[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS _____________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT MAY 07, 2001 No. 00-12568 THOMAS K. KAHN CLERK _____________________ D.C. Docket No. 99-8594-CV-WPD
CHRISTOPHER CANNON, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus
CITY OF WEST PALM BEACH, and W. H. KRICK, in his individual capacity, Defendants-Appellees.
_____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ____________________
(May 7, 2001)
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, CARNES, Circuit Judge, and NANGLE*, District Judge.
CARNES, Circuit Judge:
* Honorable John F. Nangle, U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Georgia, sitting by designation. Christopher Cannon appeals a district court order granting judgment on the
pleadings in favor of his employer, the City of West Palm Beach, and his
supervisor, William Krick. Cannon alleged that his supervisor placed stigmatizing
information in his personnel file, and that the presence of that stigmatizing
information resulted in his being passed over for a promotion for which he was
otherwise qualified. The primary question presented by Cannon’s appeal is
whether governmental employees can, pursuant to Buxton v. City of Plant City,
871 F.2d 1037 (11th Cir. 1989), establish that they have been deprived of a liberty
interest without due process of law by alleging that their employer stigmatized
them in connection with its decision not to promote them.
I. BACKGROUND
Christopher Cannon has been employed as a firefighter by the City of West
Palm Beach since 1985. In 1998, he sought promotion to the position of Fire
Suppression Lieutenant, taking a test for the position. Even though Cannon
received the highest score of any candidate, the City passed him over and promoted
individuals whose scores on the test ranked them second, third and fourth. James
Carman, the City’s fire chief, told Cannon that one of the reasons he was passed
over for the promotion was because of a memorandum that William Krick, the
2 assistant fire chief, had prepared and placed in Cannon’s personnel file. The
contents of the memorandum included stigmatizing statements about Cannon.
The facts set out in the preceding paragraph were alleged in a complaint
Cannon filed against the City and Krick under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The complaint
also alleged that the stigmatizing memorandum did in fact cause Cannon to be
passed over repeatedly for promotion to the Fire Suppression Lieutenant position,
and claimed that by placing stigmatizing information in his personnel file without
giving him an opportunity for a name-clearing hearing the City violated Cannon’s
procedural due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The district court
granted judgment on the pleadings in favor of the City and Krick.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a judgment on the pleadings de novo. See e.g., Mergens v.
Dreyfoos, 166 F.3d 1114, 1116-17 (11th Cir. 1999). Judgment on the pleadings is
appropriate where there are no material facts in dispute and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 1117. We must accept the facts
alleged in the complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Id.
3 III. DISCUSSION
In order to establish that a deprivation of a public employee’s liberty
interest has occurred without due process of law, the employee must prove that: (1)
a false statement (2) of a stigmatizing nature (3) attending a governmental
employee’s discharge (4) was made public (5) by the governmental employer (6)
without a meaningful opportunity for employee name clearing. Buxton v. City of
Plant City, 871 F.2d 1037, 1042-43 (11th Cir. 1989). We have publication here,
because placing information in a public employee’s personnel file, at least where it
is open to public inspection as such files are in Florida, is publication. Id. at 1045-
46. All of the other elements necessary for a stigma-plus cause of action are
present, by virtue of the allegations in Cannon’s complaint, except one: that the
stigmatizing information was placed in Cannon’s file during the course of his
discharge from employment.1 Cannon has not alleged that he was discharged, only
that he has been repeatedly denied a promotion.
The district court correctly phrased the issue as follows: “The crux of this
case concerns whether the ‘stigma-plus’ test of Paul v. Davis . . . is met when a
1 The Supreme Court’s decisions do not appear to require that the stigmatizing statements must cause or result in termination of employment, only that they occur during the course of the termination. See Owen v. City of Independence, 445 U.S. 622, 633 n.13, 100 S. Ct. 1398, 1406- 07 n.13 (1980) (stating that it did not matter that the stigmatizing statements did not “cause” the discharge, so long as they “occurred in the course of the termination of employment.”).
4 plaintiff is denied a promotion based upon [] stigma.” Or to the same effect, the
issue is whether a government employer’s denial of a promotion satisfies the
“plus” component of the stigma-plus test.
In Paul v. Davis the Supreme Court held that defamation by the government,
standing alone and apart from any other governmental action, does not constitute a
deprivation of liberty or property under the Fourteenth Amendment. 424 U.S. 693,
694, 96 S. Ct. 1155, 1157 (1976). The Court established what has come to be
known as the “stigma-plus” test. See Moore v. Otero, 557 F.2d 435, 437 (5th Cir.
1977).2 Essentially, a plaintiff claiming a deprivation based on defamation by the
government must establish the fact of the defamation “plus” the violation of some
more tangible interest before the plaintiff is entitled to invoke the procedural
protections of the Due Process Clause. Paul, 424 U.S. at 701-02, 96 S. Ct. at 1161;
see also Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226, 233, 111 S. Ct. 1789, 1794 (1991)
(“Defamation, by itself, is a tort actionable under the laws of most States, but not a
constitutional deprivation.”).
The Supreme Court in Paul pulled the “plus” part of the test from its prior
precedents, focusing especially on Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 91
2 Fifth Circuit decisions prior to September 30, 1981 are binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Pritchard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981).
5 S. Ct. 507 (1971), an opinion the Court said had been misconstrued by the lower
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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS _____________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT MAY 07, 2001 No. 00-12568 THOMAS K. KAHN CLERK _____________________ D.C. Docket No. 99-8594-CV-WPD
CHRISTOPHER CANNON, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus
CITY OF WEST PALM BEACH, and W. H. KRICK, in his individual capacity, Defendants-Appellees.
_____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ____________________
(May 7, 2001)
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, CARNES, Circuit Judge, and NANGLE*, District Judge.
CARNES, Circuit Judge:
* Honorable John F. Nangle, U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Georgia, sitting by designation. Christopher Cannon appeals a district court order granting judgment on the
pleadings in favor of his employer, the City of West Palm Beach, and his
supervisor, William Krick. Cannon alleged that his supervisor placed stigmatizing
information in his personnel file, and that the presence of that stigmatizing
information resulted in his being passed over for a promotion for which he was
otherwise qualified. The primary question presented by Cannon’s appeal is
whether governmental employees can, pursuant to Buxton v. City of Plant City,
871 F.2d 1037 (11th Cir. 1989), establish that they have been deprived of a liberty
interest without due process of law by alleging that their employer stigmatized
them in connection with its decision not to promote them.
I. BACKGROUND
Christopher Cannon has been employed as a firefighter by the City of West
Palm Beach since 1985. In 1998, he sought promotion to the position of Fire
Suppression Lieutenant, taking a test for the position. Even though Cannon
received the highest score of any candidate, the City passed him over and promoted
individuals whose scores on the test ranked them second, third and fourth. James
Carman, the City’s fire chief, told Cannon that one of the reasons he was passed
over for the promotion was because of a memorandum that William Krick, the
2 assistant fire chief, had prepared and placed in Cannon’s personnel file. The
contents of the memorandum included stigmatizing statements about Cannon.
The facts set out in the preceding paragraph were alleged in a complaint
Cannon filed against the City and Krick under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The complaint
also alleged that the stigmatizing memorandum did in fact cause Cannon to be
passed over repeatedly for promotion to the Fire Suppression Lieutenant position,
and claimed that by placing stigmatizing information in his personnel file without
giving him an opportunity for a name-clearing hearing the City violated Cannon’s
procedural due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. The district court
granted judgment on the pleadings in favor of the City and Krick.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a judgment on the pleadings de novo. See e.g., Mergens v.
Dreyfoos, 166 F.3d 1114, 1116-17 (11th Cir. 1999). Judgment on the pleadings is
appropriate where there are no material facts in dispute and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 1117. We must accept the facts
alleged in the complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Id.
3 III. DISCUSSION
In order to establish that a deprivation of a public employee’s liberty
interest has occurred without due process of law, the employee must prove that: (1)
a false statement (2) of a stigmatizing nature (3) attending a governmental
employee’s discharge (4) was made public (5) by the governmental employer (6)
without a meaningful opportunity for employee name clearing. Buxton v. City of
Plant City, 871 F.2d 1037, 1042-43 (11th Cir. 1989). We have publication here,
because placing information in a public employee’s personnel file, at least where it
is open to public inspection as such files are in Florida, is publication. Id. at 1045-
46. All of the other elements necessary for a stigma-plus cause of action are
present, by virtue of the allegations in Cannon’s complaint, except one: that the
stigmatizing information was placed in Cannon’s file during the course of his
discharge from employment.1 Cannon has not alleged that he was discharged, only
that he has been repeatedly denied a promotion.
The district court correctly phrased the issue as follows: “The crux of this
case concerns whether the ‘stigma-plus’ test of Paul v. Davis . . . is met when a
1 The Supreme Court’s decisions do not appear to require that the stigmatizing statements must cause or result in termination of employment, only that they occur during the course of the termination. See Owen v. City of Independence, 445 U.S. 622, 633 n.13, 100 S. Ct. 1398, 1406- 07 n.13 (1980) (stating that it did not matter that the stigmatizing statements did not “cause” the discharge, so long as they “occurred in the course of the termination of employment.”).
4 plaintiff is denied a promotion based upon [] stigma.” Or to the same effect, the
issue is whether a government employer’s denial of a promotion satisfies the
“plus” component of the stigma-plus test.
In Paul v. Davis the Supreme Court held that defamation by the government,
standing alone and apart from any other governmental action, does not constitute a
deprivation of liberty or property under the Fourteenth Amendment. 424 U.S. 693,
694, 96 S. Ct. 1155, 1157 (1976). The Court established what has come to be
known as the “stigma-plus” test. See Moore v. Otero, 557 F.2d 435, 437 (5th Cir.
1977).2 Essentially, a plaintiff claiming a deprivation based on defamation by the
government must establish the fact of the defamation “plus” the violation of some
more tangible interest before the plaintiff is entitled to invoke the procedural
protections of the Due Process Clause. Paul, 424 U.S. at 701-02, 96 S. Ct. at 1161;
see also Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226, 233, 111 S. Ct. 1789, 1794 (1991)
(“Defamation, by itself, is a tort actionable under the laws of most States, but not a
constitutional deprivation.”).
The Supreme Court in Paul pulled the “plus” part of the test from its prior
precedents, focusing especially on Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 91
2 Fifth Circuit decisions prior to September 30, 1981 are binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Pritchard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981).
5 S. Ct. 507 (1971), an opinion the Court said had been misconstrued by the lower
federal courts as having recognized that defamation standing alone could be
actionable under the Due Process Clause. Paul, 424 U.S. at 707-10, 96 S. Ct. at
1164-65. In Constantineau, the Court stated that a due process violation would
exist “[w]here a person’s good name, reputation, honor, or integrity is at stake
because of what the government is doing to him . . . .” Constantineau, 400 U.S. at
437, 91 S. Ct. at 510. But the Court in Paul, interpreting the phrase “because of
what the government is doing,” explained:
We think [that language] referred to the fact that the governmental action taken in that case deprived the individual of a right previously held under state law – the right to purchase or obtain liquor in common with the rest of the citizenry. ‘Posting,’ therefore, significantly altered her status as a matter of state law and it was that alteration of legal status which, combined with the injury resulting from the defamation, justified the invocation of procedural safeguards.
Paul, 424 U.S. at 708-09, 96 S. Ct. at 1164 (emphasis added). The point is that
Paul read Constantineau to require an “alteration of legal status” as the “plus”
which must accompany the stigmatized statements in order for the Due Process
Clause to apply. See e.g., Von Stein v. Brescher, 904 F.2d 572, 582(11th Cir.
1990) (“We do not think the law of this Circuit has established that defamation
occurring other than in the course of dismissal from a job or in the termination or
significant alteration of some other legal right or status will suffice to constitute a
6 deprivation sufficient to state a claim under section 1983.”); Moore, 557 F.2d at
437 (“To establish a liberty interest sufficient to implicate fourteenth amendment
safeguards, the individual must be not only stigmatized but also stigmatized in
connection with a denial of a right or status previously recognized under state
law.”).
Cannon relies on Kamenesh v. City of Miami, 772 F. Supp. 583 (S.D. Fla.
1991), a case in which the district court held that stigma-plus claims do not require
that the plaintiff-employee have been terminated. Id. at 591. Relying on the Paul
decision, the court in Kamenesh looked to state law to determine whether the
plaintiff had some cognizable “right” to continued employment without
discretionary demotion, or some cognizable “right” to deserved promotion. Id.
Finding that some state statutes arguably conferred such a right as to both, the
court denied the defendants’ motion for summary judgment even though the
plaintiff-employee in that case had not been terminated. Id. at 590-91.
That, Cannon contends, is precisely what the district court in this case
should have done. The court, he says, should have searched applicable state law to
ascertain whether the denial of a promotion could have deprived Cannon of some
right he had under state law or otherwise significantly altered his status under state
law. See Paul, 424 U.S. at 708-09, 96 S. Ct. at 1164. The problem with Cannon’s
7 argument is that it has been effectively foreclosed by a prior panel precedent of this
Court. One of the issues this Court faced in Oladeinde v. City of Birmingham,
963 F.2d 1481 (11th Cir. 1992), was whether defamatory statements made in
connection with the transfer of a public employee could suffice to warrant the
protections of procedural due process. Id. at 1486. We rejected that claim on this
basis: “Here, no loss of income or rank occurred, and absent a discharge or more,
injury to reputation itself is not a protected liberty interest.” Id. (emphasis added).
The Oladeinde decision establishes that in this circuit a “discharge or more” is
required in order to satisfy the “plus” element of the stigma-plus test. A transfer or
a missed promotion is not enough. The prior panel precedent rule, see Smith v.
GTE Corp., 236 F.3d 1292, 1300 n.8 (11th Cir. 2001), requires that we follow
Oladeinde, and hold that the denial of a promotion to Cannon in connection with
the stigmatizing injury he suffered when the memorandum was placed in his
personnel file is insufficient to establish that the denial of an opportunity for a
name-clearing hearing violated his procedural due process rights.3
IV. CONCLUSION
3 Because we dispose of the case on this ground we have no occasion to decide whether Cannon’s claim is also foreclosed by McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d 1550 (11th Cir. 1994), and Cotton v. Jackson, 216 F.3d 1328 (11th Cir. 2000).
8 We AFFIRM the district court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings in favor
of the City and Krick.