidence that Taylor possessed fruits of the burglary the same day
10 it occurred. Taylor admitted possession of the laptop, hair clippers, and two flat irons. But
based on Dale’s testimony, Taylor concealed the true origin of the laptop given to her
younger son. Although Taylor claims he is guilty only of receiving stolen property, Todd’s
testimony raises an inference of guilt as to burglary. It is within the jury’s province to
determine the credibility of the witnesses. Knight, 72 So. 3d at 1064 (¶32). Based on the
evidence, a reasonable juror could have determined that Taylor burglarized the home.
¶23. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a rational juror could
have found the State had proved the essential elements of burglary beyond a reasonable
doubt.
B. Larceny
¶24. Grand larceny is “taking and carrying away, feloniously, the personal property of
another, of the value of Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00) or more. . . .” Miss. Code Ann. §
97-17-41(1) (Rev. 2006). Taylor argues that the State failed to prove he had stolen the items
and, if anything, he is guilty of receiving stolen property. But, “[u]nder Mississippi law,
possession of recently stolen property is a circumstance which may be considered by the jury
and from which, in the absence of a reasonable explanation, the jury may infer guilt.” See
Seales v. State, 90 So. 3d 37, 42 (¶25) (Miss. 2012). As previously stated, there was
sufficient evidence for the jury to determine that Taylor committed burglary beyond a
reasonable doubt. This was a jury question, and the jury resolved any conflicts in the
evidence in favor of Taylor’s guilt. See id at 41-43 (¶¶20-30).
¶25. Taylor also argues that the State failed to prove the fair-market value of the items he
had received. We disagree. Testimony established that Taylor had at least four of the stolen
11 items in his possession: the laptop, hair clippers, and two flat irons. Anita testified to the
approximate cost of these items: the laptop cost $400, the hair clippers cost $60, and the two
flat irons were $100 each. The value of the items equaled $660, more than the statute’s $500
requirement. Thus, the Court finds that the State met this element of the offense.
¶26. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact
could have found that the State had proved the essential elements of larceny beyond a
reasonable doubt. Accordingly, the Court finds the trial court did not err by denying Taylor’s
motion for JNOV.
III. Weight of the Evidence
¶27. Taylor also argues that the verdict is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
Specifically, Taylor maintains that the impeachment evidence is insufficient to support the
guilty verdict.
¶28. A motion for a new trial challenges the weight of the evidence. Knight, 72 So. 3d at
1064 (¶31). The Court will not disturb the trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial
unless “[the verdict] is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence that to allow
it to stand would sanction an unconscionable injustice.” Id. (quoting Bush, 895 So. 2d at 844
(¶18)).
¶29. Taylor denied burglarizing the Wallaces’ home, and Todd continually stated that
Taylor had nothing to do with the burglary. But Todd’s impeachment testimony called the
credibility of both Taylor and Todd into question. Taylor failed to object to the State’s
impeachment of Todd and failed to request a limiting instruction. It is within the jury’s
province to determine the weight and credibility to give to the evidence, resolving all
12 conflicts in the evidence. Knight, 72 So. 3d at 1064 (¶32). Viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the verdict, the jury resolved any conflicts in the evidence in favor of
Taylor’s conviction. The Court finds that the verdict is not against the overwhelming weight
of the evidence, and we cannot present any reason to call the jury’s judgment into question.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err by denying Taylor’s motion for a new trial.
CONCLUSION
¶30. Taylor failed to object to the State’s impeachment evidence during Todd’s direct
examination, and Taylor failed to request a limiting instruction. Thus, any error the trial
court committed by overruling the objection to Detective Pieh’s testimony regarding Todd’s
statement is harmless.
¶31. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, sufficient evidence
exists upon which a jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Taylor burglarized
the Wallaces’ home and committed larceny therein. Because the evidence was legally
sufficient to support Taylor’s conviction, the trial court did not err by denying Taylor’s
motion for a JNOV.
¶32. The jury is charged with determining the weight and credibility to give to the
evidence, resolving all conflicts in the evidence. Viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict, the jury resolved any conflicts in the evidence in favor of Taylor’s
conviction, and we find no reason to disturb the jury’s verdict. Thus, the trial court did not
err by denying Taylor’s motion for a new trial.
¶33. Based on the foregoing, the Court affirms Taylor’s conviction and sentence.
¶34. COUNT I: CONVICTION OF BURGLARY OF A DWELLING AND
13 SENTENCE OF FIFTEEN (15) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI D E P A R T M E N T O F C O R R E C T I O N S , W I T H T H R E E (3 ) Y E A R S INCARCERATION, CREDIT FOR TWENTY-ONE (21) DAYS TIME SERVED, AND TWELVE (12) YEARS POST-RELEASE SUPERVISION WITH FIVE (5) YEARS REPORTING, AFFIRMED. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF GRAND LARCENY AND SENTENCE OF TEN (10) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI D E P A R T M E N T O F C O R R E C T IO N S , W I T H T H R E E (3 ) Y E A R S INCARCERATION, CREDIT FOR TWENTY-ONE (21) DAYS TIME SERVED, AND SEVEN (7) YEARS POST-RELEASE SUPERVISION WITH FIVE (5) YEARS REPORTING, AFFIRMED. APPELLANT SHALL PAY A FINE OF $1,000, COURT COSTS, $100 TO THE MISSISSIPPI CRIME VICTIM COMPENSATION FUND AND $2,650.00 IN RESTITUTION, WITH CONDITIONS. SENTENCES SHALL RUN CONCURRENTLY.
WALLER, C.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, P.JJ., LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER, PIERCE AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR.