REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 2541
September Term, 2015
_________________________
VAQAR CHOUDRY
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND
Krauser, C.J., Friedman, Salmon, James P. (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
Opinion by Friedman, J.
Filed: February 3, 2017 The question in this case is whether the crime of sexual solicitation of a minor can
be committed when there is no minor or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor
involved. We conclude that it cannot.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In 2013, Vaqar Choudry sought the help of Corina Drury to find a prepubescent
female child with whom Choudry could have sexual relations. Drury did not procure such
a child for Choudry, but instead contacted the police to report Choudry’s plan. In recorded
conversations, Drury spoke to Choudry on the phone and in person to discuss the logistics
of procuring a minor for Choudry and what Choudry planned to do with that minor.
Although Drury never contacted a minor, she made up an elaborate story about a fake 12-
year old girl and called her “Chelsea.” Drury even asked the police for a picture of a “young
looking girl” that she could send to Choudry as proof that she had procured a minor for
him. A few weeks after Choudry’s initial request, Drury, acting on police instructions,
informed Choudry that the minor was ready for him and that he should meet Drury and the
minor at a motel later that day. When Choudry arrived at the motel, he was arrested by the
police. There was no minor or law enforcement officer posing as a minor at the motel when
Choudry was arrested.
Choudry was charged with sexual solicitation of a minor and human trafficking.
After a bench trial, Choudry was found guilty of sexual solicitation of a minor and
sentenced to five years, all suspended, a $1,000 fine, and a two-year period of probation. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Choudry contends that he cannot be found guilty of the crime of sexual
solicitation of a minor because, in his case, there was never a minor or a law enforcement
officer posing as a minor involved in his attempts to obtain a minor through Drury. He
contends that the plain language of the statute requires that there be an actual minor child
or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor. The State counters that, because Choudry
solicited a minor child through his agent Drury, there did not need to be an actual minor or
a particular minor available. We conclude that the statute unambiguously requires that a
defendant solicit a minor or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor, and, therefore,
we must vacate Choudry’s conviction.
“The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the intent
of the Legislature.” Stoddard v. State, 395 Md. 653, 661-62 (2006). This process starts with
looking at the language of the statute. Id. “[E]ven when we believe that the language of the
statute renders legislative intent clear, [however,] it is appropriate to examine the
legislative history as a confirmatory process.” Gomez v. Jackson Hewitt Inc., 427 Md. 128,
160 (2012); see also Bourgeois v. Live Nation Entertainment, Inc., 430 Md. 14, 27 (2013)
(“Legislative history may be considered in an effort both to confirm what appears to be a
clear intent from the language itself and to discern legislative intent when that intent is not
entirely clear from the statutory language.”).
The prohibition on sexual solicitation of a minor is found in Criminal Law (“CR”)
§ 3-324. That section reads:
-2- (b) A person may not, with the intent to commit a violation of [various sex crime statutes], knowingly solicit a minor, or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor, to engage in activities that would be unlawful for the person to engage in under [various sex crime statutes].
Md. Code Ann., CR § 3-324(b) (emphasis added). The crime of sexual solicitation of a
minor, therefore, has three elements: (1) solicitation; (2) of a minor or a law enforcement
officer posing as a minor; and (3) to engage in a prohibited sex act.
Although it is difficult to reconstruct the legislative disagreement that resulted in
this compromise language, it is obvious that the language selected as the second element
was an intentional compromise. Prior to 2004, the predecessor to CR § 3-324 prohibited
engaging in certain sexual acts with actual minors but did not apply to any non-minors.1
During the 2004 legislative session, SB512 was introduced in a form that would have
broadened this provision to include a prohibition not only on soliciting minors, but also on
soliciting any “individual the person believes to be a minor.” 2004 Sess., Senate Bill 512,
First Reading (available at https://perma.cc/SJ57-39NB). The House and Senate each
1 Prior to the passage of CR § 3-324, engaging in certain sexual acts with a minor was prohibited through the common law. See Fiscal and Policy Note Revised, 2004 Sess., SB512; Quispe del Pino v. State, 222 Md. App. 44, 51 (2015) (stating that with the passage of CR § 3-324 “sexual solicitation of a minor became a crime in Maryland for the first time.”). The common law as it existed before the passage of CR § 3-324, however, did not address the use of the internet or undercover officers posing as minors for investigatory purposes. CR § 3-324 closed these loopholes so that defendants soliciting a minor through any means, such as over the internet, or a defendant soliciting a law enforcement officer posing as a minor can now be guilty of sexual solicitation of a minor. See e.g., Letter from The Maryland Sheriffs’ Association, Inc. to Hon. Brian E. Frosh, Chairman and Members, Judicial Proceedings Comm. (March 9, 2004) (on file Legislative Services Bill File SB512 (2004)).
-3- amended SB512 differently and, in the waning hours of the 2004 legislative session, a
conference committee proposed the compromise that became the law: rather than prohibit
solicitation based on the defendant’s subjective intent to solicit a minor, or anyone the
defendant thinks is a minor, the prohibition would be objective, banning the sexual
solicitation of a minor or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor. 2004 Sess., Senate
Bill 512, Enrolled Bill (available at: https://perma.cc/2A7N-5W4A). Thus, we hold that the
legislature intended courts to apply an objective standard to determine the second element
of the crime, whether the defendant solicited a minor or a law enforcement officer.
In Choudry’s case, the parties agree that there was not an actual minor or law
enforcement officer posing as a minor solicited. Because the element of “a minor” or “law
enforcement officer posing as a minor” is required and was not fulfilled, Choudry did not
violate CR § 3-324. As a result, we must vacate his conviction.2
The State’s argument that Choudry successfully attempted to solicit a minor through
an agent also must fail because attempted sexual solicitation of a minor is not a crime in
Maryland. The language of the CR § 3-324 does not include a prohibition on attempted
2 The State focuses its argument on this point: that by asking Drury to solicit a minor for him, Choudry had already committed the crime of sexual solicitation of a minor even if Drury did not go on to procure a minor. The State’s argument, however, focuses only on the first element—solicitation specifically through an agent.
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REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 2541
September Term, 2015
_________________________
VAQAR CHOUDRY
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND
Krauser, C.J., Friedman, Salmon, James P. (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
Opinion by Friedman, J.
Filed: February 3, 2017 The question in this case is whether the crime of sexual solicitation of a minor can
be committed when there is no minor or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor
involved. We conclude that it cannot.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In 2013, Vaqar Choudry sought the help of Corina Drury to find a prepubescent
female child with whom Choudry could have sexual relations. Drury did not procure such
a child for Choudry, but instead contacted the police to report Choudry’s plan. In recorded
conversations, Drury spoke to Choudry on the phone and in person to discuss the logistics
of procuring a minor for Choudry and what Choudry planned to do with that minor.
Although Drury never contacted a minor, she made up an elaborate story about a fake 12-
year old girl and called her “Chelsea.” Drury even asked the police for a picture of a “young
looking girl” that she could send to Choudry as proof that she had procured a minor for
him. A few weeks after Choudry’s initial request, Drury, acting on police instructions,
informed Choudry that the minor was ready for him and that he should meet Drury and the
minor at a motel later that day. When Choudry arrived at the motel, he was arrested by the
police. There was no minor or law enforcement officer posing as a minor at the motel when
Choudry was arrested.
Choudry was charged with sexual solicitation of a minor and human trafficking.
After a bench trial, Choudry was found guilty of sexual solicitation of a minor and
sentenced to five years, all suspended, a $1,000 fine, and a two-year period of probation. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Choudry contends that he cannot be found guilty of the crime of sexual
solicitation of a minor because, in his case, there was never a minor or a law enforcement
officer posing as a minor involved in his attempts to obtain a minor through Drury. He
contends that the plain language of the statute requires that there be an actual minor child
or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor. The State counters that, because Choudry
solicited a minor child through his agent Drury, there did not need to be an actual minor or
a particular minor available. We conclude that the statute unambiguously requires that a
defendant solicit a minor or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor, and, therefore,
we must vacate Choudry’s conviction.
“The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the intent
of the Legislature.” Stoddard v. State, 395 Md. 653, 661-62 (2006). This process starts with
looking at the language of the statute. Id. “[E]ven when we believe that the language of the
statute renders legislative intent clear, [however,] it is appropriate to examine the
legislative history as a confirmatory process.” Gomez v. Jackson Hewitt Inc., 427 Md. 128,
160 (2012); see also Bourgeois v. Live Nation Entertainment, Inc., 430 Md. 14, 27 (2013)
(“Legislative history may be considered in an effort both to confirm what appears to be a
clear intent from the language itself and to discern legislative intent when that intent is not
entirely clear from the statutory language.”).
The prohibition on sexual solicitation of a minor is found in Criminal Law (“CR”)
§ 3-324. That section reads:
-2- (b) A person may not, with the intent to commit a violation of [various sex crime statutes], knowingly solicit a minor, or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor, to engage in activities that would be unlawful for the person to engage in under [various sex crime statutes].
Md. Code Ann., CR § 3-324(b) (emphasis added). The crime of sexual solicitation of a
minor, therefore, has three elements: (1) solicitation; (2) of a minor or a law enforcement
officer posing as a minor; and (3) to engage in a prohibited sex act.
Although it is difficult to reconstruct the legislative disagreement that resulted in
this compromise language, it is obvious that the language selected as the second element
was an intentional compromise. Prior to 2004, the predecessor to CR § 3-324 prohibited
engaging in certain sexual acts with actual minors but did not apply to any non-minors.1
During the 2004 legislative session, SB512 was introduced in a form that would have
broadened this provision to include a prohibition not only on soliciting minors, but also on
soliciting any “individual the person believes to be a minor.” 2004 Sess., Senate Bill 512,
First Reading (available at https://perma.cc/SJ57-39NB). The House and Senate each
1 Prior to the passage of CR § 3-324, engaging in certain sexual acts with a minor was prohibited through the common law. See Fiscal and Policy Note Revised, 2004 Sess., SB512; Quispe del Pino v. State, 222 Md. App. 44, 51 (2015) (stating that with the passage of CR § 3-324 “sexual solicitation of a minor became a crime in Maryland for the first time.”). The common law as it existed before the passage of CR § 3-324, however, did not address the use of the internet or undercover officers posing as minors for investigatory purposes. CR § 3-324 closed these loopholes so that defendants soliciting a minor through any means, such as over the internet, or a defendant soliciting a law enforcement officer posing as a minor can now be guilty of sexual solicitation of a minor. See e.g., Letter from The Maryland Sheriffs’ Association, Inc. to Hon. Brian E. Frosh, Chairman and Members, Judicial Proceedings Comm. (March 9, 2004) (on file Legislative Services Bill File SB512 (2004)).
-3- amended SB512 differently and, in the waning hours of the 2004 legislative session, a
conference committee proposed the compromise that became the law: rather than prohibit
solicitation based on the defendant’s subjective intent to solicit a minor, or anyone the
defendant thinks is a minor, the prohibition would be objective, banning the sexual
solicitation of a minor or a law enforcement officer posing as a minor. 2004 Sess., Senate
Bill 512, Enrolled Bill (available at: https://perma.cc/2A7N-5W4A). Thus, we hold that the
legislature intended courts to apply an objective standard to determine the second element
of the crime, whether the defendant solicited a minor or a law enforcement officer.
In Choudry’s case, the parties agree that there was not an actual minor or law
enforcement officer posing as a minor solicited. Because the element of “a minor” or “law
enforcement officer posing as a minor” is required and was not fulfilled, Choudry did not
violate CR § 3-324. As a result, we must vacate his conviction.2
The State’s argument that Choudry successfully attempted to solicit a minor through
an agent also must fail because attempted sexual solicitation of a minor is not a crime in
Maryland. The language of the CR § 3-324 does not include a prohibition on attempted
2 The State focuses its argument on this point: that by asking Drury to solicit a minor for him, Choudry had already committed the crime of sexual solicitation of a minor even if Drury did not go on to procure a minor. The State’s argument, however, focuses only on the first element—solicitation specifically through an agent. The State’s argument does not respond to the second element, whether there still must be a minor or law enforcement officer posing as a minor involved. Of course, nothing in the language of the statute suggests that depending on the means of solicitation, the other elements of the offense are negated.
-4- sexual solicitation of a minor, nor is there a separate statute making it unlawful to attempt
sexual solicitation of a minor. Unless and until the Legislature creates such an attempt
crime, Choudry’s actions, no matter how repugnant and indefensible, were not a crime.3
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR WASHINGTON COUNTY VACATED AND REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS. COSTS TO BE PAID BY WASHINGTON COUNTY.
3 Choudry also argues that the rule of lenity should sway our analysis in his favor. The rule of lenity, however, has no application. The rule of lenity is a rule of construction that applies “when [a criminal statute] is open to more than one interpretation and the court is otherwise unable to determine which interpretation was intended by the Legislature.” Oglesby v. State, 441 Md. 673, 676 (2015). Here, the statute is not open to more than one interpretation and, therefore, there is no need to employ the rule of lenity. See Richmond v. State, 326 Md. 257, 269 (1992) (stating that because the legislative intent in that case was clear, the rule of lenity was inapplicable.)
-5-