MITCHELL, Judge.
The appellant, Hilary H. Holt, assigns as error the trial court’s dismissal of his third-party complaint against the appellees, Blanco and the Professional Association, and contends that his third-party complaint sets forth a valid claim for relief alleging attorney malpractice on the part of the appellees. He contends his complaint states a claim upon which relief could be granted under either a theory of breach of contract or a theory of tort liability for negligence and that his complaint properly alleged each theory in the alternative.
We point out at the outset that throughout this opinion reference is made to a cause of action for “attorney malpractice” rather than “legal malpractice” or some other designation of the claim for relief alleged. Our use of this terminology is prompted by our concern that the use of the term “legal malpractice” might well lead to confusion by its connection in some minds with “legal” or “lawful” conduct.
There is disagreement among the various jurisdictions of the United States as to whether claims for attorney malpractice are grounded in contract or in tort. Many of the cases appear to blur distinctions between torts and breaches of contract.
See,
Annot., 45 A.L.R. 3d 1181 (1972). Perhaps the nearest approximation of a general rule as to the nature of claims for attorney malpractice is set forth in 7 C.J.S., Attorney and Client, § 140, p. 978, which states:
Although the liability of an attorney on the ground of negligence is ordinarily enforced by an action on the case for negligence in the discharge of his professional duties, the liability in reality rests on the attorney’s employment by the client and
is contractual in its nature.
Hence, before the attorney can be made liable, it must appear the loss for which he is sought to be held arose from his failure or neglect to discharge some duty which was fairly within the purview of his employment. Moreover,
an attorney is liable
for negligence in the conduct of his professional duties
to his client alone,
that is, to the one between whom and the attorney the
contract
of employment and service existed, and not to third parties. (Emphasis added.)
The requirement of an attorney-client relationship or privity of contract as a basis for a claim against an attorney has been recognized by the majority of jurisdictions. It is generally held that attorneys, such as the appellees, may be held liable for errors in certifying title to real property only to those to whom the certification is made and who enjoy privity of contract with such attorneys.
National Savings Bank v. Ward,
100 U.S. 195, 25 L.Ed. 621 (1880); Annot., 59 A.L.R. 3d 1176 (1974); Annot., 34 A.L.R. 3d 1122 (1970); Whitman,
Transferring North Carolina Real Estate Part I: How the Present System Functions,
49 N.C. L. Rev. 413, 442-43 (1971). The same principle has been applied by a majority of jurisdictions to cases involving allegations of attorney malpractice with regard to matters other than title to real property. Annot., 45 A.L.R. 3d 1181 (1972). Thus, the majority of jurisdictions have relied more heavily upon the law of contracts than the law of torts in establishing the requirements for a valid claim for relief for attorney malpractice.
Our research has revealed no North Carolina case determining whether claims for attorney malpractice are claims sounding in contract or in tort. We find some support for the view of the majority of jurisdictions, that such claims are based upon the law of contracts, in the fact that the decided cases of this jurisdiction involve claims by immediate clients who sought to hold their attorneys liable. Although not determinative in itself of the issue, it is relevant to note that the Supreme Court of North Carolina has given no indication in the decided cases that claims for attorney malpractice may be brought on behalf of individuals not in privity of contract with the attorneys upon the contracts of employment. 1 Strong, N.C. Index 3d, Attorneys at Law, § 5.1, pp. 581-2, and cases cited.
We concur in the view applied by, although not always specifically stated by, the majority of jurisdictions and hold that claims for relief for attorney malpractice are actions sounding in contract and may properly be brought only by those who are in privity of contract with such attorneys by virtue of a contract providing for their employment. Having so held, we find the appellant did not allege facts establishing such privity and was not entitled to proceed further on his complaint against the appellees.
Subject to certain exceptions not relevant here, one who is not a party to a contract may not maintain a claim for relief for
its breach.
Matternes v. City of Winston-Salem,
286 N.C. 1, 209 S.E. 2d 481 (1974);
Jones v. Elevator Co.,
231 N.C. 285, 56 S.E. 2d 684 (1949). Here, the appellant alleged in his complaint that he served as either vice-president of LLA or as its consultant, and that the appellees as attorneys for LLA were, therefore, also his attorneys and liable to him if they failed properly to perform their duties as attorneys under their contract of employment. We do not agree.
Duties of the magnitude and seriousness involved when an attorney at law undertakes to represent a client should arise only from his contract of employment with his client as governed by the law of contracts.
See,
7 Am. Jur. 2d, Attorneys at Law, § 167, p. 146. To hold otherwise would encourage a party to contractual negotiations or other business matters to forego retaining counsel and later sue counsel representing the other contracting parties for attorney malpractice if the result of the negotiations should prove disfavorable in some way. Accordingly, we hold that the appellees owed no duty to the appellant by virtue of their contract of employment with their client LLA, regardless of whether the appellant is viewed as vice-president of or a consultant to LLA.
See, Chalpin v. Brennan,
114 Ariz. 124, 559 P. 2d 680 (1977);
Harding v. Bell,
265 Or. 202, 508 P. 2d 216 (1973);
Ronnigen v. Hertogs,
294 Minn. 7, 199 N.W. 2d 420 (1972);
Bresette v. Knapp,
121 Vt. 376, 159 A. 2d 329 (1960);
Delta Equipment and Construction Co., Inc. v. Royal Indemnity Co.,
186 So. 2d 454 (La. Ct. of App. 1966). This holding applies to and is determinative of the allegations of negligence by the appellees, the allegations concerning their representation of multiple parties, and all other allegations.
The appellant contends that, even though he may not be a party to the contract of employment between LLA as client and the appellees as attorneys, he should, nevertheless, be permitted to maintain this action as a third-party beneficiary of that contract of employment. This contention is without merit.
In
Vogel v. Supply Co.
and
Supply Co. v. Developers, Inc.,
277 N.C. 119, 177 S.E.
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MITCHELL, Judge.
The appellant, Hilary H. Holt, assigns as error the trial court’s dismissal of his third-party complaint against the appellees, Blanco and the Professional Association, and contends that his third-party complaint sets forth a valid claim for relief alleging attorney malpractice on the part of the appellees. He contends his complaint states a claim upon which relief could be granted under either a theory of breach of contract or a theory of tort liability for negligence and that his complaint properly alleged each theory in the alternative.
We point out at the outset that throughout this opinion reference is made to a cause of action for “attorney malpractice” rather than “legal malpractice” or some other designation of the claim for relief alleged. Our use of this terminology is prompted by our concern that the use of the term “legal malpractice” might well lead to confusion by its connection in some minds with “legal” or “lawful” conduct.
There is disagreement among the various jurisdictions of the United States as to whether claims for attorney malpractice are grounded in contract or in tort. Many of the cases appear to blur distinctions between torts and breaches of contract.
See,
Annot., 45 A.L.R. 3d 1181 (1972). Perhaps the nearest approximation of a general rule as to the nature of claims for attorney malpractice is set forth in 7 C.J.S., Attorney and Client, § 140, p. 978, which states:
Although the liability of an attorney on the ground of negligence is ordinarily enforced by an action on the case for negligence in the discharge of his professional duties, the liability in reality rests on the attorney’s employment by the client and
is contractual in its nature.
Hence, before the attorney can be made liable, it must appear the loss for which he is sought to be held arose from his failure or neglect to discharge some duty which was fairly within the purview of his employment. Moreover,
an attorney is liable
for negligence in the conduct of his professional duties
to his client alone,
that is, to the one between whom and the attorney the
contract
of employment and service existed, and not to third parties. (Emphasis added.)
The requirement of an attorney-client relationship or privity of contract as a basis for a claim against an attorney has been recognized by the majority of jurisdictions. It is generally held that attorneys, such as the appellees, may be held liable for errors in certifying title to real property only to those to whom the certification is made and who enjoy privity of contract with such attorneys.
National Savings Bank v. Ward,
100 U.S. 195, 25 L.Ed. 621 (1880); Annot., 59 A.L.R. 3d 1176 (1974); Annot., 34 A.L.R. 3d 1122 (1970); Whitman,
Transferring North Carolina Real Estate Part I: How the Present System Functions,
49 N.C. L. Rev. 413, 442-43 (1971). The same principle has been applied by a majority of jurisdictions to cases involving allegations of attorney malpractice with regard to matters other than title to real property. Annot., 45 A.L.R. 3d 1181 (1972). Thus, the majority of jurisdictions have relied more heavily upon the law of contracts than the law of torts in establishing the requirements for a valid claim for relief for attorney malpractice.
Our research has revealed no North Carolina case determining whether claims for attorney malpractice are claims sounding in contract or in tort. We find some support for the view of the majority of jurisdictions, that such claims are based upon the law of contracts, in the fact that the decided cases of this jurisdiction involve claims by immediate clients who sought to hold their attorneys liable. Although not determinative in itself of the issue, it is relevant to note that the Supreme Court of North Carolina has given no indication in the decided cases that claims for attorney malpractice may be brought on behalf of individuals not in privity of contract with the attorneys upon the contracts of employment. 1 Strong, N.C. Index 3d, Attorneys at Law, § 5.1, pp. 581-2, and cases cited.
We concur in the view applied by, although not always specifically stated by, the majority of jurisdictions and hold that claims for relief for attorney malpractice are actions sounding in contract and may properly be brought only by those who are in privity of contract with such attorneys by virtue of a contract providing for their employment. Having so held, we find the appellant did not allege facts establishing such privity and was not entitled to proceed further on his complaint against the appellees.
Subject to certain exceptions not relevant here, one who is not a party to a contract may not maintain a claim for relief for
its breach.
Matternes v. City of Winston-Salem,
286 N.C. 1, 209 S.E. 2d 481 (1974);
Jones v. Elevator Co.,
231 N.C. 285, 56 S.E. 2d 684 (1949). Here, the appellant alleged in his complaint that he served as either vice-president of LLA or as its consultant, and that the appellees as attorneys for LLA were, therefore, also his attorneys and liable to him if they failed properly to perform their duties as attorneys under their contract of employment. We do not agree.
Duties of the magnitude and seriousness involved when an attorney at law undertakes to represent a client should arise only from his contract of employment with his client as governed by the law of contracts.
See,
7 Am. Jur. 2d, Attorneys at Law, § 167, p. 146. To hold otherwise would encourage a party to contractual negotiations or other business matters to forego retaining counsel and later sue counsel representing the other contracting parties for attorney malpractice if the result of the negotiations should prove disfavorable in some way. Accordingly, we hold that the appellees owed no duty to the appellant by virtue of their contract of employment with their client LLA, regardless of whether the appellant is viewed as vice-president of or a consultant to LLA.
See, Chalpin v. Brennan,
114 Ariz. 124, 559 P. 2d 680 (1977);
Harding v. Bell,
265 Or. 202, 508 P. 2d 216 (1973);
Ronnigen v. Hertogs,
294 Minn. 7, 199 N.W. 2d 420 (1972);
Bresette v. Knapp,
121 Vt. 376, 159 A. 2d 329 (1960);
Delta Equipment and Construction Co., Inc. v. Royal Indemnity Co.,
186 So. 2d 454 (La. Ct. of App. 1966). This holding applies to and is determinative of the allegations of negligence by the appellees, the allegations concerning their representation of multiple parties, and all other allegations.
The appellant contends that, even though he may not be a party to the contract of employment between LLA as client and the appellees as attorneys, he should, nevertheless, be permitted to maintain this action as a third-party beneficiary of that contract of employment. This contention is without merit.
In
Vogel v. Supply Co.
and
Supply Co. v. Developers, Inc.,
277 N.C. 119, 177 S.E. 2d 273 (1970), the Supreme Court of North Carolina expressly approved the categories of third-party beneficiaries discussed in the Restatement of Contracts and stated:
The American Law Institute’s Restatement of Contracts provides a convenient framework for analysis. Third party beneficiaries are divided into three groups:
donee
beneficiaries where it appears that the “purpose of the promisee in obtaining the promise of all or part of the performance thereof is to make a gift to the beneficiary”;
creditor
beneficiaries where “no purpose to make a gift appears” and “performance of the promise will satisfy an actual or supposed or asserted duty of the promisee to the beneficiary”; and
incidental
beneficiaries where the facts do not appear to support inclusion in either of the above categories. Restatement of Contracts § 133 (1932). While duties owed to donee beneficiaries and creditor beneficiaries are enforceable by them, Restatement of Contracts §§ 135, 136, a promise of incidental benefit does not have the same effect. “An incidental beneficiary acquires by virtue of the promise no right against the promisor or the promisee.” Restatement of Contracts § 147.
277 N.C. at 127, 177 S.E. 2d at 278.
The appellant was clearly not a donee beneficiary or creditor beneficiary of the contract by which LLA retained the appellees as counsel. At most, he was merely an incidental beneficiary who acquired no rights by virtue of the contract.
Matternes v. City of Winston-Salem,
286 N.C. 1, 209 S.E. 2d 481 (1974);
Vogel v. Supply Co.
and
Supply Co. v. Developers, Inc.,
277 N.C. 119, 177 S.E. 2d 273 (1970).
The complaint contained no allegation that LLA, which is alleged to have employed the appellees to certify title to Chicago Title, had any intent to benefit the appellant or owed him any duty which would be fulfilled by such certification. Neither are there any allegations in the complaint that the appellees promised to, or did in fact, certify the title to the appellant. The intention of the parties to the contract of employment determines whether the plaintiff is a mere incidental beneficiary thereof. Here, the allegations of the complaint do not indicate the parties intended the appellant to be anything more than a mere incidental beneficiary, and as such he cannot maintain a claim for relief upon a breach of contract merely because he would receive a benefit from its performance or because he is injured by the breach thereof.
Mat
ternes v. City of Winston-Salem,
286 N.C. 1, 209 S.E. 2d 481 (1974). Thus, the trial court properly allowed the appellees’ motion to dismiss.
A distinct minority of jurisdictions have found that actions for attorney malpractice are actions in tort. Although we expressly reject this view, its application in the present case would be of no assistance to the appellant. Those jurisdictions grounding claims for attorney malpractice in tort have held attorneys liable only to those whose injuries could have been reasonably foreseen by the attorneys.
Williams v. Polgar,
391 Mich. 6, 215 N.W. 2d 149 (1974); Annot., 45 A.L.R. 3d 1181 (1972).
Here, the reliance, if any, by the appellant was neither reasonable nor foreseeable. The appellant does not allege in his complaint that the appellees’ certificates of title purported to certify that no unrecorded liens existed. As a general rule, attorneys in North Carolina, in their certifications of title, purport to discover and list only such title defects as may be discovered by an examination of the public records. Whitman,
Transferring North Carolina Real Estate Part I: How the Present System Functions,
49 N.C. L. Rev. 413, 443-46 (1971). Defects not discoverable by examination of public records are, therefore, either expressly or impliedly excluded from such certifications. Thus, absent a specific allegation that the appellees’ certificate of title purported to certify that no unrecorded liens existed, the appellees had no affirmative duty to discover such unrecorded liens and could not reasonably have foreseen that their failure to do so might cause injury to the appellant.
It is difficult to determine from the complaint, upon what theory the appellant bases his contention that the appellees had the duty to determine whether unrecorded liens existed. Had they searched for such unrecorded liens and indicated in their certificate of title that none existed, there would have been no necessity for Chicago Title to procure the lien waivers from LLA and the appellant. Chicago Title then would not have needed the waivers, as it could have gone against the appellees as certifying attorneys if such liens were later discovered to exist.
The appellant’s contention that the complaint properly stated a claim for relief against the appellees for their undertaking to represent multiple parties would also be without merit if pursued
under a theory of tort. Whether actions for attorney malpractice are actions in contract as we have held, or actions in tort as we have held they are not, the appellant failed to state a claim for improper representation of multiple parties upon which relief could be granted. Disciplinary Rule 5-105 of the North Carolina Code of Professional Responsibility permits an attorney to represent multiple clients if he can adequately represent the interests of each and if each consents to the representation after full disclosure. The appellant does not allege in his complaint that the appellees failed to make such disclosure or that the alleged clients were otherwise less than fully aware of the situation. He does not, in fact, even allege that he was unaware of this situation. The allegations of the complaint concerning representation of multiple clients were, therefore, insufficient to present a valid claim against the appellees. Annot., 28 A.L.R. 3d 389 (1969).
The appellant has advanced other contentions to the effect that the complaint stated a claim upon which relief could be granted. Although our holding makes it unnecessary, we have reviewed each of these contentions carefully and find that they do not present any claim upon which relief could be granted for violation of the contractual duty owed by an attorney to his client.
The judgment of the trial court dismissing the appellant’s third-party complaint against the appellees on the ground that it failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted was proper and is
Affirmed.
Judges Morris and Clark concur.