Mr. Chief Justice Hand
delivered the opinion of the court:
Appellant insists that this case should be reversed, because, first, it was not guilty of negligence which in any manner contributed to the injury to the deceased; second, the deceased was guilty of contributory negligence at the time of the accident; and third, appellant did not receive the fair trial to which it was entitled under the law, by reason of the fact that one McGinnis, a witness for appellees, attempted wrongfully to influence the jury to return a substantial verdict in their behalf.
At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, and again at the close of all the evidence, the appellant made a mo; tion and offered an instruction peremptorily taking the case from the jury, which motion was overruled and instruction refused by the court. Except for this action its first and second assignments of error would not be before the court for consideration, as the questions of negligence and contributory negligence are, as a general rule, questions of fact for the jury. The refusal to take the case from the jury, however, requires an examination of the evidence by this court, not for the purpose of determining in whose favor it preponderates, but in order to ascertain whether the evidence can be said to tend to prove the cause of action laid in the declaration. If it does, the court properly submitted the case to the jury.
From a careful examination of this record we are of the opinion that the court properly refused to take the case from the jury. It cannot be said that ordinarily prudent men, under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence in this case, would not be apt to differ in their views as to the negligence of appellant in “kicking” two heavily loaded cars with the force these cars appear to have been driven, against other cars so standing as to barely cover the width of a public street commonly traveled. This manner of switching has been condemned as dangerous by this court, (Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Baches, 55 Ill. 379,) and Mr. Thompson, in his work on Hegligence, (vol. 2,—2d ed.—sec. 1695,) says: “The courts have held with practical unanimity, and often with great emphasis, that the practice called making the ‘running’ or ‘flying switch,’ which consists of ‘kicking’ or ‘shunting’ cars forward, in breaking or making up trains, by moving them forward at a rapid speed detached from the engine or from a portion of the train, and then, by checking or increasing the speed of the engine or of such portion of the train, allowing them to fly forward over public crossings without the usual warning signals by bell or whistle, or any means of giving such signals, and without any other signals than may be afforded by a brakeman standing on such ‘running’ or ‘flying cars,’ constitutes negligence.” There was some conflict in the evidence as to whether the bell upon the locomotive was rung at the time of this accident, but as the evidence shows that the locomotive was at least one hundred yards distant upon another track, and that there was no brakeman upon either the moving or standing cars, even though the bell was ringing we cannot, as a' matter of law, say that appellant, in putting in motion said cars, allowing them to get beyond its control, and by reason thereof causing an accident resulting in death, was not guilty of negligence. Nor can we say McGrath was guilty of negligence contributing to the accident. In Chicago and, Northwestern Railway Co. v. Hansen, 166 Ill. 623, it was said (p. 628): “It seems to us impossible that there should be a rule of law as to what particular thing a person is bound to do for his protection in the diversity of cases that constantly arise, and the question, what a reasonably prudent person would do for his own safety under like circumstances must be left to the jury as one of fact.” And in Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Co. v. Johnsen, 135 Ill. 641, on page 647 it is said: “Unless the negligence of the plaintiff is proven by such conclusive evidence that there can be no difference of opinion as to its existence upon a mere statement of the facts, the jury must pass upon it. We have repeatedly held that it is a question of fact to be determined by the jury from the evidence, and not a question of law, whether an injured party has exercised ordinary care for his safety and to avoid injury.” And in Chicago and Alton Railroad, Co. v. Pearson, 184 Ill. 386, on page 391, that “it is not a rule of law that the omission of the duty to look and listen will bar a recovery where there are facts excusing the performance of that duty, (Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1166,) and it is the settled rule of this court that it cannot be said, as a matter of law, that a person is in fault in failing to look and listen if misled without his fault or where the surroundings may excuse such failure. (Pennsylvania Co. v. Frana, 112 Ill. 398; Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Dunleavy, 129 id. 132; Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad Co. v. Voelker, id. 540; Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Nansen, 166 id. 623.) The jury were to determine, as a question of fact, in view of all the surroundings, whether the deceased was guilty of negligence in failing to look and listen for the other train. Whether these circumstances relieved him from the duty of looking and listening required the submission of the case to the jury.”
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Mr. Chief Justice Hand
delivered the opinion of the court:
Appellant insists that this case should be reversed, because, first, it was not guilty of negligence which in any manner contributed to the injury to the deceased; second, the deceased was guilty of contributory negligence at the time of the accident; and third, appellant did not receive the fair trial to which it was entitled under the law, by reason of the fact that one McGinnis, a witness for appellees, attempted wrongfully to influence the jury to return a substantial verdict in their behalf.
At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, and again at the close of all the evidence, the appellant made a mo; tion and offered an instruction peremptorily taking the case from the jury, which motion was overruled and instruction refused by the court. Except for this action its first and second assignments of error would not be before the court for consideration, as the questions of negligence and contributory negligence are, as a general rule, questions of fact for the jury. The refusal to take the case from the jury, however, requires an examination of the evidence by this court, not for the purpose of determining in whose favor it preponderates, but in order to ascertain whether the evidence can be said to tend to prove the cause of action laid in the declaration. If it does, the court properly submitted the case to the jury.
From a careful examination of this record we are of the opinion that the court properly refused to take the case from the jury. It cannot be said that ordinarily prudent men, under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence in this case, would not be apt to differ in their views as to the negligence of appellant in “kicking” two heavily loaded cars with the force these cars appear to have been driven, against other cars so standing as to barely cover the width of a public street commonly traveled. This manner of switching has been condemned as dangerous by this court, (Illinois Central Railroad Co. v. Baches, 55 Ill. 379,) and Mr. Thompson, in his work on Hegligence, (vol. 2,—2d ed.—sec. 1695,) says: “The courts have held with practical unanimity, and often with great emphasis, that the practice called making the ‘running’ or ‘flying switch,’ which consists of ‘kicking’ or ‘shunting’ cars forward, in breaking or making up trains, by moving them forward at a rapid speed detached from the engine or from a portion of the train, and then, by checking or increasing the speed of the engine or of such portion of the train, allowing them to fly forward over public crossings without the usual warning signals by bell or whistle, or any means of giving such signals, and without any other signals than may be afforded by a brakeman standing on such ‘running’ or ‘flying cars,’ constitutes negligence.” There was some conflict in the evidence as to whether the bell upon the locomotive was rung at the time of this accident, but as the evidence shows that the locomotive was at least one hundred yards distant upon another track, and that there was no brakeman upon either the moving or standing cars, even though the bell was ringing we cannot, as a' matter of law, say that appellant, in putting in motion said cars, allowing them to get beyond its control, and by reason thereof causing an accident resulting in death, was not guilty of negligence. Nor can we say McGrath was guilty of negligence contributing to the accident. In Chicago and, Northwestern Railway Co. v. Hansen, 166 Ill. 623, it was said (p. 628): “It seems to us impossible that there should be a rule of law as to what particular thing a person is bound to do for his protection in the diversity of cases that constantly arise, and the question, what a reasonably prudent person would do for his own safety under like circumstances must be left to the jury as one of fact.” And in Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Co. v. Johnsen, 135 Ill. 641, on page 647 it is said: “Unless the negligence of the plaintiff is proven by such conclusive evidence that there can be no difference of opinion as to its existence upon a mere statement of the facts, the jury must pass upon it. We have repeatedly held that it is a question of fact to be determined by the jury from the evidence, and not a question of law, whether an injured party has exercised ordinary care for his safety and to avoid injury.” And in Chicago and Alton Railroad, Co. v. Pearson, 184 Ill. 386, on page 391, that “it is not a rule of law that the omission of the duty to look and listen will bar a recovery where there are facts excusing the performance of that duty, (Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1166,) and it is the settled rule of this court that it cannot be said, as a matter of law, that a person is in fault in failing to look and listen if misled without his fault or where the surroundings may excuse such failure. (Pennsylvania Co. v. Frana, 112 Ill. 398; Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Dunleavy, 129 id. 132; Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad Co. v. Voelker, id. 540; Chicago and Northwestern Railway Co. v. Nansen, 166 id. 623.) The jury were to determine, as a question of fact, in view of all the surroundings, whether the deceased was guilty of negligence in failing to look and listen for the other train. Whether these circumstances relieved him from the duty of looking and listening required the submission of the case to the jury.”
As to the third objection, it appears that a witness of appellees, one McGinnis, as he was leaving the courtroom, the judge and counsel having withdrawn to chambers for the purpose of arguing the motion to take the case from the jury, stepped in front of the jury and addressed some remarks, to them to the effect that he hoped they would do the square thing by the widow and give her a substantial verdict. Court was in session, and there was a bailiff in the court room in charge of the jury. Appellant had a special officer present, whose business it was to prepare its cases for trial and who saw all that took place, although he swears he heard nothing that was said. This special officer made no complaint to counsel or court, and seems to have made no effort to ascertain what was said to the jury by McGinnis until a verdict was returned against his employer, when, although it was argued he, not being a lawyer, did not realize the effect of what was done in the court room, it appears that he at once investigated the matter, and on ascertaining the facts they were presented to the court and urged as a ground upon which a new trial should be granted. Had the action of McGinnis been presented to the court upon resuming the trial of the case, an instruction could have been given which would have effaced the effect, if any, of this witness’ interference. It does not appear that he had any influence with the jury, although it does appear that some of them were much amused at what he had to say, while others resented his interference. He had been a source of much amusement to the court and jury during the trial, and from reading his testimony it is perfectly apparent, and the jury could not but have been fully aware, that his sympathies were entirely with the widow before he gave expression to them, and it seems to us that his conduct could not but have lessened the effect of his testimony and impaired his credit as a witness. It does not appear that appellees were in any way connected with or to blame for this improper conduct of the witness, and from the affidavit of McGinnis produced by appellant at the time of making the motion for a new trial, it appears that he did not know that he was doing anything improper in addressing the jury. In our opinion it does not appear from this record that the trial court erred in not granting a new trial upon this ground.,
No other error having been assigned or argued, we are of the opinion the judgment of the Appellate Court affirming that of the superior court should be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.