Christopher Campos v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: November 4, 2015
• Docket: 09-14-00481-CR
• Status: Published

Opinion

In The

Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ________________

NO. 09-14-00481-CR ________________

CHRISTOPHER CAMPOS, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee __________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 Jefferson County, Texas Trial Cause No. 299714 __________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A jury convicted appellant Christopher Campos of driving while intoxicated,

and the trial judge assessed punishment at a $1000 fine and ninety days of

confinement in the Jefferson County Jail, but suspended imposition of sentence

and placed Campos on probation for one year. In two appellate issues, Campos

challenges the admission into evidence of the police officer’s testimony concerning

horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) testing of Campos and the legal sufficiency of

the evidence without that testimony. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

1 THE EVIDENCE

Detective Jeremy Bearden of the Port Arthur Police Department testified

that he is certified in conducting standardized field sobriety tests and is also a

certified drug recognition expert. On August 28, 2013, Bearden saw four vehicles

pull up to a blinking red traffic light. According to Bearden, the two vehicles in

front stopped at the flashing red light and then “the two vehicles in front

accelerated pretty quick[ly]; you know, trying to keep up with each other. The two

vehicles in back, completely disregarded the flashing red light, also trying to keep

up with the front two.” Bearden testified that the four vehicles were racing.

Bearden got into his patrol car and began pursuit. One of the vehicles was a white

Ford pickup truck driven by Campos. Bearden caught up to the vehicles, and all

four suspects eventually pulled into the Waffle House parking lot. Officer Rogelio

Meza of the Port Arthur Police Department responded to the scene.

Bearden testified that standardized field sobriety tests include the HGN test,

walk and turn, and one-leg stand. Bearden explained that nystagmus is the

involuntary jerking of the eyes that occurs when a stimulus is moved across the

subject’s face. Bearden testified, “I make sure that they can see the stimulus that

I’m using and then I let them know just follow it with their eyes and their eyes

only; not to move their head. Once they understand that, then I start. . . . I always

2 check for equal pupil size and resting nystagmus.” Bearden explained that if he

does not observe resting nystagmus in the subject, he then checks for equal

tracking (whether both eyes follow in the same direction) and if there is equal

tracking, he checks for lack of smooth pursuit. According to Bearden, two clues

exist if both eyes lack smooth pursuit. Bearden testified that he then checks for

“distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation[,]” which means

you bring their eye out to where the colored part is the only thing you see . . . and you hold that out anywhere from four to eight seconds. And . . . if that clue is actually present, you’ll see their eye begin to start jerking back and forth; and again, you’ll check the right and left eye twice. If they have it, each eye will be one clue.

Bearden explained that the next thing he looks for is nystagmus onset prior

to forty-five degrees, and he explained that a forty-five degree angle is around the

shoulder area on most people, “and if you start seeing nystagmus before you get

out to that 45-degree angle, that will count as a clue. And again, you’ll check each

eye twice[.]” Bearden testified that exhibiting four out of six clues on the HGN test

is a sign of intoxication, as is exhibiting two to four of eight clues on the walk and

turn or two out of four clues on the one leg stand. Bearden testified that he was not

the officer who administered the standardized field sobriety tests to Campos. The

video recording from Bearden’s patrol unit was admitted into evidence as State’s

exhibit one and was played for the jury.

3 According to Bearden, the walk and turn test is a divided attention test that

involves asking the subject “to walk heel/toe for nine steps, turn, and take nine

heel/toe steps back.” Bearden testified that there are eight possible clues in the

walk and turn test. Bearden explained that the one leg stand test involves

instructing the subject to take one foot, lift it about six inches off the ground, hands

by his sides, with his toe pointed, and the subject is instructed to look down at his

foot and count until instructed to stop. Bearden testified that there are four clues in

the one leg stand: putting the foot down, using the arms for balance, swaying, or

hopping.

Officer Meza testified that he is certified in standardized field sobriety

testing, which consists of the HGN test, walk and turn test, and the one leg stand

test. Meza testified that he is also certified as a drug recognition expert. On August

28, 2013, Meza and Bearden were each operating marked patrol units when they

saw two vehicles approach the intersection, and the vehicles “took off at a high rate

of speed, spinning their tires, going southbound. It appeared like they were racing

each other.” Meza testified that two vehicles behind those vehicles ran through the

red light. Bearden pursued the suspects, and when he advised Meza that he had

found the subjects, Meza responded to the scene. Bearden gave Meza instructions

regarding who was driving which car, and Meza began speaking to the four

4 drivers. Meza ultimately dealt with two of the drivers, one of whom was Campos,

and Bearden dealt with the other two.

Meza testified that Campos had slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and a strong

odor of alcoholic beverage on his breath. Campos told Meza that he had consumed

three beers. Meza administered the HGN test, walk and turn, and one leg stand to

Campos. Meza’s in-car video recorder captured Meza’s encounter with Campos,

and the recording was admitted as State’s exhibit two and played for the jury.

Meza explained that he performed the HGN test “off to the side where you can’t

see it[,]” but the walk and turn and one leg stand were performed on camera. Meza

explained that Campos was beside the vehicle during the HGN test. Outside the

presence of the jury, Meza testified that there was “[n]o reason” why he performed

the HGN testing off camera, and he explained that he administered the HGN test to

Campos as he had been trained to do, and he would not have done the HGN testing

differently if he had performed the test on camera.

Meza testified that he administers the HGN test by having the subject put his

feet together, with his arms at his sides, and positions the stimulus approximately

twelve to fifteen inches from the subject’s nose and checks for resting nystagmus,

equal pupil size, equal tracking, lack of smooth pursuit, distinct and sustained

nystagmus at maximum deviation, and vertical gaze nystagmus. Meza testified that

5 he performed the HGN testing of Campos in accordance with his training. Meza

explained that there are a total of six clues, and Campos exhibited six clues.

Meza explained that when he administers the walk and turn test, he instructs

the subject to place his left foot on the line, place the right foot directly in front of

it, touching heel to toe, and to maintain that position until he gives further

instructions. Meza testified that he then asks the subject to take nine heel/toe steps

forward, turn, and take nine heel/toe steps back, and he then demonstrates and

instructs the subject to keep his arms at his sides, look at his feet at all times, count

his steps out loud, and not to stop until he has completed the test. Meza explained

that he looks for eight clues during the walk and turn test: inability to maintain

balance while listening to instructions, steps off the line, does not touch heel to toe,

incorrect number of steps, uses arms for balance, improper turn, stops while

walking, and starts too soon.

Meza testified that when he administered the walk and turn test to Campos,

the only clue he noted on his report was that Campos could not maintain balance

while receiving instructions. Meza explained that when he reviewed the video, he

also observed that Campos made an improper turn, stepped off the line, and

stopped while walking. Meza explained that exhibiting two or more clues points to

intoxication. When asked why only one clue was listed in his report, Meza

6 testified, “It was . . . a tough night, if you could imagine we had four with DWI’s at

once. We had a lot of paperwork. We had a lot of things we had to compile. We

were just going back and forth; and it was just a lot of stuff to take in.” Meza

testified that the video is a better representation of Campos’s performance on the

field sobriety tests than Meza’s report.

Meza also administered the one leg stand test to Campos. Meza testified that

when administering the one leg stand, he asks the subject to put his feet together,

arms down at his sides, and advises the subject that when he tells the subject to do

so, the subject is to raise his leg approximately six inches off the ground, keeping

both legs straight and raising the foot parallel to the ground. The subject is

instructed to look at his elevated foot and count aloud until he is told to stop. Meza

explained that he physically demonstrates the test for the subject while he is giving

verbal instructions. After demonstrating, Meza asks the subject whether he

understood the instructions and obtains a verbal response. Meza testified that there

are four clues in the one leg stand: putting the foot down, using the arms for

balance, swaying while balancing, and hopping. According to Meza, Campos

exhibited two clues: Campos swayed while balancing and he put his foot down.

Meza concluded that Campos was intoxicated and arrested him. Meza testified that

after he arrested Campos, Campos refused to provide a blood sample.

7 The State rested at the conclusion of Meza’s testimony. The jury found

Campos guilty, and the trial judge assessed punishment at a $1000 fine and ninety

days of confinement in the Jefferson County Jail, but suspended imposition of

sentence and placed Campos on probation for one year.

ISSUES ONE AND TWO

In issue one, Campos challenges the admission into evidence 1 of the police

officer’s testimony concerning HGN testing of Campos. In issue two, Campos

challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence without the testimony regarding

the HGN testing. Specifically, Campos contends Meza deliberately and in bad faith

conducted the HGN test in a location where it could not be captured on video, and

that the evidence is therefore unreliable because Campos’s counsel could not

review the manner in which Meza administered the test. We address issues one and

two together.

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any

rational fact finder could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a

1 Campos filed a pretrial motion requesting exclusion of testimony regarding the HGN test administration and results, alleging that Officer Meza intentionally administered the test off camera to prevent counsel from determining whether the examination was properly administered; without reliability evidence, the test cannot meet the requirements for admission of expert testimony; and the testimony “is extremely prejudicial and yet has little probative value.” 8 reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Hooper v. State,

214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The fact finder is the ultimate authority

on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.

Penagraph v. State, 623 S.W.2d 341, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). We give full

deference to the fact finder’s responsibility to fairly resolve conflicts in the

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic

facts to ultimate facts. Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. If the record contains conflicting

inferences, we must presume that the fact finder resolved such facts in favor of the

verdict and defer to that resolution. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 900 n.13

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007). We also “‘determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based

upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the

light most favorable to the verdict.’” Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778 (quoting Hooper,

214 S.W.3d at 16-17.

We review a trial court’s ruling admitting evidence for abuse of discretion,

and we must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it falls “within the zone of reasonable

disagreement.” Powell v. State, 63 S.W.3d 435, 438 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); see

also Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The trial

court errs when its ruling admitting the evidence “is so clearly wrong as to lie

9 outside that zone within which reasonable persons might disagree.” McDonald v.

State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

Rule 702 of the Texas Rules of Evidence states that a witness “who is

qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may

testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if the expert’s scientific, technical, or

other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or

to determine a fact in issue.” Tex. R. Evid. 702. The Texas Court of Criminal

Appeals has held that testimony concerning the HGN test is scientific evidence and

is therefore admissible under Rule 702 if it meets the requirements set forth in

Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 573-74 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Emerson v. State,

880 S.W.2d 759, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). As discussed above, Campos

contends the HGN testing evidence was inadmissible because the HGN test was

conducted, intentionally and in bad faith, in a location where it could not be

captured on video, thereby violating his due process rights.

The jury heard Meza testify that he is certified in conducting standardized

field sobriety tests, including the HGN test, walk and turn test, and the one leg

stand test. The jury also heard Meza testify that he is certified as a drug recognition

expert. Meza explained in detail the procedure for conducting the HGN test, as

well as the types of clues a subject may exhibit during HGN testing, and he

10 testified that he followed the standardized procedures in his HGN testing of

Campos. No evidence was introduced to indicate that Meza acted intentionally or

in bad faith when deciding to administer the HGN test out of the camera’s view.

In support of his argument, Campos cites State v. Rudd, 255 S.W.3d 293

(Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. ref’d). However, Rudd did not hold that the failure to

videotape the HGN test bars its admission into evidence. Id. at 301-02. Rather, the

Rudd court merely upheld the trial court’s order granting a motion to suppress

HGN testimony because the trial court had determined that the officer who

administered the HGN test lacked credibility on the issue of how the testing was

conducted. Id. at 301. Campos cites no authorities holding that the lack of a video

recording renders evidence of HGN testing inadmissible, or that lack of a video

recording violates his right to due process, and we are aware of none. For all of

these reasons, the trial court did not err by admitting testimony regarding the HGN

testing into evidence. We overrule issue one.

We turn now to the legal sufficiency of the evidence. The State had the

burden to prove that Campos was intoxicated while operating a motor vehicle in a

public place. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.04(a) (West Supp. 2014). The jury

heard evidence that Bearden stopped Campos and three other subjects who

appeared to be racing. The jury also heard evidence that Campos had slurred

11 speech, bloodshot eyes, and a strong odor of alcoholic beverage on his breath. The

jury heard Meza’s testimony that Campos exhibited six out of a possible six clues

on the HGN test, four out of eight clues on the walk and turn test, and two out of

four clues on the one leg stand test. The jury heard testimony that Campos refused

to provide a blood sample and viewed a video of Campos’s performance of the

walk and turn and one-leg stand tests. As we have previously explained, the trial

court did not err by admitting evidence of the HGN testing. Regardless of whether

or not the HGN evidence is considered, we conclude that a rational fact finder

could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13; Penagraph, 623 S.W.2d

at 343. We overrule issue two and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

AFFIRMED.

________________________________ STEVE McKEITHEN Chief Justice

Submitted on September 25, 2015 Opinion Delivered November 4, 2015 Do Not Publish

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.