ME. JUSTICE MILBURN
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
Plaintiff sued tbe defendants to recover tbe sum of $5,625 and interest “from tbe month of April, 1895.” Tbe court, on motion of defendants, entered an order of nonsuit. Plaintiff appeals from tbe judgment of dismissal, which gave defendants their costs.
On March 22, 1898, tbe plaintiff commenced suit by filing her complaint, wherein she alleged that on and prior to August 7, 1893, she was the owner of an undivided one-fourth interest in certain real estate in Great Palls, Montana; that her co-owners were the defendants and A. E. Dickerman, each owning a part equal to lien’s: that, while these four persons owned the property, they mutually agreed to convey the same “to the defendant Collins in trust, to be kept and held by him for them, and to be conveyed by him for the equal and mutual use and benefit of the plaintiff and her said co-owners to such persons and on such terms as she and they should thereafter agree upon, and that the plaintiff should have and be paid out of the proceeds of any sale of said lands * * * one-quarter -of the sum for which said lands should be sold;” that in pursuance of said agreement the lands were by proper deeds of conveyance conveyed to the defendant Collins in trust for the uses and purposes agreed upon; that on January 15, 1894, a certain part of said real estate was, without the knowledge or consent of the plaintiff, sold and conveyed to the city of Great Ealls for the sum of $22,500, the warrants in payment being drawn thereupon payable to thu defendant Collins; that on January 17, 1894, the defendants caused the money payable on said warrants to be paid to defendant Phelps; that Phelps knew then of the interest of plaintiff in the funds and her alleged right to share therein; that until April, 1895, the plaintiff had no knowledge that any of said sum had been received by Phelps; that frequently since April, 1895,#she demanded of Phelps and Collins that they, and each of them, account to her for and pay [528]*528her sliare to lier out of the proceeds of the sale; and that each a.t all times refused, and still refuses, to pay her any part of the money.
By answers duly filed the defendants denied that there was any agreement or understanding whatever between the defendants, or either of them, and the plaintiff; admitted that the land was sold for the sum named, but denied that the money was paid to the defendant Phelps with any knowledge whatever on his part as to any interest whatever in the property or the proceeds, as alleged by plaintiff; admitted that the plaintiff had not received any of the said money; averred that on and prior to July 5, 18U3, Herbert 0. Chowen, who is the son of plaintiff, one A. E. Dickennan, defendant Collins, and defendant Phelps each owned a one-fourth interest in the whole property; and say that on December 16, 1891, Dickennan, who then held the legal title, mortgaged the .said property to secure a note for $16,000, the note being for money borrowed for the use of the four persons last above named, and being signed by Dicker-naan and indorsed by the three others; that after the execution of the mortgage, which was not recorded, said Herbert 0. Chowen executed and delivered to the plaintiff a certain quitclaim deed for said premises; that prior to the date of this quitclaim deed, and prior to the making of the mortgage, said Herbert O. Chowen conveyed all his interest in the premises by quitclaim deed to said Dickennan; that no consideration was paid by plaintiff to Herbert 0. Chowen for the transfer to her; that at the time of the execution of the quitclaim deed to the plaintiff she knew of the mortgage; that all the proceeds of said sale were necessary to pay, and were paid, to settle mortgage and expenses of sale; that they did not have any knowledge at the time of the sale or of the disbursing of the money that plaintiff claimed any interest in the property; and that the money was paid out by Collins.
The cause was tried to a jury. The following deeds were introduced: A qúitelaim deed, dated December 10, 1891, from Herbert 0. Cbowen and wife to said Dickennan, consideration [529]*529$1, conveying tbeir interest in all of tbe property mentioned; a quitclaim deed, dated July 5, 1893, from Herbert 0. Gbowen and wife to plaintiff, consideration $7,500, conveying all tbeir interest in tbe said property; and a quitclaim deed, dated August 7, 1893, from plaintiff to Dickerman, consideration $1, for said property.
Dickerman testified to an oral agreement witb Herbert O. Gbowen, Pbelps, and Collins, by wbicb be (Dickerman) was to bold tbe land as trustee and sell it. He conveyed to Collins for tbe same purpose. When be conveyed to Collins, be (Dick-erman) knew of the interest of plaintiff. To tbe best of bis recollection, witness bad no talk witb defendants in regard to' her interest prior to tbe sale;
Plerbert 0. Gbowen testified to tbe same effect as- to- tbe agreement made orally. He notified tbe plaintiff of tbe agreement. He sold all bis interest to her.
Plaintiff testified that there was no agreement in writing witb Dickerman as to bow tbe land was to be disposed of by him; she never got any part of tbe proceeds of tbe sale; she could not tell when she first learned of tbe sale, or when tbe money was paid; she learned from a letter from Pbelps wbat disposition bad been made of tbe money; she did not give tbe date of tbe letter, or when she received it; she knew, late in the summer of 1893, that they were talking of selling tbe land for a park; and she noticed in tbe papers, in tbe fall of 1893, that the property bad been sold or was to be sold. Tbe letter was received in answer to one written by her to Pbelps.
Herbert 0. Gbowen also testified that before the commencement of this action be, as attorney in fact for tbe plaintiff, demanded her share of tbe proceeds of tbe sale. Several times they refused to pay or account as requested, until plaintiff wrote to Pbelps, and then be answered.
Plaintiff resting, tbe defendants moved the court for a non-suit upon tbe following grounds: “That it is alleged in tbe complaint that foni or about the 17th day of January, 1894, tbe defendants Pbelps and Collins, without the [530]*530knowledge or consent of the plaintiff, caused and procured the $22,500 payable on said warrants to be paid to the defendant Phelps in, payment of said warrants and as payment by said city for said lands, and said sum was on said day so paid to and received by said Phelps at his instance and request;’ and it further appearing that this action was not commenced until March 22,'T'8.98, or more than three years after the alleged receipt and collection of this money and the cause of action had accrued, the cause of action is barred by Subdivision 1 of Section 514 of the Code of Civil Procedure of Montana. * * *” The motion was sustained by the court.
The questions which present themselves, in this case are difficult. They axe not all discussed in the briefs of counsel. The authorities conflict with each other, and the courts of several states conflict with themselves.
There was no evidence whatever that there was any trust relation between the plaintiff and the defendants. There was nothing proven, or attempted to be proven, tending to show that either of the two defendants knew of the plaintiff having any interest in the property or the proceeds of the sale thereof. The evidence shows that after Herbert O.
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ME. JUSTICE MILBURN
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
Plaintiff sued tbe defendants to recover tbe sum of $5,625 and interest “from tbe month of April, 1895.” Tbe court, on motion of defendants, entered an order of nonsuit. Plaintiff appeals from tbe judgment of dismissal, which gave defendants their costs.
On March 22, 1898, tbe plaintiff commenced suit by filing her complaint, wherein she alleged that on and prior to August 7, 1893, she was the owner of an undivided one-fourth interest in certain real estate in Great Palls, Montana; that her co-owners were the defendants and A. E. Dickerman, each owning a part equal to lien’s: that, while these four persons owned the property, they mutually agreed to convey the same “to the defendant Collins in trust, to be kept and held by him for them, and to be conveyed by him for the equal and mutual use and benefit of the plaintiff and her said co-owners to such persons and on such terms as she and they should thereafter agree upon, and that the plaintiff should have and be paid out of the proceeds of any sale of said lands * * * one-quarter -of the sum for which said lands should be sold;” that in pursuance of said agreement the lands were by proper deeds of conveyance conveyed to the defendant Collins in trust for the uses and purposes agreed upon; that on January 15, 1894, a certain part of said real estate was, without the knowledge or consent of the plaintiff, sold and conveyed to the city of Great Ealls for the sum of $22,500, the warrants in payment being drawn thereupon payable to thu defendant Collins; that on January 17, 1894, the defendants caused the money payable on said warrants to be paid to defendant Phelps; that Phelps knew then of the interest of plaintiff in the funds and her alleged right to share therein; that until April, 1895, the plaintiff had no knowledge that any of said sum had been received by Phelps; that frequently since April, 1895,#she demanded of Phelps and Collins that they, and each of them, account to her for and pay [528]*528her sliare to lier out of the proceeds of the sale; and that each a.t all times refused, and still refuses, to pay her any part of the money.
By answers duly filed the defendants denied that there was any agreement or understanding whatever between the defendants, or either of them, and the plaintiff; admitted that the land was sold for the sum named, but denied that the money was paid to the defendant Phelps with any knowledge whatever on his part as to any interest whatever in the property or the proceeds, as alleged by plaintiff; admitted that the plaintiff had not received any of the said money; averred that on and prior to July 5, 18U3, Herbert 0. Chowen, who is the son of plaintiff, one A. E. Dickennan, defendant Collins, and defendant Phelps each owned a one-fourth interest in the whole property; and say that on December 16, 1891, Dickennan, who then held the legal title, mortgaged the .said property to secure a note for $16,000, the note being for money borrowed for the use of the four persons last above named, and being signed by Dicker-naan and indorsed by the three others; that after the execution of the mortgage, which was not recorded, said Herbert 0. Chowen executed and delivered to the plaintiff a certain quitclaim deed for said premises; that prior to the date of this quitclaim deed, and prior to the making of the mortgage, said Herbert O. Chowen conveyed all his interest in the premises by quitclaim deed to said Dickennan; that no consideration was paid by plaintiff to Herbert 0. Chowen for the transfer to her; that at the time of the execution of the quitclaim deed to the plaintiff she knew of the mortgage; that all the proceeds of said sale were necessary to pay, and were paid, to settle mortgage and expenses of sale; that they did not have any knowledge at the time of the sale or of the disbursing of the money that plaintiff claimed any interest in the property; and that the money was paid out by Collins.
The cause was tried to a jury. The following deeds were introduced: A qúitelaim deed, dated December 10, 1891, from Herbert 0. Cbowen and wife to said Dickennan, consideration [529]*529$1, conveying tbeir interest in all of tbe property mentioned; a quitclaim deed, dated July 5, 1893, from Herbert 0. Gbowen and wife to plaintiff, consideration $7,500, conveying all tbeir interest in tbe said property; and a quitclaim deed, dated August 7, 1893, from plaintiff to Dickerman, consideration $1, for said property.
Dickerman testified to an oral agreement witb Herbert O. Gbowen, Pbelps, and Collins, by wbicb be (Dickerman) was to bold tbe land as trustee and sell it. He conveyed to Collins for tbe same purpose. When be conveyed to Collins, be (Dick-erman) knew of the interest of plaintiff. To tbe best of bis recollection, witness bad no talk witb defendants in regard to' her interest prior to tbe sale;
Plerbert 0. Gbowen testified to tbe same effect as- to- tbe agreement made orally. He notified tbe plaintiff of tbe agreement. He sold all bis interest to her.
Plaintiff testified that there was no agreement in writing witb Dickerman as to bow tbe land was to be disposed of by him; she never got any part of tbe proceeds of tbe sale; she could not tell when she first learned of tbe sale, or when tbe money was paid; she learned from a letter from Pbelps wbat disposition bad been made of tbe money; she did not give tbe date of tbe letter, or when she received it; she knew, late in the summer of 1893, that they were talking of selling tbe land for a park; and she noticed in tbe papers, in tbe fall of 1893, that the property bad been sold or was to be sold. Tbe letter was received in answer to one written by her to Pbelps.
Herbert 0. Gbowen also testified that before the commencement of this action be, as attorney in fact for tbe plaintiff, demanded her share of tbe proceeds of tbe sale. Several times they refused to pay or account as requested, until plaintiff wrote to Pbelps, and then be answered.
Plaintiff resting, tbe defendants moved the court for a non-suit upon tbe following grounds: “That it is alleged in tbe complaint that foni or about the 17th day of January, 1894, tbe defendants Pbelps and Collins, without the [530]*530knowledge or consent of the plaintiff, caused and procured the $22,500 payable on said warrants to be paid to the defendant Phelps in, payment of said warrants and as payment by said city for said lands, and said sum was on said day so paid to and received by said Phelps at his instance and request;’ and it further appearing that this action was not commenced until March 22,'T'8.98, or more than three years after the alleged receipt and collection of this money and the cause of action had accrued, the cause of action is barred by Subdivision 1 of Section 514 of the Code of Civil Procedure of Montana. * * *” The motion was sustained by the court.
The questions which present themselves, in this case are difficult. They axe not all discussed in the briefs of counsel. The authorities conflict with each other, and the courts of several states conflict with themselves.
There was no evidence whatever that there was any trust relation between the plaintiff and the defendants. There was nothing proven, or attempted to be proven, tending to show that either of the two defendants knew of the plaintiff having any interest in the property or the proceeds of the sale thereof. The evidence shows that after Herbert O. Chowen conveyed his interest to Dickerman, he (Chowen) made a quitclaim deed to plaintiff, and plaintiff made a quitclaim deed to Dickerman, and that thereafter Dickerman conveyed by quitclaim deed to Collins.
Collins was not in reason or law expected or required to examine the public record of deeds to see what, if anything, Herbert 0. Chowen had done in regard to the property after he had conveyed all his legal title to Dickerman, whoi thereafter conveyed all of the property to Collins. Pie (Collins) was not charged ■with knowledge of the quitclaim deed to plaintiff, or of the quitclaim deed from plaintiff to’ Dickerman. Neither he nor* Phelps, without any knowledge of an interest in plaintiff, wasi charged' with any duty to¡ notify plaintiff. She had ample means, as appears from the evidence, to learn the situation. Her right [531]*531of action against the defendants, if sbe bad any, commenced from tbe time that they, or either of them, collected the money. Even if Collins coold be charged with constructive, or with any, knowledge of the deed from plaintiff to Diekerman, he certainly was not charged, because of said deed, with any knowledge of any oral contract between Diekerman and "the plaintiff. There was no breach of duty to her. She had a duty to herself to perforin, and that ivas to notify the defendants of her rights, if any she had, and to demand her share of the proceeds, if she had a right to them. The money was money had and received for the owners. It was received in January, 1894. 'This suit was commenced in March, 1898.
It is contended that this is a case of fraud and mistake, if anything, and that it would fall under Act of March 9, 1893, amending Section 42 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Compiled Statutes), and continued in operation under Section 518G of the Political Code, and that it could not fall under Section 514 of the Code of Civil Procedure of 1895, as stated in the motion for a nonsuit. We do not think that the Act of 1893 applies. It does not seem to be “an action, for relief on the ground of fraud and mistake,” in which case the “cause of action * * * is not deemed to have accrued until the discovery by the aggrieved party of the facts constituting fraud or mistake.” It is apparent from the complaint that the plaintiff ratified the sale of the part of the lands sold, and that sha simply is demanding money had and received, as she alleges, for her use. According to the allegations of the complaint, including the ratification, the defendant Collins was lawfully in possession of the money; but it does not appear that he held it under an express trust. To create an, express trust, there must be a conveyance in writing showing the purpose for which the grantee holds the property, and there must be an acceptance by him. A complaint declaring upon an express trust must show both. “Except in those cases in which the agent stands in the position of a trustee under an express trust, or has been guilty of actual fraud in concealing his liability to his [532]*532principal, there is no good reason,” says Mr. Wood, in Ms work on Statutes of Limitations (volume 1, p'. 348), “why the statute of limitations should not commence to' run in his favor after the lapse of a reasonable time iñ wliich to give notice to1 his principal.” In the case set up in the complaint there is m> express trust alleged. There is no concealment stated. The action as stated in tho complaint is one in assumpsit. If the allegations of the complaint were true, then the1 duty of the defendants, if they got the money, was to. pay her share to the plaintiff. Failure in-such duty was a breach, such as would give an immediate right of action without necessity of demand.
. Is this a case in which demand is necessary before suit, thus to save costs to the debtor? We think not. If the debtor fail in his duty, ha cannot complain because demand is not made before suit, with attendant costs, is commenced. If it be one’s duty, within a reasonable time after' its receipt, to pay over money belonging to another, then the debtor cannot at the same time, have the privilege or right to wait for demand. Duty to do at once a certain tMng, and privilege to wait for a demand before doing, cannot coexist in the same person. The right of action accrues .-/hen the duty commences, unless, perhaps, the person owing the duty conceal from the beneficiary the hap'-pening of the very thing upon the happening of wMch the right of action would accrue. As we have said, no concealment is alleged in the .complaint in this case.
Thus we have, under the pleadings^ evidence, and briefs, only the question submitted, to-wit: If the statute of limitations run in such a case, is it that part of the Act of 1893, supra (similar to Subsection 4, Section 513, Code of Civil Procedure), or Subsection 1, Section 514 of the Coda of Civil Procedure ? The latter was relied upon in the motion for non-suit and in the answers. The former is declared by the plaintiff to be the only section to be invoked, if any. We believe that Subsection 1 of Section 514 of the Code of Civil Procedure applies.
There was not anything in the evidence to' show any under[533]*533standing or agreement between plaintiff and defendants. There was not anything alleged or proven showing any concealment on the part of the defendants, or either of them.
The answer' properly pleaded the statute of limitations, and it was apparent from the case as made by plaintiff that the plea was good, and the cause was properly dismissed on motion for nonsuit.
Affirmed.