Rel: January 5, 2024
Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.
ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS OCTOBER TERM, 2023-2024 _________________________
CL-2023-0289 _________________________
Christie Teague
v.
John Hamm, in his official capacity as Commissioner of the Alabama Department of Corrections
Appeal from Lawrence Circuit Court (CV-21-900046)
PER CURIAM.
Christie Teague appeals from a judgment of the Lawrence Circuit
Court dismissing her action against John Hamm ("the commissioner") in
his official capacity as commissioner of the Alabama Department of CL-2023-0289
Corrections ("the DOC"). 1 For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the
judgment to the extent that it dismisses Teague's petition without
prejudice for improper venue, and we reverse that portion of the
judgment dismissing the petition on the ground of sovereign immunity.
Background
A number of years before the current action, the State of Alabama
brought an action in the Morgan Circuit Court on behalf of Teague to
obtain past-due child support from her former husband, John David
Teague ("John David"). John David had been incarcerated in Alabama
after being convicted of unspecified crimes. In October 2001, the Morgan
Circuit Court entered a judgment in which it directed the DOC to collect
child-support payments from John David's inmate account and his work-
release fund, among other sources. According to the judgment, the DOC
1The original defendant in this action was Jefferson Dunn, who was
the commissioner of the Alabama Department of Corrections at the time Christie Teague commenced the action. However, John Hamm was appointed to replace Dunn in that position in January 2022. Rule 43(b), Ala. R. App. P., provides that, "[w]hen a public officer is a party to an appeal … in that officer's official capacity, and during its pendency … ceases to hold office, the action shall not abate and the public officer's successor is automatically substituted as a party." Thus, we have ex mero motu substituted Hamm for Dunn as the defendant. See Ex parte Alabama Dep't of Corr., 74 So. 3d 25, 26 n.1 (Ala. 2011). 2 CL-2023-0289
was to forward the payments to the Morgan circuit clerk for
disbursement to Teague.
On May 6, 2021, Teague filed a petition in the Lawrence Circuit
Court seeking to have the commissioner of the DOC, in his official
capacity, held in contempt for his alleged failure to obey the October 2001
judgment. See n.1, supra. She attached a copy of the judgment to her
petition. Teague asserted that she had never received the child-support
payments, so she also sought to have the State of Alabama, described in
the petition as a "garnishee," "remit the money owed" to her.
Teague asserted in her petition that, in addition to the money John
David had earned from his prison jobs, his family had deposited money
into his inmate account. She claimed that "tens of thousands of dollars,
if not more," went "into and out of" John David's inmate account but, she
said, instead of using the money to pay child support, DOC officials had
allowed it to be used to pay "strong, predatory inmates" who had
demanded money from "weak inmates." She asserted that John David
had been murdered in prison "[o]n the day that Governor Kay Ivey
announced her prison reform initiative." She did not provide the specific
date John David had died.
3 CL-2023-0289
On June 17, 2021, the commissioner filed a motion to dismiss
Teague's action in the Lawrence Circuit Court asserting that, pursuant
to Article 1, § 14 of the Alabama Constitution of 1901, he was entitled to
sovereign immunity. He asserted that claims against state officers in
their official capacities are "functionally equivalent" to claims against the
entities they represent.
On February 15, 2023, the Lawrence Circuit Court entered an order
stating that it appeared to that court that, because Teague was
attempting to enforce an order from the Morgan Circuit Court, the
Lawrence Circuit Court did not have "jurisdiction" to consider the matter.
The Lawrence Circuit Court also said that it appeared that Teague was
"attempting to penetrate the absolute immunity afforded to the State and
[sic] Alabama." It ordered Teague to respond to the commissioner's
motion to dismiss within ten days.
In her response, Teague argued that the commissioner could not
establish that he was entitled to sovereign immunity because, she said,
she was not seeking money from the State. Instead, she said, she was
seeking money that had belonged to John David and was owed to her.
She also said that the State had previously brought an action in
4 CL-2023-0289
Lawrence County to enforce child support; therefore, she argued, the
state could not complain in this action that venue was not proper in the
Lawrence Circuit Court. Moreover, even if the Lawrence Circuit Court
determined that venue was improper in Lawrence County, she said, the
proper remedy would be to transfer the current action rather than
dismiss it.
On March 24, 2023, the Lawrence Circuit Court entered a judgment
dismissing Teague's action. 2 In the judgment, the Lawrence Circuit
Court found that an attempt to enforce an order of the Morgan Circuit
Court did not vest jurisdiction in Lawrence County. It also determined
that the commissioner was entitled to absolute immunity under Art. 1, §
14, Ala. Const. 1901. On May 4, 2023, Teague filed a timely notice of
appeal to this court.
2The order indicated that the dismissal was without prejudice. We
note that, generally, a dismissal without prejudice is considered a nonfinal order that cannot support an appeal. Palughi v. Dow, 659 So. 2d 112, 113 (Ala. 1995). However, when a trial court enters a judgment dismissing an action based on a lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, that judgment is considered sufficiently final to support an appeal because it has " 'conclusively determine[d] the issues before the court.' " Hutchinson v. Miller, 962 So. 2d 884, 887 (Ala. Civ. App. 2007) (quoting Palughi, 659 So. 2d at 113). A dismissal on the ground of improper venue is without prejudice. Ex parte PT Sols. Holdings, LLC, 225 So. 3d 37, 46 (Ala. 2016).
5 CL-2023-0289
Analysis
Teague first contends that the Lawrence Circuit Court erred in
dismissing her action on the ground that the commissioner was entitled
to State immunity, also known as sovereign immunity or § 14 immunity.
See Ex parte Whitlow, [Ms. CL-2023-0050, Oct. 6, 2023] ___ So. 3d ___
(Ala Civ. App. 2023) (noting that our supreme court's most recent
decisions have preferred the term "State immunity"). Teague specifically
argues that State immunity does not bar contempt proceedings against
members of the executive branch of state government such as the
commissioner.
State immunity is not an affirmative defense but a " 'jurisdictional
bar, ' " Ex parte Alabama Dep't of Transp., 985 So. 2d 892, 894 (Ala. 2007)
(quoting Alabama State Docks Terminal Ry. V. Lyles, 797 So. 2d 432, 435
(Ala. 2001)), that "preclud[es] a court from exercising subject-matter
jurisdiction" over the action against the State or a State agency, Lyons v.
River Road Constr., Inc., 858 So. 2d 257, 261 (Ala. 2003). " ' "[A] complaint
filed solely against the State or one of its agencies is a nullity and is void
ab initio." ' " Ex parte Jefferson Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 348 So. 3d 397, 400
(Ala. 2021) (quoting Ex parte Board of Trs. of Univ. of Alabama, 264 So.
6 CL-2023-0289
3d. 850, 853 (Ala. 2018)). Any action taken by a court without subject-
matter jurisdiction, other than dismissing the action, is void. State v.
Property at 2018 Rainbow Drive, 740 So. 2d 1025, 1029 (Ala. 1999).
Further, "[s]tate officers and employees, in their official capacities
and individually, are also absolutely immune from suit when the action
is, in effect, one against the state." Phillips v. Thomas, 555 So. 2d 81, 83
(Ala. 1989). "This means not only that the state itself may not be sued,
but that this cannot be indirectly accomplished by suing its officers or
agents in their official capacity, when a result favorable to plaintiff would
be directly to affect the financial status of the state treasury." State
Docks Comm'n v. Barnes, 225 Ala. 403, 405, 143 So. 581, 582 (1932). See
also Alabama State Univ. v. Danley, 212 So. 3d 112, 122-24 (Ala. 2016).
In Haley v. Barbour Cnty., 885 So. 2d 783, 789 (Ala. 2004), our supreme
court held that State immunity forbids the imposition of sanctions
intended to punish a state officer or agent for contempt and to compel
compliance with a court's orders because the effect of the sanctions
impacts the treasury and divests it of funds.
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However, State immunity is not absolute. In Ex parte Hampton,
189 So. 3d 14 (Ala. 2015), our supreme court catalogued six general types
of actions that are not subject to State immunity:
" '(1) actions brought to compel State officials to perform their legal duties; (2) actions brought to enjoin State officials from enforcing an unconstitutional law; (3) actions to compel State officials to perform ministerial acts; (4) actions brought against State officials under the Declaratory Judgments Act, Ala. Code 1975, § 6-6-220 et seq., seeking construction of a statute and its application in a given situation; (5) valid inverse condemnation actions brought against State officials in their representative capacity; and (6) actions for injunction or damages brought against State officials in their representative capacity and individually where it was alleged that they had acted fraudulently, in bad faith, beyond their authority, or in a mistaken interpretation of law.' "
189 So. 3d at 17-18 (quoting Ex parte Alabama Dep't of Fin., 991 So. 2d 1254, 1256 (Ala. 2008)).
" 'In determining whether an action against a state officer is barred by §
14 [State immunity], the Court considers the nature of the suit or the
relief demanded, not the character of the office of the person against
whom the suit is brought.' Ex parte Carter, 395 So. 2d 65, 67-68 (Ala.
1980) (emphasis added)." Patterson v. Gladwin Corp., 835 So. 2d 137, 142
(Ala. 2002).
Teague contends that the commissioner had an obligation to
perform what she says was the ministerial act of remitting John David's
8 CL-2023-0289
money to her as the Morgan Circuit Court's child-support withholding
order directed. "Ministerial acts" are those acts " ' " done by officers and
employees who are required to carry out the orders of others or to
administer the law with little choice as to when, where, how, or under
what circumstances their acts are to be done." ' " Carroll v. Hammett, 744
So. 2d 906, 910 (Ala. 1999) (quoting Nance v. Matthews, 622 So. 2d 297,
300 (Ala. 1993), quoting in turn Smith v. Arnold, 564 So. 2d 873, 876 (Ala.
1990)). The commissioner had a duty to obey a lawful order requiring him
to withhold money from John David's inmate account, Teague says, and
he failed to perform that "ministerial act." Therefore, she says, the
commissioner cannot avoid carrying out that duty by claiming he is
entitled to State immunity.
In his appellate brief, the commissioner cites § 14-3-36, Ala. Code
1975, which provides:
"The officer in charge of any prison or camp must take in charge any property, money or other thing of value in the possession of any convict at the time of the delivery of such convict to him and shall pay or deliver the same to such person as the convict may in writing direct, to the convict on his discharge or to his personal representative in case of his death previous thereto, and should no personal representative be appointed within six months after his death, then into the State Treasury."
9 CL-2023-0289
The commissioner then explains the statutory restrictions governing
how the DOC handles inmate earnings from prison jobs, including how
the money is credited and disbursed, as well as how inmate accounts are
maintained and managed. He states that, "[u]pon John David Teague's
death, any such funds [in his inmate account] would have been paid to
his personal representative or to the State Treasury if there was no
personal representative."
We conclude that compliance with the statutory requirements of §
14-3-36 and with the Morgan Circuit Court's October 2001 judgment
constitute ministerial acts that the commissioner and the DOC would not
have the discretion to avoid. There is no evidence in the record to support
the commissioner's assertion that the money in John David's inmate
account had been disbursed pursuant to § 14-3-36. Nothing in the record,
other than an imprecise statement from Teague that John David died "on
the day that Governor Kay Ivey announced her prison reform initiative,"
indicates whether six months had passed since John David's death,
which would have indicated that his inmate account could have been
liquidated. There is also nothing in the record to indicate that the
commissioner or the DOC carried out the directives of the October 2001
10 CL-2023-0289
judgment of the Morgan Circuit Court. Because Teague is seeking to
compel the commissioner to carry out these ministerial acts, the
commissioner is not entitled to claim State immunity.
Teague also argues that because she is not seeking the payment of
money that belongs to the state but is instead seeking to be paid money
belonging to John David, State immunity is not implicated in this case.
This court has explained that, under certain circumstances, State
immunity "does not bar a proceeding against the State for the recovery
of moneys that do not belong to the State or that have not been properly
acquired by the State." Alabama Dep't of Env't Mgmt. v. Town of
Lowndesboro, 950 So. 2d 1180, 1190 n.6 (Ala. Civ. App. 2005). In that
case, we relied on Department of Industrial Relations v. West Boylston
Manufacturing Co., 253 Ala. 67, 42 So. 2d 787 (1949), to explain that,
"in the context of an employer's claim for a refund of certain contributions to the unemployment-compensation fund under Ala. Code 1940, tit. 26, § 243:
" '[T]here is no refund of money out of the State Treasury. The money subject to refund payments is collected and administered for certain purposes as directed by law, and that is one of them....
" 'Moreover, when it is thus by law collected and put into the custody of some person who is charged by law with the duty of administering it
11 CL-2023-0289
according to standards set up, it is the legal duty of such person thus to apply the money.... [H]is duty to administer it according to law may be enforced by mandamus or by some statutory procedure if one is enacted. In such a proceeding the State is not made a party in violation of section 14 of the Constitution....' "
In this case, Teague has made clear that she is not seeking money
from the State or a payment that would directly affect the financial status
of the State treasury. She is seeking to be paid money from John David's
inmate account -- money that belonged to John David -- that she says the
commissioner had a legal duty to administer. Because there is nothing in
the record to demonstrate that the money being held in John David's
inmate account had been disbursed to the State Treasury or that the
payment of that money to Teague would in any way affect the State
Treasury, we cannot say that, at the present point in the litigation, the
commissioner was entitled to State immunity. Alabama Dep't of Env't
Mgmt., 950 So. 2d at 1190 n.6. Therefore, the Lawrence Circuit Court
erred in determining that the commissioner was entitled to State
immunity.3
3This is not to say that the commissioner may not ultimately prevail
on his State-immunity argument, only that he cannot prevail on that 12 CL-2023-0289
Teague also argues that the Lawrence Circuit Court erred in
finding that venue for this action was properly in Morgan County, which
had entered the judgment she was seeking to have enforced. In its order
of dismissal, the Lawrence Circuit Court ruled that, because Teague was
seeking to enforce an order of the Morgan Circuit Court, the Lawrence
Circuit Court did not have jurisdiction over the matter. On appeal, the
parties do not argue the propriety of the Lawrence Circuit Court's
jurisdiction to consider this matter based on where the action was filed.
Instead, they properly frame the issue as one regarding proper venue.
See Ex parte N.M., 132 So. 3d 1088 (Ala. Civ. App. 2013) (treating
questions of the location where contempt proceedings are to be filed as
matters of venue and not of jurisdiction). Thus, we address the issue as
it has been presented to us.
Teague concedes that a trial court can interpret and enforce its
owns judgments. Stephens v. Nelson, 141 So. 3d 1073, 1076 (Ala. Civ.
App. 2013). Thus, she appears to agree that the Morgan Circuit Court
could properly entertain her action seeking to enforce that court's order
argument right now, given the present record at this early stage of the action. 13 CL-2023-0289
directing the DOC to collect John David's child-support payments from
his prison accounts. However, Teague contends that, although she could
have brought her contempt action in the Morgan Circuit Court, she was
not required to do so under § 6-3-2(b)(2), Ala. Code 1975. She argues that
that statute permitted her to bring the current action in the Lawrence
Circuit Court, because, she says, she is seeking "equitable relief on a
judgment entered by the circuit court sitting in Morgan County."
Teague's reliance on § 6-3-2(b)(2) is misplaced. That statute, which
Teague quotes in her appellate brief, provides that "[i]n proceedings of an
equitable nature against individuals … [i]f the action is to enjoin
proceedings on judgments in other courts, it may be commenced in the
county in which such proceedings are pending or judgment entered."
Teague focuses on the use of the word "may" in § 6-3-2, arguing that it
means that she could but was not required to bring her action seeking
enforcement of the Morgan Circuit Court's order in Morgan County.
For purposes of this case, however, the key provision in the statute
is not whether the action "may" have been brought in Morgan County or
in Lawrence County. In making her argument, Teague overlooks the
phrase, "[i]f the action is to enjoin proceedings on judgments in other
14 CL-2023-0289
courts .…" The action that Teague commenced in the Lawrence Circuit
Court does not seek to enjoin any proceedings of the Morgan Circuit
Court. Therefore, § 6-3-2, the lynchpin of Teague's argument regarding
venue, has no application to this case. Because Teague has failed to
demonstrate that the Lawrence Circuit Court, not the Morgan Circuit
Court, should hear her claim for contempt, we cannot hold the Lawrence
Circuit Court in error for determining that the Morgan Circuit Court
serves as the only proper venue for Teague's petition.
Teague asserts that, even if venue were improper in the Lawrence
Circuit Court, the Lawrence Circuit Court should have transferred her
action to the Morgan Circuit Court instead of dismissing it. In support of
her argument, Teague cites Rule 82(d)(1), Ala. R. Civ. P., which provides
that, "[w]hen an action is commenced laying venue in the wrong county,
the court, on timely motion of any defendant, shall transfer the action to
the court in which the action might have been properly filed and the case
shall proceed as though originally filed therein." (Emphasis added.) That
rule, however, has no relevance to the present action because, as the
commissioner points out, he, not Teague, is the defendant, and he has not
sought a transfer of the action to the Morgan Circuit Court. Thus, given
15 CL-2023-0289
the inapplicability of Rule 82(d)(1) to the action, we cannot conclude that
the Lawrence Circuit Court erred in dismissing Teague's action without
prejudice. See Rule 12(b)(3), Ala. R. Civ. P. (authorizing the dismissal,
without prejudice, of an action on the ground of improper venue); Ex
parte PT Sols. Holdings, LLC, 225 So. 3d 37, 46 (Ala. 2016).
Conclusion
The Lawrence Circuit Court erred in dismissing Teague's action
based on its determination, at this point in the proceedings, that the
commissioner was entitled to State immunity. However, Teague has
failed to demonstrate that the Lawrence Circuit Court's dismissal,
without prejudice, of her action for improper venue was wrong. As a
result, the judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the
cause is remanded to the Lawrence Circuit Court for it to set aside that
portion of its order of dismissal that dismisses the action on the ground
of State immunity.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND REMANDED
WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
16 CL-2023-0289
Thompson, P.J., and Moore, Edwards, Hanson, and Fridy, JJ.,
concur.