Gaeoutte, J.
— This is an appeal from a judgment of the superior court of the county of Monterey, in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant herein, for the sum of two thousand dollars damages for an alleged [287]*287libel, and from an order denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial.
The defendant published in a daily issue of the San Jose Mercury, a newspaper printed and published in the city of San Jose, an article to the effect that the plaintiff, William. Childers, had committed the offense of burglary, upon the previous night, in said city of San Jose, by breaking and entering a business house of said city. Plaintiff by his complaint charged said publication to be a libel upon him, and brought this action for damages.
It is now insisted that the court misunderstood the law bearing upon the questions here involved, and that the following instructions, which were given to the jury, are unsound as declarations of legal principles: “1. All libels and slanders are conclusively presumed to be in some degree malicious; 2. Said publication was a libel upon the plaintiff, and entitles him to a verdict in his favor; 3. Damages in such a case as this are given: 1. To compensate the plaintiff for his injuries, if he has suffered any, and 2. As an example to others similarly situated, and as a punishment for a wrongful act done; 4. In this action, if you find for the plaintiff, and if you find that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, actual or presumed, in addition to the actual damages sustained by the plaintiff, you may give him.damages for the sake of example, and by way of punishing the defendant. As I have already charged you, the law presumes the existence of malice from the fact of the publication of the false, unprivileged, and defamatory article in a newspaper regarding the person so charged; 5. The plaintiff in this case has not alleged or attempted to prove any special damages, but simply claims a verdict for exemplary or punitive damages. Such damages are given for the sake of example, and by way of punishing the defendant.”
The foregoing instructions are taken from various portions of the body of law given by the court to the jury, and are collected and numbered for our convenience. There is no question in this case but that the [288]*288publication was not a privileged one, and the court was justified in so stating to the jury.
Malice, as pertaining to actions of libel and slander, is a question both intricate and important, and especially so, when it, in its various classifications, is considered in connection with the legal principles bearing upon the question of exemplary or punitive damages. Malice may be divided into two distinct classes, to wit, malice in law and malice in fact. Malice in law may be defined as a wrongful act, done intentionally, without just cause or excuse. (Bell v. Fernald, 71 Mich. 267; King v. Patterson, 49 N. J. L. 417; 60 Am. Rep. 622.) Such malice is necessary to the life of every cause of action for libel, and is conclusively presumed in publications of the character here involved. In King v. Patterson, 49 N. J. L. 417, 60 Am. Rep. 622, it is said: “ On the other hand, where the publication imputes a crime so as to be actionable per se, or is actionable only on averment and proof of special damages, if the publication is not justified by proof of its truth, or by the privileged occasion of publication, the law in such cases presumes malice such as is essential to the action. In such cases good faith and an honest belief in the truth of the publication will be no defense. The absence of a malicious motive may protect against exemplary damages, but will not bar the action.”
Malice in fact is only material in libel as establishing a right to recover exemplary damages, or to defeat defendant’s plea that a publication is privileged. Malice in fact may be defined as a spiteful or rancorous disposition which causes an act to be done for mischief. (Lick v. Owen, 47 Cal. 252.) As will be observed hereafter, malice in fact may be established by evidence aliunde, or it may appear from the face of the publication itself.
Two classes of damages may be recovered in actions of libel, to wit, actual or compensatory damages and exemplary damages. Special damages as a branch of actual damages may be recovered when actual pecuniary loss has been sustained, and is specially pleaded. The [289]*289remaining branch of actual damages embraces recovery for loss of reputation, shame, mortification, injury to feelings, etc., and, while special damages must be alleged and proven, general damages for outrage to feelings and loss of reputation need not be alleged in detail, and may be recovered in the absence of actual proof; and to the amount that the jury estimates will fairly compensate plaintiff for the injury done. (Wilson v. Fitch, 41 Cal. 386.)
Exemplary damages may be recovered when malice on the part of the defendant is established as a fact, and by the express provisions of section 3294 of the Civil Code this malice maybe “actual or presumed.” We assume that the word “ actual,” as used in this section of the code, means “ express.” In criminal law malice is an element of murder, and this malice may be either express or implied. It is implied when no considerable provocation for the killing appears, or when the circumstances of the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart. We are inclined to believe that the “ presumed malice ” of section 3294 closely assimilates to the implied malice of the criminal law. It is an inference of fact to be drawn from the libelous character of the publication; and, if the article is libelous per se, we see no reason why the law should not declare that upon its introduction in evidence a prima Jade case of malice in fact is established; for, even though it be presumed malice, it is malice in fact, and has all the dignity and gravity of express or actual malice, proven aliunde. We conclude that presumed malice is equally a question of fact with actual malice, and upon being established equally forms th$ foundation for the recovery of exemplary damages.
This publication charged plaintiff with the commission of a felony. It was false, not privileged, and libelous per se. Upon such a state of facts the cause of action for actual damages is conclusively established. (Wilson v. Fitch, 41 Cal. 386; Dixon v. Allen, 69 Cal. 527; Mowry v. Raabe, 89 Cal. 609.) And the amount and measure of damages are the only questions left for liti[290]*290gation. In this publication malice in law is not only conclusively presumed, but such malice in fact is implied or presumed as to establish prima Jade the right of plaintiff to exemplary damages. In other words, the existence of malice in fact is sufficiently shown by the publication to make the question an issue before the jury. That exemplary damages may be based alone upon a publication libelous per se we have many authorities from many states. (Samuels v. Evening Mail Assn., 75 N. Y. 604; Bergmann v. Jones, 94 N. Y. 51; Warner v. Press Pub. Co.. 132 N. Y. 181; Evening News Assn. v. Tryon, 42 Mich. 549; 36 Am. Rep. 450; Buckley v. Knapp, 48 Mo. 152; Clements v. Maloney, 55 Mo. 352; Schmisseur v. Kreilich, 92 Ill. 347; Snyder v. Fulton, 34 Md.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Gaeoutte, J.
— This is an appeal from a judgment of the superior court of the county of Monterey, in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant herein, for the sum of two thousand dollars damages for an alleged [287]*287libel, and from an order denying the defendant’s motion for a new trial.
The defendant published in a daily issue of the San Jose Mercury, a newspaper printed and published in the city of San Jose, an article to the effect that the plaintiff, William. Childers, had committed the offense of burglary, upon the previous night, in said city of San Jose, by breaking and entering a business house of said city. Plaintiff by his complaint charged said publication to be a libel upon him, and brought this action for damages.
It is now insisted that the court misunderstood the law bearing upon the questions here involved, and that the following instructions, which were given to the jury, are unsound as declarations of legal principles: “1. All libels and slanders are conclusively presumed to be in some degree malicious; 2. Said publication was a libel upon the plaintiff, and entitles him to a verdict in his favor; 3. Damages in such a case as this are given: 1. To compensate the plaintiff for his injuries, if he has suffered any, and 2. As an example to others similarly situated, and as a punishment for a wrongful act done; 4. In this action, if you find for the plaintiff, and if you find that the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud, or malice, actual or presumed, in addition to the actual damages sustained by the plaintiff, you may give him.damages for the sake of example, and by way of punishing the defendant. As I have already charged you, the law presumes the existence of malice from the fact of the publication of the false, unprivileged, and defamatory article in a newspaper regarding the person so charged; 5. The plaintiff in this case has not alleged or attempted to prove any special damages, but simply claims a verdict for exemplary or punitive damages. Such damages are given for the sake of example, and by way of punishing the defendant.”
The foregoing instructions are taken from various portions of the body of law given by the court to the jury, and are collected and numbered for our convenience. There is no question in this case but that the [288]*288publication was not a privileged one, and the court was justified in so stating to the jury.
Malice, as pertaining to actions of libel and slander, is a question both intricate and important, and especially so, when it, in its various classifications, is considered in connection with the legal principles bearing upon the question of exemplary or punitive damages. Malice may be divided into two distinct classes, to wit, malice in law and malice in fact. Malice in law may be defined as a wrongful act, done intentionally, without just cause or excuse. (Bell v. Fernald, 71 Mich. 267; King v. Patterson, 49 N. J. L. 417; 60 Am. Rep. 622.) Such malice is necessary to the life of every cause of action for libel, and is conclusively presumed in publications of the character here involved. In King v. Patterson, 49 N. J. L. 417, 60 Am. Rep. 622, it is said: “ On the other hand, where the publication imputes a crime so as to be actionable per se, or is actionable only on averment and proof of special damages, if the publication is not justified by proof of its truth, or by the privileged occasion of publication, the law in such cases presumes malice such as is essential to the action. In such cases good faith and an honest belief in the truth of the publication will be no defense. The absence of a malicious motive may protect against exemplary damages, but will not bar the action.”
Malice in fact is only material in libel as establishing a right to recover exemplary damages, or to defeat defendant’s plea that a publication is privileged. Malice in fact may be defined as a spiteful or rancorous disposition which causes an act to be done for mischief. (Lick v. Owen, 47 Cal. 252.) As will be observed hereafter, malice in fact may be established by evidence aliunde, or it may appear from the face of the publication itself.
Two classes of damages may be recovered in actions of libel, to wit, actual or compensatory damages and exemplary damages. Special damages as a branch of actual damages may be recovered when actual pecuniary loss has been sustained, and is specially pleaded. The [289]*289remaining branch of actual damages embraces recovery for loss of reputation, shame, mortification, injury to feelings, etc., and, while special damages must be alleged and proven, general damages for outrage to feelings and loss of reputation need not be alleged in detail, and may be recovered in the absence of actual proof; and to the amount that the jury estimates will fairly compensate plaintiff for the injury done. (Wilson v. Fitch, 41 Cal. 386.)
Exemplary damages may be recovered when malice on the part of the defendant is established as a fact, and by the express provisions of section 3294 of the Civil Code this malice maybe “actual or presumed.” We assume that the word “ actual,” as used in this section of the code, means “ express.” In criminal law malice is an element of murder, and this malice may be either express or implied. It is implied when no considerable provocation for the killing appears, or when the circumstances of the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart. We are inclined to believe that the “ presumed malice ” of section 3294 closely assimilates to the implied malice of the criminal law. It is an inference of fact to be drawn from the libelous character of the publication; and, if the article is libelous per se, we see no reason why the law should not declare that upon its introduction in evidence a prima Jade case of malice in fact is established; for, even though it be presumed malice, it is malice in fact, and has all the dignity and gravity of express or actual malice, proven aliunde. We conclude that presumed malice is equally a question of fact with actual malice, and upon being established equally forms th$ foundation for the recovery of exemplary damages.
This publication charged plaintiff with the commission of a felony. It was false, not privileged, and libelous per se. Upon such a state of facts the cause of action for actual damages is conclusively established. (Wilson v. Fitch, 41 Cal. 386; Dixon v. Allen, 69 Cal. 527; Mowry v. Raabe, 89 Cal. 609.) And the amount and measure of damages are the only questions left for liti[290]*290gation. In this publication malice in law is not only conclusively presumed, but such malice in fact is implied or presumed as to establish prima Jade the right of plaintiff to exemplary damages. In other words, the existence of malice in fact is sufficiently shown by the publication to make the question an issue before the jury. That exemplary damages may be based alone upon a publication libelous per se we have many authorities from many states. (Samuels v. Evening Mail Assn., 75 N. Y. 604; Bergmann v. Jones, 94 N. Y. 51; Warner v. Press Pub. Co.. 132 N. Y. 181; Evening News Assn. v. Tryon, 42 Mich. 549; 36 Am. Rep. 450; Buckley v. Knapp, 48 Mo. 152; Clements v. Maloney, 55 Mo. 352; Schmisseur v. Kreilich, 92 Ill. 347; Snyder v. Fulton, 34 Md. 128; 6 Am. Rep. 314; Nolan v. Traber, 49 Md. 460; 33 Am. Rep. 277.) In Warner v. Press Pub Co., 132 N. Y. 181, the principle is thus declared: “The plaintiff gave evidence of malice when she proved the falsity of the libelous publication, and, in the absence of evidence on the part of the defendant tending, to show that it had neither the desire nor the intention to wrong her, it would have been the duty of the court to instruct the jury that the plaintiff might be awarded exemplary damages in their discretion; but testimony was adduced on the part of the defendant, tending to prove the absence of actual malice on his part towards the plaintiff, which, taken in connection with the evidence of malice which the law imputed when the falsity of the libel was established, presented a question of fact whether malice existed in the publication. If found to exist, then, in their discretion, the jury could award exemplary damages.” While there may be authority .in some states opposed to the principle declared in the foregoing citation, yet in this state, in view of section 3294 of the Civil Code, to which we have adverted, there would seem to be no question as to the true rule.
Do the instructions of the couri stand the test when gauged by the legal principles we have declared? As to those instructions, numbers one and two are correct. [291]*291Number three is correct, if malice in fact is assumed to have been established by the evidence, but the court was not justified in making such an assumption. Malice in. fact was an issue before the jury, and, if found by the jury to be an element of the case, then, and then only, was the instruction correct, and the case one for exemplary damages. Instruction number four is correct in all save the last clause. The court first tells the jury that if malice, actual or presumed, has been proven, exemplary damages may be recovered, and then commits the error by saying that the publication is such that malice is presumed; in other words, conclusively presumed. This is true of malice in law, but the court in this instruction was dealing with malice in fact, as bearing upon exemplary damages, and the presumption of malice in fact from the libelous character of the publication is not conclusive, but disputable. The defendant had the right to rebut this presumption by any proper evidence. He attempted so to do in this case, and, if he was successful in that regard to the satisfaction of the jury, malice in fact was no longer an element in the case. The fifth instruction is not entirely correct, but probably too favorable to the defendant. For, while the plaintiff did not claim special damages, he did claim compensatory damages to the extent of the injury to his feelings, etc., and, in the absence of malice in fact, under his pleading these compensatory damages were all that he was entitled to recover.
For the foregoing reasons the judgment and order are reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Harrison, J., and Van Fleet, J., concurred.
Hearing in Bank denied.