HURIN, J.
This action involves the validity of a contract between a brewing-company and a saloon keeper, whereby the latter has agreed for a term of years to sell no other beer on certain premises than that furnished by the former. The case was heard by us on appeal; the essential facts being agreed upon.
A somewhat lengthy statement of the facts will be necessary in order to make the issues plain:
Plaintiff, the brewing company, is the owner of a brick building,, the first story of which has been occupied for some years by defendant, as a saloon. Formerly he occupied this saloon under a lease from month-to month, but on October 10, 1904, he entered into a written agreement of lease for a period of five years, agreeing to pay for the premises-, leased the sum of $360 per year in monthly installments.
By the terms of this lease the defendant was to have the use of all. saloon furniture and fixtures then in said building, free of cost.
The lease contains the following covenant, which is the bone of contention in the case at bar:
“Said second party further covenants and agrees as a part of the consideration for said leased premises and use of said furniture and fixtures, to deal exclusively in the beer manufactured by said party of the first part and not to in any manner sell or expose for sale in said premises any beer not manufactured by said first party during the full period of this lease, and that any alterations or changes made in said building shall be made at the sole expense of said party of the second part and no such alteration or change shall be made until after first obtaining the written consent of said first party therefor, in writing.”
Defendant continued to occupy said property as a saloon under this lease for about two years until May 1906, when he also rented of one Laura E. Andrews, a business room adjoining that formerly used by him; but continued to occupy both rooms, using the Andrews’ room as a billiard and lunch room and plaintiff’s room as a saloon. For the first three months plaintiff paid a part of the rent of the Andrews’ room and by agreement between plaintiff and defendant a doorway was cut in the wall between the two rooms, which door was used by defendant in the operation of the two branches of his business.
[784]*784Soon afterwards defendant, by consent of plaintiff, moved tbe saloon fixtures info tbe Andrews’ room and the billiard tables and lunch ■counter into plaintiff’s room, tbe latter being a larger room and more ■convenient for this purpose.
Plaintiff assented to this agreement and at defendant’s request, plaintiff later on put larger saloon fixtures in tbe Andrews’ room in place of those removed thither from the plaintiff’s room.
Afterwards defendant, with plaintiff’s consent, sold the billiard and lunch part of his business to one Diehl Richards, who operated it for a short time, but subsequently resold it to defendant, who from that time to the commencement of this suit continued to operate the business of both rooms as at first.
Both- at the time of the cutting of the connecting door and of the ■sale of the billiard and lunch room business to Richards, plaintiff’s consent was given to these arrangements with the mutual understanding that the terms of defendant’s lease should be in no way affected thereby.
Plaintiff at all. times furnished to defendant all beer ordered by him and at the same price as that first agreed upon.
Immediately prior to the commencement of this suit defendant notified plaintiff that he intended to purchase other beer than plaintiff’s, ■and defendant about the same time tore down the saloon furniture and fixtures installed by plaintiff and secured other furniture in their place which he is now using.
Plaintiff by this action seeks to enjoin the sale by defendant in ■either of said rooms of any beer other than that manufactured by plaintiff.
Defendant by its answer admits the lease of plaintiff’s room and the terms of the lease as to rental and fixtures, but pleads that the covenant to deal exclusively in beer manufactured by plaintiff and not to :sell other beer in said premises is void as in violation of the antitrust laws of Ohio, and as in restraint of trade and against public policy.
We have not been favored with any brief by counsel for defendant, but in oral argument it is claimed that the sale of beer other than that manufactured by plaintiff is not a violation of the lease, if such beer is sold in the AndrewsJ room and not in plaintiff’s room, and that the lease has therefore been strictly complied with.
Second. That the covenant not to sell other beer than plaintiff’s is contrary to law and public policy and therefore void; and
Third. That injunction is not the proper remedy of plaintiff, who must sue, if at all, in an action at law for damages for breach of contract.
[785]*785Defendant’s whole reliance as to the law of the case seems to be on two cases decided by the circuit courts of Lucas and Cuyahoga counties: The cases of Huebner-Toledo Breweries Co. v. Singlar, 28 O. C. C. 329, and Cleveland & S. Brew. Co. v. Demko, 29 O. C. C. 102.
We have not been able to find a perfect report of the latter case, as the report published in the Law Reporter seems to be strangely mixed with another case, and we are unable to determine what was intended to be said by the court in its opinion.
The facts disclosed in the former case are so different from those in the case at bar that that decision is only valuable in our discussion, for the evident ability with which the authorities are therein reviewed.
As to the first defense suggested, we have no hesitancy in saying that it rests upon the thinnest of technicalities, unworthy of consideration by a court of equity.
As long as the saloon fixtures remained in plaintiff’s room, even after the two rooms were connected and’ became practically one, no question was raised. Defendant had recognized plaintiff’s rights under the lease by asking and obtaining its consent to cutting the door connecting the two rooms, and this with the express agreement that the terms of the lease should not be thereby affected. Again -defendant recognized plaintiff’s rights under the lease when he asked and obtained from plaintiff its consent to make the exchange in the use of the two rooms, removing the saloon business to the Andrews’ room. And again, when the billiard and lunch business was sold temporarily to Richards by defendant, he did so under an express agreement that the terms of the lease should be in no way affected thereby. Again, it was at defendant’s request that larger and better saloon fixtures were by plaintiff installed in the Andrews ’ room.
By all of these actions defendant impliedly, and by some of them ■expressly and for valuable considerations, agreed that plaintiff’s lease should be considered as extended over the enlarged quarters.
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HURIN, J.
This action involves the validity of a contract between a brewing-company and a saloon keeper, whereby the latter has agreed for a term of years to sell no other beer on certain premises than that furnished by the former. The case was heard by us on appeal; the essential facts being agreed upon.
A somewhat lengthy statement of the facts will be necessary in order to make the issues plain:
Plaintiff, the brewing company, is the owner of a brick building,, the first story of which has been occupied for some years by defendant, as a saloon. Formerly he occupied this saloon under a lease from month-to month, but on October 10, 1904, he entered into a written agreement of lease for a period of five years, agreeing to pay for the premises-, leased the sum of $360 per year in monthly installments.
By the terms of this lease the defendant was to have the use of all. saloon furniture and fixtures then in said building, free of cost.
The lease contains the following covenant, which is the bone of contention in the case at bar:
“Said second party further covenants and agrees as a part of the consideration for said leased premises and use of said furniture and fixtures, to deal exclusively in the beer manufactured by said party of the first part and not to in any manner sell or expose for sale in said premises any beer not manufactured by said first party during the full period of this lease, and that any alterations or changes made in said building shall be made at the sole expense of said party of the second part and no such alteration or change shall be made until after first obtaining the written consent of said first party therefor, in writing.”
Defendant continued to occupy said property as a saloon under this lease for about two years until May 1906, when he also rented of one Laura E. Andrews, a business room adjoining that formerly used by him; but continued to occupy both rooms, using the Andrews’ room as a billiard and lunch room and plaintiff’s room as a saloon. For the first three months plaintiff paid a part of the rent of the Andrews’ room and by agreement between plaintiff and defendant a doorway was cut in the wall between the two rooms, which door was used by defendant in the operation of the two branches of his business.
[784]*784Soon afterwards defendant, by consent of plaintiff, moved tbe saloon fixtures info tbe Andrews’ room and the billiard tables and lunch ■counter into plaintiff’s room, tbe latter being a larger room and more ■convenient for this purpose.
Plaintiff assented to this agreement and at defendant’s request, plaintiff later on put larger saloon fixtures in tbe Andrews’ room in place of those removed thither from the plaintiff’s room.
Afterwards defendant, with plaintiff’s consent, sold the billiard and lunch part of his business to one Diehl Richards, who operated it for a short time, but subsequently resold it to defendant, who from that time to the commencement of this suit continued to operate the business of both rooms as at first.
Both- at the time of the cutting of the connecting door and of the ■sale of the billiard and lunch room business to Richards, plaintiff’s consent was given to these arrangements with the mutual understanding that the terms of defendant’s lease should be in no way affected thereby.
Plaintiff at all. times furnished to defendant all beer ordered by him and at the same price as that first agreed upon.
Immediately prior to the commencement of this suit defendant notified plaintiff that he intended to purchase other beer than plaintiff’s, ■and defendant about the same time tore down the saloon furniture and fixtures installed by plaintiff and secured other furniture in their place which he is now using.
Plaintiff by this action seeks to enjoin the sale by defendant in ■either of said rooms of any beer other than that manufactured by plaintiff.
Defendant by its answer admits the lease of plaintiff’s room and the terms of the lease as to rental and fixtures, but pleads that the covenant to deal exclusively in beer manufactured by plaintiff and not to :sell other beer in said premises is void as in violation of the antitrust laws of Ohio, and as in restraint of trade and against public policy.
We have not been favored with any brief by counsel for defendant, but in oral argument it is claimed that the sale of beer other than that manufactured by plaintiff is not a violation of the lease, if such beer is sold in the AndrewsJ room and not in plaintiff’s room, and that the lease has therefore been strictly complied with.
Second. That the covenant not to sell other beer than plaintiff’s is contrary to law and public policy and therefore void; and
Third. That injunction is not the proper remedy of plaintiff, who must sue, if at all, in an action at law for damages for breach of contract.
[785]*785Defendant’s whole reliance as to the law of the case seems to be on two cases decided by the circuit courts of Lucas and Cuyahoga counties: The cases of Huebner-Toledo Breweries Co. v. Singlar, 28 O. C. C. 329, and Cleveland & S. Brew. Co. v. Demko, 29 O. C. C. 102.
We have not been able to find a perfect report of the latter case, as the report published in the Law Reporter seems to be strangely mixed with another case, and we are unable to determine what was intended to be said by the court in its opinion.
The facts disclosed in the former case are so different from those in the case at bar that that decision is only valuable in our discussion, for the evident ability with which the authorities are therein reviewed.
As to the first defense suggested, we have no hesitancy in saying that it rests upon the thinnest of technicalities, unworthy of consideration by a court of equity.
As long as the saloon fixtures remained in plaintiff’s room, even after the two rooms were connected and’ became practically one, no question was raised. Defendant had recognized plaintiff’s rights under the lease by asking and obtaining its consent to cutting the door connecting the two rooms, and this with the express agreement that the terms of the lease should not be thereby affected. Again -defendant recognized plaintiff’s rights under the lease when he asked and obtained from plaintiff its consent to make the exchange in the use of the two rooms, removing the saloon business to the Andrews’ room. And again, when the billiard and lunch business was sold temporarily to Richards by defendant, he did so under an express agreement that the terms of the lease should be in no way affected thereby. Again, it was at defendant’s request that larger and better saloon fixtures were by plaintiff installed in the Andrews ’ room.
By all of these actions defendant impliedly, and by some of them ■expressly and for valuable considerations, agreed that plaintiff’s lease should be considered as extended over the enlarged quarters. It is unquestioned that in the use of the two rooms, defendant was operating simply an enlargement of his former business, not a separate saloon business, but the same saloon business, and especially is this shown by his express agreement made with plaintiff (when he sold out the restaurant and billiard business to Richards) that the sale of that part of his business should in no way affect the lease although he was thereafter to operate his saloon business in the Andrews’ room and not in plaintiff’s room.
Having thus recognized plaintiff’s rights under the lease in the [786]*786business conducted in the Andrews’ room he cannot at will and in his; own time and without plaintiff’s consent repudiate those acknowledged rights.
To say that the sale of another brewer’s beer in the Andrews’ room’ is not a sale of it in plaintiff’s room, may be literally true; but since the rooms have been so connected as now to be used conveniently together in carrying on defendant’s business and that too by the mutual agreement of plaintiff and defendant, and with the express agreement that the terms of the lease shall not be affected thereby; and in view of the continuous course of conduct of defendant in conducting his business in the two rooms and in recognizing plaintiff’s rights under his. lease in the Andrews’ room, defendant is now estopped from denying those rights.
The covenants of the lease provided not only that defendant should not sell other beer than plaintiff’s in plaintiff’s room, but also that he, the defendant, during the full period of five years and in consideration of said lease and the use of plaintiff’s furniture and fixtures, should deal exclusively in the beer manufactured by plaintiff. He cannot avoid this agreement by any such flimsy pretext as that now raised.
Passing the second defense for a moment and coming to the third! defense, i. e., that the proper remedy of plaintiff is by action for damages and not by injunction, we have even less difficulty.
- Plaintiff has definité rights under his contract and has the right, if the contract is lawful, to insist that it shall be lived up to. The possession and use of plaintiff’s property is involved.
Plaintiff rented that property for a definite purpose — the sale of its beer — not for the sale of a rival’s beer; not to be shut up while a rival is doing a rushing business next door; and not, in the expressive language of plaintiff’s counsel, to be used as a Sunday school or T. M. C. A. It was rented for a saloon to be run in plaintiff’s interest and in plaintiff’s interest only.
Whatever we may think of the liquor business as a business, it has-certain recognized rights under the laws of Ohio, and those rights must be recognized by courts as long as the legislature continues to grant them.
A beer contract, if not invalid on constitutional grounds or on grounds of public policy, must be enforced like any other contract, and where, as in this case, the conflict is not between the liquor dealer and the public, but is between two or more liquor dealers, their rights must be determined in reliance on the same legal principles as in any other analogous case.'
[787]*787It is evident that in the case at bar an action for damages would, have afforded no adequate remedy and that plaintiff’s interests can only be protected by preventing a continuous violation of his lease.
While an action for damages might afford a remedy for past violations of plaintiff’s rights under the lease, there is here a case of threatened, continuous future misuse of plaintiff’s property in violation of a written contract and to the continuous injury of plaintiff’s property rights. This future abuse plaintiff now seeks to prevent. To do this, injunction is the proper remedy. See opinion of Judge White im Stines v. Dorman, 25 Ohio St. 580, 584.
But the main reliance of defendant is apparently on his second defense; that is, that the covenant in the lease that plaintiff’s beer alone shall be sold on the leased premises or by defendant, is in violation of the Valentine antitrust law, 93 O. L. 143 (Lan. 7586 et seq.; B. 4427-1 et seq.), as in restraint of trade and is against public policy and void. This raises a more difficult question of law.
Defendant’s counsel relies strongly on the case of Huebner-Toledo Breweries Co. v. Singlar, supra.
The court in that case holds that “A covenant in a lease of certain premises by which the lessee agrees to sell only the lessor’s beer thereon -or within a radius of one mile for a period of five years is in restraint of trade and void as against public policy if there is no conveyance to> him of a good will attaching thereto,” and that
“A contract by the vendor of a certain business not to thereafter enter into competition with the vendee in that locality is enforcible at law; but a contract, based upon no matter how valuable a consideration, by a lessee of property not to enter into competition with the lessor in other localities is void as against public policy, and unenforcible. ”
In that case a brewing company leased property to two tenants, Joseph and Annie Singlar, with the stipulation that they should sell no other beer than that supplied by the lessor, either in the building so leased or within a radius of a mile thereof. These tenants owned another piece of property within a mile of the leased property; in fact, within one hundred feet of it, but unconnected with it, and they attempted to sell other beer than plaintiff’s in the property owned by them. The court held that the contract insofar as it restricted such sale in property not connected with the leased property was invalid as against public policy. That case has no bearing upon the question before us.
As we view the case at bar, the two rooms operated by defendant were by defendant himself practically made one. He occupied them [788]*788both in connection, and had for various valid considerations bound himself repeatedly to extend the covenants of the lease over both rooms. This is a very different case from one involving pieces of property, not iised for one and the same business and located far apart, even though the business of each was of the same kind and run by different members of the same family.
In what respect then is the contract in question a contract in restraint ¿>f trade or against public policy? The fact that this contract relates io liquor cannot vary the principles by which it must be governed.
It must be presumed that this defendant has paid his tax under the Aiken law, or he would not be doing business at all. Having paid this tax, he is not to be molested, under the provisions of the law in the sale of liquor of any kind, unless he can, by his own acts, limit his rights to sell. He has attempted by private contract' and for a valuable consideration so to limit his rights. Had he not so contracted, he would not have obtained control of the property which he now enjoys.
Suppose a miller owns a storeroom and rents that storeroom to a •grocer with the stipulation that the grocer may sell what he pleases there ■except only that he shall sell no other brand of flour than that made by his lessor, the miller. Suppose a manufacturer of boots and shoes rents a room to a man in the retail shoe business with the stipulation that he shall sell only the line of shoes made by his lessor. Suppose a newspaper press agency rents its facilities for gathering news to a newspaper company, under the stipulation that no other press agency’s service shall be employed for a certain period of time — five years. Suppose a newspaper manager employs an editor for the period of five years at a stipulated salary with the proviso that all of his time and' talents are to be employed in the service of his employer.
In all of these cases there is a restriction in the free use of property and services and ability; but are they in restraint of trade? Is any monopoly created thereby? Is the public prevented thereby from buying other flour or another make of shoes, or from reading other newspapers supplied with news from other sources, or from reading the effusions of other gifted editors ?
The theory on which an act or contract in restraint of trade is prohibited by law is, as. we understand, it, based on the supposed injury to the public by the restraint of its powers of free trade. It is contrary to a wise public policy that the public should be prevented from freely buying and selling merchandise wherever it can do so to the best advantage. Such a policy does not extend so far as to prohibit a man from agreeing to devote his attention to particular lines of activity, un[789]*789less such a limitation of his powers can be shown to amount to public, injury. . •
It has been held in Michigan, Maryland, Massachusetts and other states that where the restraint contracted for appears to have been for a just and honest purpose, for the protection of the legitimate interest of the party in whose favor it is imposed, reasonable as between the parties and not especially injurious to the public, the restraint will be held valid. Hubbard v. Miller, 27 Mich. 15; Guerand v. Dandelet, 32 Md. 561 [3 Am. Rep. 164]; Pierce v. Woodward, 23 Mass. (6 Pick.) 206.
An agreement not to engage in a particular trade or business in a certain place within a specified time is valid. Arnold v. Kreutzer, 67 Ia. 214 [25 N. W. Rep. 138], And if this is so, if a man can lawfully bind himself not to engage in business at all, why can he not also lawfully bind himself not to engage in a part of a business, or not to use lessor’s premises for the purpose of engaging in the sale of a rival’s. product?
Cases are numerous where parties have contracted not to engage for a number of years in the practice of law or of medicine in a certain place, and such contracts have generally been held valid. Usually m such cases there has been a sale of the good will of the practice but that is only a form of consideration for the contract and other considerations would doubtless be equally valid.
In a New Jersey case a rule was laid down, which seems to be fair and sound, viz.:
“The test to be applied in determining whether a restraint is reasonable or not is to consider whether it is only such as is necessary to afford a fair protection to the interest of- the party in whose favor it is' given and not so large as to interfere with the interest of the public.” Mandeville v. Harman, 42 N. J. Eq. 185 [5 Cent. Rep. 629].
In the case at bar we have no evidence that the interest of the public will be in any degree interfered -yith by the performance of the contract in question. It does appear that the interest of the brewing company requires some such protection as it had contracted for — the violation of the contract by defendant and his attempt to favor a rival of plaintiff at plaintiff’s expense is sufficient proof of that necessity.
We are unable to find that any sound public policy requires the. annulling of this contract or that the 'contract is to any unreasonable extent a contract in restraint of trade, but we do find that equity and fair' dealing on the other hand require its enforcement.
There will therefore be a finding and decree for the plaintiff; an ' [790]*790injunction will be granted as prayed for; judgment against defendant for costs, execution for costs awarded and cause for execution.
Norris and Vollrath, JJ., concur.