This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1424 A15-1431
Christine Marie Tomlinson, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
Commissioner of Public Safety, Respondent (A15-1424),
and
State of Minnesota, Respondent (A15-1431),
Christine Marie Tomlinson, Appellant.
Filed May 16, 2016 Affirmed Ross, Judge
Watonwan County District Court File Nos. 83-CV-15-144 83-CR-15-158
Jacob M. Birkholz, Birkholz & Associates, LLC, Mankato, Minnesota (for appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Frederic J. Argir, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Stephen J. Lindee, Watonwan County Attorney, St. James, Minnesota (for respondents) Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and
Randall, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
Christine Tomlinson’s boyfriend contacted the sheriff’s office after midnight and
reported that, based on his impression from a text-message exchange with Tomlinson and
her custom of driving home drunk from the club meeting she had just left, he believed that
Tomlinson was driving drunk. A deputy identified and stopped the truck Tomlinson was
driving, finding Tomlinson to be considerably intoxicated. Tomlinson stipulated to the
state’s case, and the district court convicted her of two counts of driving while impaired.
Tomlinson argues on appeal that the district court should have suppressed all post-stop
evidence because the deputy lacked reasonable suspicion to justify the stop. We hold that
the deputy had reasonable grounds for the stop, and we affirm.
FACTS
About an hour and a half after midnight on a Thursday night in March 2015, Jay
Janzen called the Watonwan County Sheriff’s Office. Janzen said that his girlfriend,
Christine Tomlinson, was driving drunk from Vernon Center to their shared home east of
Ormsby. Deputy Mark Slater drove to the couple’s rural home to investigate.
Deputy Slater spoke with Janzen. He learned from Janzen that Tomlinson was still
not home, that she was driving from a snowmobile club meeting from which she regularly
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
2 drives home drunk, and that his text-message exchange with Tomlinson informed him that
Tomlinson had become lost.
Deputy Slater found Tomlinson’s pickup truck at about 2:20 a.m. traveling rapidly
down a gravel road. The deputy drove close behind for some distance, until the truck
slowed quickly and pulled to the right. The deputy stopped the truck. Tomlinson appeared
to be drunk. Deputy Slater administered field sobriety tests, confirming his suspicion. He
arrested her, took her to jail, and administered a breath test that indicated that her alcohol
concentration was twice the per se intoxication limit.
The state charged Tomlinson with two counts of impaired driving based separately
on her physical impairment and on her alcohol-concentration level. Tomlinson moved the
district court to suppress all evidence obtained after the stop, arguing that Deputy Slater
lacked reasonable suspicion to stop the truck.
The district court conducted a hearing. The parties presented the deputy’s squad-car
video recording depicting Deputy Slater following closely and then stopping Tomlinson’s
pickup on the gravel road. The deputy said he based the stop on the tip and on Tomlinson’s
driving. He emphasized her rapid deceleration and her movement to the right. Tomlinson
countered, testifying that her deceleration and rightward movement was reasonable to
allow the tailing car to pass. The district court denied Tomlinson’s motion, deeming the
stop justified based on the drunk-driving tip and on Tomlinson’s driving. Tomlinson
stipulated to the state’s case under Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 26.01,
subdivision 4, preserving for appeal her right to challenge the district court’s suppression
decision. The district court found Tomlinson guilty of impaired driving. She appeals.
3 DECISION
Tomlinson asks us to reverse the denial of her motion to suppress, arguing that the
stop was unconstitutional. We review de novo a district court’s conclusion that an officer
had the constitutional ground to stop a motorist. State v. Burbach, 706 N.W.2d 484, 487
(Minn. 2005). Police may stop a motorist without a warrant without offending the
motorist’s Fourth Amendment rights if the officer bases the stop on reasonable suspicion
of criminal activity. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21–22, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880 (1968); State
v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008).
Tomlinson convincingly argues that her driving did not warrant the stop. A traffic
violation itself would certainly be sufficient. State v. Anderson, 683 N.W.2d 818, 823
(Minn. 2004). But an objectively reasonable officer would not conclude that Tomlinson’s
driving was either illegal or suspicious. A reasonable officer would know that a late-night
driver may be alarmed and act defensively upon being approached rapidly from behind and
then tailgated by an unknown vehicle. Allowing oneself to be tailgated at high speed on a
barren gravel road can be dangerous regardless of the tailgater’s condition or intentions.
Cf. State v. Brechler, 412 N.W.2d 367, 368 (Minn. App. 1987) (reasoning that a driver’s
conduct could have been caused by the presence of a police car following in close
proximity). At that hour a reasonable driver might also fear that the tailgater has criminal
intentions or is suffering from some mental impairment, like, for instance, intoxication. We
agree with Tomlinson that there was nothing objectively suspicious, illegal, or unusual
about her slowing and pulling to the side of the road.
4 But there was more than Tomlinson’s driving. We assess the constitutionality of a
traffic stop on all relevant circumstances, including the time, the location, and the officer’s
ability to draw inferences and conclusions based on his training. Appelgate v. Comm’r of
Pub. Safety, 402 N.W.2d 106, 108 (Minn. 1987). And reasonable suspicion may arise from
information supplied by an informant. Marben v. State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 294 N.W.2d
697, 699 (Minn. 1980). Although Tomlinson admitted to the district court that she had
informed Janzen that she had been drinking, the record does not indicate that he relayed
this specifically to the deputy. The deputy nevertheless was aware of the following details:
Tomlinson was driving very late, after midnight; Tomlinson reportedly customarily drives
home drunk after she leaves the club meeting she had just left; Tomlinson got lost despite
her apparent familiarity with her route; Tomlinson had still not found her way home in the
45 minutes between the time of the call and the time the deputy encountered her on the
road; and Tomlinson’s boyfriend, who lives with Tomlinson, believed that her
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1424 A15-1431
Christine Marie Tomlinson, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
Commissioner of Public Safety, Respondent (A15-1424),
and
State of Minnesota, Respondent (A15-1431),
Christine Marie Tomlinson, Appellant.
Filed May 16, 2016 Affirmed Ross, Judge
Watonwan County District Court File Nos. 83-CV-15-144 83-CR-15-158
Jacob M. Birkholz, Birkholz & Associates, LLC, Mankato, Minnesota (for appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Frederic J. Argir, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Stephen J. Lindee, Watonwan County Attorney, St. James, Minnesota (for respondents) Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and
Randall, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
Christine Tomlinson’s boyfriend contacted the sheriff’s office after midnight and
reported that, based on his impression from a text-message exchange with Tomlinson and
her custom of driving home drunk from the club meeting she had just left, he believed that
Tomlinson was driving drunk. A deputy identified and stopped the truck Tomlinson was
driving, finding Tomlinson to be considerably intoxicated. Tomlinson stipulated to the
state’s case, and the district court convicted her of two counts of driving while impaired.
Tomlinson argues on appeal that the district court should have suppressed all post-stop
evidence because the deputy lacked reasonable suspicion to justify the stop. We hold that
the deputy had reasonable grounds for the stop, and we affirm.
FACTS
About an hour and a half after midnight on a Thursday night in March 2015, Jay
Janzen called the Watonwan County Sheriff’s Office. Janzen said that his girlfriend,
Christine Tomlinson, was driving drunk from Vernon Center to their shared home east of
Ormsby. Deputy Mark Slater drove to the couple’s rural home to investigate.
Deputy Slater spoke with Janzen. He learned from Janzen that Tomlinson was still
not home, that she was driving from a snowmobile club meeting from which she regularly
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
2 drives home drunk, and that his text-message exchange with Tomlinson informed him that
Tomlinson had become lost.
Deputy Slater found Tomlinson’s pickup truck at about 2:20 a.m. traveling rapidly
down a gravel road. The deputy drove close behind for some distance, until the truck
slowed quickly and pulled to the right. The deputy stopped the truck. Tomlinson appeared
to be drunk. Deputy Slater administered field sobriety tests, confirming his suspicion. He
arrested her, took her to jail, and administered a breath test that indicated that her alcohol
concentration was twice the per se intoxication limit.
The state charged Tomlinson with two counts of impaired driving based separately
on her physical impairment and on her alcohol-concentration level. Tomlinson moved the
district court to suppress all evidence obtained after the stop, arguing that Deputy Slater
lacked reasonable suspicion to stop the truck.
The district court conducted a hearing. The parties presented the deputy’s squad-car
video recording depicting Deputy Slater following closely and then stopping Tomlinson’s
pickup on the gravel road. The deputy said he based the stop on the tip and on Tomlinson’s
driving. He emphasized her rapid deceleration and her movement to the right. Tomlinson
countered, testifying that her deceleration and rightward movement was reasonable to
allow the tailing car to pass. The district court denied Tomlinson’s motion, deeming the
stop justified based on the drunk-driving tip and on Tomlinson’s driving. Tomlinson
stipulated to the state’s case under Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 26.01,
subdivision 4, preserving for appeal her right to challenge the district court’s suppression
decision. The district court found Tomlinson guilty of impaired driving. She appeals.
3 DECISION
Tomlinson asks us to reverse the denial of her motion to suppress, arguing that the
stop was unconstitutional. We review de novo a district court’s conclusion that an officer
had the constitutional ground to stop a motorist. State v. Burbach, 706 N.W.2d 484, 487
(Minn. 2005). Police may stop a motorist without a warrant without offending the
motorist’s Fourth Amendment rights if the officer bases the stop on reasonable suspicion
of criminal activity. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21–22, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1880 (1968); State
v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008).
Tomlinson convincingly argues that her driving did not warrant the stop. A traffic
violation itself would certainly be sufficient. State v. Anderson, 683 N.W.2d 818, 823
(Minn. 2004). But an objectively reasonable officer would not conclude that Tomlinson’s
driving was either illegal or suspicious. A reasonable officer would know that a late-night
driver may be alarmed and act defensively upon being approached rapidly from behind and
then tailgated by an unknown vehicle. Allowing oneself to be tailgated at high speed on a
barren gravel road can be dangerous regardless of the tailgater’s condition or intentions.
Cf. State v. Brechler, 412 N.W.2d 367, 368 (Minn. App. 1987) (reasoning that a driver’s
conduct could have been caused by the presence of a police car following in close
proximity). At that hour a reasonable driver might also fear that the tailgater has criminal
intentions or is suffering from some mental impairment, like, for instance, intoxication. We
agree with Tomlinson that there was nothing objectively suspicious, illegal, or unusual
about her slowing and pulling to the side of the road.
4 But there was more than Tomlinson’s driving. We assess the constitutionality of a
traffic stop on all relevant circumstances, including the time, the location, and the officer’s
ability to draw inferences and conclusions based on his training. Appelgate v. Comm’r of
Pub. Safety, 402 N.W.2d 106, 108 (Minn. 1987). And reasonable suspicion may arise from
information supplied by an informant. Marben v. State, Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 294 N.W.2d
697, 699 (Minn. 1980). Although Tomlinson admitted to the district court that she had
informed Janzen that she had been drinking, the record does not indicate that he relayed
this specifically to the deputy. The deputy nevertheless was aware of the following details:
Tomlinson was driving very late, after midnight; Tomlinson reportedly customarily drives
home drunk after she leaves the club meeting she had just left; Tomlinson got lost despite
her apparent familiarity with her route; Tomlinson had still not found her way home in the
45 minutes between the time of the call and the time the deputy encountered her on the
road; and Tomlinson’s boyfriend, who lives with Tomlinson, believed that her
communication to him indicated that she was drunk. These circumstances would allow any
reasonable officer to suspect that Tomlinson may have been driving drunk. This reasonable
suspicion warrants the minimal intrusion of the brief traffic stop. Immediately after the stop
the deputy saw that Tomlinson appeared to be drunk, justifying the longer detention
necessary for the deputy to administer field sobriety tests.
Tomlinson argues that Deputy Slater’s knowledge of tumult in her and Janzen’s
relationship undermines the reliability of Janzen’s tip. We reach a different conclusion.
When an informant gives sufficient detail allowing police to locate him and hold him
accountable if his information turns out false, the officer can assume that the informant is
5 telling the truth. City of Minnetonka v. Shepherd, 420 N.W.2d 887, 890 (Minn. 1988).
Janzen identified himself to the sheriff’s office and then spoke at his home in-person with
the deputy. Janzen’s open exposure to punishment constituted a weighty counterbalance to
the possibility that he might be trying to trouble Tomlinson by a false police report.
We are not persuaded otherwise by Tomlinson’s contention that Janzen’s report
lacked credibility because he did not personally observe Tomlinson—or even hear her
speak—before he told police she was intoxicated. The contention has only faint support in
the caselaw. In Olson v. Commissioner of Public Safety, for example, the supreme court
invalidated a stop that rested on an anonymous caller’s “bare assertion of a possibly drunk
driver on the road.” 371 N.W.2d 552, 556 (Minn. 1985). Similarly, in Rose v.
Commissioner of Public Safety, we concluded that the officer lacked reasonable suspicion
when he relied on a gas-station attendant’s report that a driver was intoxicated, reasoning
that the informant had not personally observed the driver and the circumstances did not
inform the officer how the attendant concluded that the driver was intoxicated. 637 N.W.2d
326, 330 (Minn. App. 2001), review denied (Minn. Mar. 19, 2002).
But Olson and Rose are easily distinguished from this case. Janzen was not an
anonymous informant who provided only a “bare assertion” of “possibly” drunk driving,
like the informant in Olson. 371 N.W.2d at 556. Nor was he a stranger-informant who
failed to provide any basis for his conclusion, like the informant in Rose. 637 N.W.2d at
330. Janzen expressed that Tomlinson was intoxicated, not just possibly intoxicated, and
he was convinced of it based on his personal experience with Tomlinson’s regularly driving
home drunk after her snowmobile club meetings and on her getting lost after leaving the
6 meeting late that night. As for the nature of the contact between Janzen and Tomlinson, we
recognize that a written exchange would almost certainly not prove intoxication. But even
a text-message communication, particularly between people very familiar with each other,
might raise the suspicion of intoxication either by its substance or its form.
This case is sufficiently similar to those in which the informant confidently
communicated drunk driving and in which the basis for the report was apparent. In
Shepherd, the supreme court affirmed a stop based on a gas-station attendant’s reporting
that he saw a drunk driver leave the station. 420 N.W.2d at 890–91. In Playle v.
Commissioner of Public Safety, we deemed a fast-food employee’s tip sufficient after the
employee reported encountering a drunk driver at a drive-up window. 439 N.W.2d 747,
748–49 (Minn. App. 1989). And in Jobe v. Commissioner of Public Safety, we held that
the stop was justified when the informant stated that he saw the reported driver swerving.
609 N.W.2d 919, 920, 923 (Minn. App. 2000). The deputy here was reasonably satisfied
from the informant’s familiarity with Tomlinson’s habits and from their contemporaneous
communication that Tomlinson may be driving drunk.
The district court appropriately denied Tomlinson’s motion to suppress the evidence
that followed the traffic stop.
Affirmed.