Cole, J.
The undisputed evidence shows that the defendant executed the note and mortgage in suit, and placed them in the hands of Ereeman M. Rowley, under an arrangement, or with the express understanding, that there was to be subsequently a meeting of the mortgagors, who might execute, or had executed, mortgages running to the railway company, at which meeting such mortgagors were to consider and determine whether or not they would deliver their respective obligations to the company in exchange for stock; but in no event were these securities to be delivered until this meeting was held and determination had. Ereeman M. Rowley was not authorized to do anything whatever with these securities, they being held by him as a mere custodian or depositary for safe keeping. Rowley was at this time an indifferent person, though it appears that he was soon thereafter chosen a director of the company; and he was selected by all parties concerned in the arrangement as a suitable depositary of these securities until it was decided whether they should be delivered. It further appears that the mortgagors never had any meeting to determine the question of delivery, and that the defendant never, in fact, either himself delivered, or authorized Rowley to deliver, the note and mortgage to the company, but that they were delivered with[48]*48out bis consent, knowledge or authority. These are undisputed facts in the case. The mortgage and note never having been delivered by the defendant, but having been surreptitiously put in circulation without his knowledge or consent, the single question is presented, whether they ever had any valid existence. The court below held that they were not valid obligations; and in this view we fully concur.
There is no claim or pretense that the defendant was guilty of any negligence or want of diligence in depositing these securities with Eowley for safe keeping. It appears that Rowley was an old resident of the place, and one of the leading merchants in business there at the time. He stood wholly indifferent -between the company and the makers of these securities; and it would be unreasonable to impute negligence to the defendant because he did not suspect the fidelity or integrity of such a man, and deal with him as though he were already proven to be a knave. The question of negligence, therefore, being wholly out of the case, the further inquiry arises, whether, upon the undoubted facts, the note and mortgage ever had a legal existence or became valid obligations.
The doctrine is elementary, that delivery is an essential part or step in the making and execution of such instruments. In Tisher v. Beckwith, 30 Wis., 56, it is said: “'It is essential to the validity of a deed that it should be delivered, and such delivery, to be valid, must be voluntary, that is, made with the assent and in pursuance of the intention on the part of the grantor to deliver it; and if not so delivered, it conveys no title. A deed purloined or stolen from the grantor, or the possession of which was fraudulently or wrongfully obtained from him without his knowledge, consent or acquiescence, is no more effectual to pass title to the supposed grantee, than if it were a total forgery, and an instrument of the latter kind had been spread upon the record. The only question which can ever arise to defeat the title of the supposed grantor, in such cases, is, whether he was guilty of any negligence in having [49]*49made, signed and acknowledged the instrument, and in suffering it to be kept or deposited in some place where be knew the party named as grantee might, if so disposed, readily and without trouble obtain such wrongful possession of it, and so be enabled to deceive and defraud innocent third persons.” The same rule is recognized in Andrews v. Thayer, 30 Wis., 228, though the question of delivery was not the real point of the decision in the latter case. But that delivery is essential to the validity of a deed or mortgage, is doubtless a doctrine so familiar and elementary as to dispense with the necessity of any reference to authority in its support. . There having been no delivery of the note and mortgage, they never had a legal existence, or were never fully executed.
It is claimed, however, that, under the decisions in this state, these securities stand upon the ground of commercial or negotiable.paper, and that all the rules and usages in regard to such paper apply to them ; and the plaintiff, being a bona fide holder ■for value, must be protected. Whether the. plaintiff is an innocent holder for value is a question of some doubt upon the evidence; but we do not choose to consider it, nor shall we place our decision upon the ground that he is not to be regarded in that light. The note or instrument accompanying the mortgage was under seal, payable to the order of the railroad company; and it and the mortgage were transferred by the bond of the company attached thereto, as in Crosby v. Roub, 16 Wis., 616. Assuming that the securities possess all the essential qualities of commercial paper, does this view aid the plaintiff ? “ As a general rule, a negotiable promissory note, like other written contracts, has no legal inception or valid existence as such, until it has been delivered in accordance with the purpose and intent of the parties.” Burson v. Huntington, 21 Mich., 416, 431, 432. In this case will be found an able and quite discriminating examination and discussion of the authorities bearing upon this question; and the conclusion reached by the court accords with sound principle. It is, that delivery [50]*50of a promissory note by the maker is necessary to a valid inception of the contract, and that, until there is a delivery, the note has no vitality, and the rules of commercial paper have no application to it. And such, in substance, was the language of this court in Walker v. Ebert, 29 Wis., 194, and Kellogg v. Steiner, id., 626, when considering the question as to the validity of a note to which the maker’s signature has been procured through fraud, or where it. was alleged that the paper was a forgery. <l The inquiry in such cases,” says Chief Justice DixoN, “ goes back of all questions of negotiability, or of the transfer of the supposed paper to a purchaser for value, before maturity and without notice. It challenges the origin or existence of the paper itself; and the proposition is, to show that it is notin law or in fact what it purports to be, namely, the promissory npte of the supposed maker. For the purpose of setting on foot or pursuing this inquiry, it is immaterial that the supposed instrument is negotiable in form, or that it may have passed to the hands of a bona Jicle holder for value. Negotiability in such cases presupposes the existence of the instrument as having been made by the party whose name is subscribed; for until it has been so made and has such aptual legal existence, it is absurd to talk about a negotiation, or transfer, or bona fide holder of it, within the meaning of the law merchant.” Walker v. Ebert, p. 197. These remarks are strictly applicable to the peculiar circumstances of this case. The defendant is sought to be held responsible on a contract which he never executed. True, he signed these papers; but he did not deliver them. He kept control of the securities as fully as though he had retained manual possession of them. The witness W. B.
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Cole, J.
The undisputed evidence shows that the defendant executed the note and mortgage in suit, and placed them in the hands of Ereeman M. Rowley, under an arrangement, or with the express understanding, that there was to be subsequently a meeting of the mortgagors, who might execute, or had executed, mortgages running to the railway company, at which meeting such mortgagors were to consider and determine whether or not they would deliver their respective obligations to the company in exchange for stock; but in no event were these securities to be delivered until this meeting was held and determination had. Ereeman M. Rowley was not authorized to do anything whatever with these securities, they being held by him as a mere custodian or depositary for safe keeping. Rowley was at this time an indifferent person, though it appears that he was soon thereafter chosen a director of the company; and he was selected by all parties concerned in the arrangement as a suitable depositary of these securities until it was decided whether they should be delivered. It further appears that the mortgagors never had any meeting to determine the question of delivery, and that the defendant never, in fact, either himself delivered, or authorized Rowley to deliver, the note and mortgage to the company, but that they were delivered with[48]*48out bis consent, knowledge or authority. These are undisputed facts in the case. The mortgage and note never having been delivered by the defendant, but having been surreptitiously put in circulation without his knowledge or consent, the single question is presented, whether they ever had any valid existence. The court below held that they were not valid obligations; and in this view we fully concur.
There is no claim or pretense that the defendant was guilty of any negligence or want of diligence in depositing these securities with Eowley for safe keeping. It appears that Rowley was an old resident of the place, and one of the leading merchants in business there at the time. He stood wholly indifferent -between the company and the makers of these securities; and it would be unreasonable to impute negligence to the defendant because he did not suspect the fidelity or integrity of such a man, and deal with him as though he were already proven to be a knave. The question of negligence, therefore, being wholly out of the case, the further inquiry arises, whether, upon the undoubted facts, the note and mortgage ever had a legal existence or became valid obligations.
The doctrine is elementary, that delivery is an essential part or step in the making and execution of such instruments. In Tisher v. Beckwith, 30 Wis., 56, it is said: “'It is essential to the validity of a deed that it should be delivered, and such delivery, to be valid, must be voluntary, that is, made with the assent and in pursuance of the intention on the part of the grantor to deliver it; and if not so delivered, it conveys no title. A deed purloined or stolen from the grantor, or the possession of which was fraudulently or wrongfully obtained from him without his knowledge, consent or acquiescence, is no more effectual to pass title to the supposed grantee, than if it were a total forgery, and an instrument of the latter kind had been spread upon the record. The only question which can ever arise to defeat the title of the supposed grantor, in such cases, is, whether he was guilty of any negligence in having [49]*49made, signed and acknowledged the instrument, and in suffering it to be kept or deposited in some place where be knew the party named as grantee might, if so disposed, readily and without trouble obtain such wrongful possession of it, and so be enabled to deceive and defraud innocent third persons.” The same rule is recognized in Andrews v. Thayer, 30 Wis., 228, though the question of delivery was not the real point of the decision in the latter case. But that delivery is essential to the validity of a deed or mortgage, is doubtless a doctrine so familiar and elementary as to dispense with the necessity of any reference to authority in its support. . There having been no delivery of the note and mortgage, they never had a legal existence, or were never fully executed.
It is claimed, however, that, under the decisions in this state, these securities stand upon the ground of commercial or negotiable.paper, and that all the rules and usages in regard to such paper apply to them ; and the plaintiff, being a bona fide holder ■for value, must be protected. Whether the. plaintiff is an innocent holder for value is a question of some doubt upon the evidence; but we do not choose to consider it, nor shall we place our decision upon the ground that he is not to be regarded in that light. The note or instrument accompanying the mortgage was under seal, payable to the order of the railroad company; and it and the mortgage were transferred by the bond of the company attached thereto, as in Crosby v. Roub, 16 Wis., 616. Assuming that the securities possess all the essential qualities of commercial paper, does this view aid the plaintiff ? “ As a general rule, a negotiable promissory note, like other written contracts, has no legal inception or valid existence as such, until it has been delivered in accordance with the purpose and intent of the parties.” Burson v. Huntington, 21 Mich., 416, 431, 432. In this case will be found an able and quite discriminating examination and discussion of the authorities bearing upon this question; and the conclusion reached by the court accords with sound principle. It is, that delivery [50]*50of a promissory note by the maker is necessary to a valid inception of the contract, and that, until there is a delivery, the note has no vitality, and the rules of commercial paper have no application to it. And such, in substance, was the language of this court in Walker v. Ebert, 29 Wis., 194, and Kellogg v. Steiner, id., 626, when considering the question as to the validity of a note to which the maker’s signature has been procured through fraud, or where it. was alleged that the paper was a forgery. <l The inquiry in such cases,” says Chief Justice DixoN, “ goes back of all questions of negotiability, or of the transfer of the supposed paper to a purchaser for value, before maturity and without notice. It challenges the origin or existence of the paper itself; and the proposition is, to show that it is notin law or in fact what it purports to be, namely, the promissory npte of the supposed maker. For the purpose of setting on foot or pursuing this inquiry, it is immaterial that the supposed instrument is negotiable in form, or that it may have passed to the hands of a bona Jicle holder for value. Negotiability in such cases presupposes the existence of the instrument as having been made by the party whose name is subscribed; for until it has been so made and has such aptual legal existence, it is absurd to talk about a negotiation, or transfer, or bona fide holder of it, within the meaning of the law merchant.” Walker v. Ebert, p. 197. These remarks are strictly applicable to the peculiar circumstances of this case. The defendant is sought to be held responsible on a contract which he never executed. True, he signed these papers; but he did not deliver them. He kept control of the securities as fully as though he had retained manual possession of them. The witness W. B. Felker,' who acted as agent of the company in the transaction of the business, testified that, “ if sufficient funds were not raised by means of these mortgages, and the company could provide means otherwise to secure the completion of the road to Win-neconne, the mortgagors still had their option whether they would deliver their mortgages to the company and take stock [51]*51therefor, or whether they would retain them.” The instruments never became operative by delivery, any more than though they had been stolen from the possession of the defendant and put in circulation. And to say that the rules and principles of law in regard to negotiable paper, preclude the defendant from showing that the instruments were never delivered and consequently never had any legal existence, is, as it seems to us, to extend those rules and principles beyond their just application. Bona fide holders of commercial paper should be protected in all proper eases, but they are hot the only parties who have rights which the courts are bound to respect.
Nor does the principle apply, that when one of two innocent persons must suffer by the acts of a third, he who has enabled such third person to occasion the loss must sustain it. Rowley had no legal power or right to part with these securities by delivering them to the company. If he had purloined them from the possession of the defendant, and delivered them, the plaintiff’s title would have been as good to them as it is now. For the instruments were never delivered, and were not intended to be delivered until further action had been taken, and remained wholly within the control of the defendant. See Thomas v. Watkins, 16 Wis., 550. But this whole field of discussion is so thoroughly gone over in Burson v. Huntington, Walker v. Ebert, Kellogg, v. Steiner, and cases there referred to, that it is deemed unnecessary to make farther remarks. See Puffer v. Smith, 57 Ill., 527; Butler v. Carns, 37 Wis., 61.
There having been no delivery of the note and mortgage, we think the court below was right in holding that they were not valid obligations against the defendant.
By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.