Mr. Chief Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This proceeding was commenced in the circuit court of Cook county, by the Chicago and Evanston Railroad Company, to condemn for railroad purposes a strip of land fifty feet wide, off the east side of lot 6, block 95, Elston’s addition to the city of Chicago. The lot of which the fifty feet condemned was a part, is bounded by the adjoining lot on the north, Chicago avenue on the south, Larrabee street on the east, and by the Chicago river on the west. The following diagram shows the situation of the property:
[[Image here]]
Barnum Blake, the appellee, is owner of the entire lot. The jury, after having heard the testimony of many witnesses on both sides, and made a personal examination of the premises, awarded to ajDpellee as compensation the sum of $39,000, upon which award the court entered judgment, and the petitioner appealed to this court.
With respect to the claim the damages are excessive, we see no cause for reversing the judgment on that ground. The witnesses, as generally happens in this class of cases, widely differed both as to the value of the land taken and the extent of the damage to the remaining portion of the lot. Very nearly all of them, on both sides, were real estate agents and dealers in real property, living and doing business in the city, and most, if not all, swore they were acquainted with the value of property in that locality. Had the jury disregarded their own examination of the property, and accepted without qualification the opinions and theory of the witnesses for the respondent, the compensation and damages awarded would have been increased by thousands of dollars. On the other hand, had they simply accepted the theory and opinions of the petitioner’s witnesses, the amount found by them would have been greatly diminished, so it is clear the jury must have exercised their own judgment in the matter. In such a diversity of opinion and conflict of testimony, we are aware of no rule or principle that would authorize us to interpose on the ground the evidence does not support the verdict, especially as it may reasonably be supposed their verdict is based, at least to some extent, upon their own examination of the property.
The point is made that the court erred in permitting respondent’s witnesses to testify at all, for the alleged reason. they did not, in a preliminary examination before the court, furnish satisfactory evidence of their knowledge of the market value of property in that locality, as based on actual sales. This point is clearly not well taken. Even admitting the court, in an extreme case, would have the right to exclude a witness on the ground of incompetency, where he had had no opportunities at all to obtain such information as would enable him to form an intelligent opinion on the question of value, about which we express no opinion, there was clearly no ground for the application of such a rule in this case. So far as this case is concerned, whatever there is in the objection goes to the value of the testimony, rather than to its competency. It is the uniform practice of the courts to admit such evidence, and it is stated in Lawson’s work on Opinion and Expert Evidence, that there is but one State in the Union where such evidence is not received. It would certainly be a startling announcement to go out to the profession, that this court had reversed a judgment in a condemnation case in Chicago because the trial court had permitted a number of resident real estate dealers to give their opinions as to the value of the land taken, without requiring them to first satisfy the court that their opinions on the subject were based upon their knowledge of actual sales in that locality. While such knowledge is always desirable, it is by no means a test of a witness’ competency. Nor is it, in many cases, the chief •element in determining the weight or value of a witness’ testimony when given. The uses and capabilities of a particular property; the prices at which like property in the neighborhood is held or offered; knowledge or observation of the growth and development of towns and cities ; a general knowledge of trade and business, and of the commercial advantages •or prospects of the place where the property is situated, are all matters more or less taken into account by the intelligent witness in forming his opinion as to the value of a particular piece of property.
It is also urged that the court erred in permitting the respondent to exhibit before the jury the plans of a certain structure he had contemplated, for a number of years past, •erecting on the premises. Whether evidence of this kind is proper or improper, depends entirely upon the purpose for which it is offered and to which it is limited by the court. If the object of such evidence is to enhance the damages, by ■showing such a structure would be a profitable investment, the testimony would clearly be inadmissible. If, on the other hand, it is offered merely as an illustration of one of the uses to which the property is adapted, or, in other words, by way of showing the capabilities of the property, and it is expressly limited by the court to such object, as was the case here, there will be no error in admitting it. The practice, however, of introducing such evidence, should not be encouraged, as there is generally more or less danger of its being misunderstood by the jury. But the purpose of the testimony in this case was so clearly and repeatedly stated by the court that it is almost impossible there could have been any misapprehension in respect to it, and consequently there was no error in admitting it.
Eespondent asked the court to give the jury the following instruction:
“If the jury find, from the evidence, that the part of the lot proposed to be taken in this case is of greater valuq when considered as a part of the entire lot than it would be as a separate and distinct piece of property entirely disconnected from the residue of the lot, then the jury, in order to make the owner of the lot just compensation for the part of the lot taken, may allow to him the fair cash or market value of the part of the lot taken, when considered in its relations to and as a part of the entire lot, and not simply what may apiDear to be its value as a separate and distinct piece of property entirely disconnected from the residue of the lot. ”
—Which the court refused to do, but modified the same by adding the following: “But in the event of the jury giving a greater value for the part of the lot taken by reason of its being a part of an entire lot, then, in assessing damages, if any, to the residue of the lot not taken, the jury should not estimate that greater value given to the part of the lot taken, by reason of its connection with the balance of the lot, ” and then gave the instruction, as modified, to the jury,—to the giving of which the petitioner excepted.
The instruction, as originally drawn, contained a clear, accurate statement of the law, and should have been given as asked. It in effect told the jury that if there was a difference in the value of the land sought to be condemned when considered as a part of the lot from which it was taken, and when considered as a distinct and separate property, the higher or greater value should control or be allowed. So far, we think, there can be no question as to the correctness of the instruction. If, therefore, there is any error in the instruction as given, it arises from the modification of it by the court.
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Mr. Chief Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This proceeding was commenced in the circuit court of Cook county, by the Chicago and Evanston Railroad Company, to condemn for railroad purposes a strip of land fifty feet wide, off the east side of lot 6, block 95, Elston’s addition to the city of Chicago. The lot of which the fifty feet condemned was a part, is bounded by the adjoining lot on the north, Chicago avenue on the south, Larrabee street on the east, and by the Chicago river on the west. The following diagram shows the situation of the property:
[[Image here]]
Barnum Blake, the appellee, is owner of the entire lot. The jury, after having heard the testimony of many witnesses on both sides, and made a personal examination of the premises, awarded to ajDpellee as compensation the sum of $39,000, upon which award the court entered judgment, and the petitioner appealed to this court.
With respect to the claim the damages are excessive, we see no cause for reversing the judgment on that ground. The witnesses, as generally happens in this class of cases, widely differed both as to the value of the land taken and the extent of the damage to the remaining portion of the lot. Very nearly all of them, on both sides, were real estate agents and dealers in real property, living and doing business in the city, and most, if not all, swore they were acquainted with the value of property in that locality. Had the jury disregarded their own examination of the property, and accepted without qualification the opinions and theory of the witnesses for the respondent, the compensation and damages awarded would have been increased by thousands of dollars. On the other hand, had they simply accepted the theory and opinions of the petitioner’s witnesses, the amount found by them would have been greatly diminished, so it is clear the jury must have exercised their own judgment in the matter. In such a diversity of opinion and conflict of testimony, we are aware of no rule or principle that would authorize us to interpose on the ground the evidence does not support the verdict, especially as it may reasonably be supposed their verdict is based, at least to some extent, upon their own examination of the property.
The point is made that the court erred in permitting respondent’s witnesses to testify at all, for the alleged reason. they did not, in a preliminary examination before the court, furnish satisfactory evidence of their knowledge of the market value of property in that locality, as based on actual sales. This point is clearly not well taken. Even admitting the court, in an extreme case, would have the right to exclude a witness on the ground of incompetency, where he had had no opportunities at all to obtain such information as would enable him to form an intelligent opinion on the question of value, about which we express no opinion, there was clearly no ground for the application of such a rule in this case. So far as this case is concerned, whatever there is in the objection goes to the value of the testimony, rather than to its competency. It is the uniform practice of the courts to admit such evidence, and it is stated in Lawson’s work on Opinion and Expert Evidence, that there is but one State in the Union where such evidence is not received. It would certainly be a startling announcement to go out to the profession, that this court had reversed a judgment in a condemnation case in Chicago because the trial court had permitted a number of resident real estate dealers to give their opinions as to the value of the land taken, without requiring them to first satisfy the court that their opinions on the subject were based upon their knowledge of actual sales in that locality. While such knowledge is always desirable, it is by no means a test of a witness’ competency. Nor is it, in many cases, the chief •element in determining the weight or value of a witness’ testimony when given. The uses and capabilities of a particular property; the prices at which like property in the neighborhood is held or offered; knowledge or observation of the growth and development of towns and cities ; a general knowledge of trade and business, and of the commercial advantages •or prospects of the place where the property is situated, are all matters more or less taken into account by the intelligent witness in forming his opinion as to the value of a particular piece of property.
It is also urged that the court erred in permitting the respondent to exhibit before the jury the plans of a certain structure he had contemplated, for a number of years past, •erecting on the premises. Whether evidence of this kind is proper or improper, depends entirely upon the purpose for which it is offered and to which it is limited by the court. If the object of such evidence is to enhance the damages, by ■showing such a structure would be a profitable investment, the testimony would clearly be inadmissible. If, on the other hand, it is offered merely as an illustration of one of the uses to which the property is adapted, or, in other words, by way of showing the capabilities of the property, and it is expressly limited by the court to such object, as was the case here, there will be no error in admitting it. The practice, however, of introducing such evidence, should not be encouraged, as there is generally more or less danger of its being misunderstood by the jury. But the purpose of the testimony in this case was so clearly and repeatedly stated by the court that it is almost impossible there could have been any misapprehension in respect to it, and consequently there was no error in admitting it.
Eespondent asked the court to give the jury the following instruction:
“If the jury find, from the evidence, that the part of the lot proposed to be taken in this case is of greater valuq when considered as a part of the entire lot than it would be as a separate and distinct piece of property entirely disconnected from the residue of the lot, then the jury, in order to make the owner of the lot just compensation for the part of the lot taken, may allow to him the fair cash or market value of the part of the lot taken, when considered in its relations to and as a part of the entire lot, and not simply what may apiDear to be its value as a separate and distinct piece of property entirely disconnected from the residue of the lot. ”
—Which the court refused to do, but modified the same by adding the following: “But in the event of the jury giving a greater value for the part of the lot taken by reason of its being a part of an entire lot, then, in assessing damages, if any, to the residue of the lot not taken, the jury should not estimate that greater value given to the part of the lot taken, by reason of its connection with the balance of the lot, ” and then gave the instruction, as modified, to the jury,—to the giving of which the petitioner excepted.
The instruction, as originally drawn, contained a clear, accurate statement of the law, and should have been given as asked. It in effect told the jury that if there was a difference in the value of the land sought to be condemned when considered as a part of the lot from which it was taken, and when considered as a distinct and separate property, the higher or greater value should control or be allowed. So far, we think, there can be no question as to the correctness of the instruction. If, therefore, there is any error in the instruction as given, it arises from the modification of it by the court. As we understand the modification, it tells the jury, in effect, that in assessing the damages to the part of the lot not taken, if any such damages are allowed, they are not to include in the assessment the difference between the higher and lower value of the part of the lot taken, as contemplated by the instruction, should any such difference exist, —or, more plainly yet, it tells the jury that in assessing the damages they should not include any part of the compensation allowed for the land actually taken. While we think this was unnecessary, and was doubtless the result of extraordinary caution on the part of the trial judge, yet we see nothing in it of which the appellant has any right to complain, as the modification was clearly in its interest. If the objection came from the other side, there might be some apparent force in the claim that it was “confusing.”
The instruction for respondent is also complained of. It is as follows:
“Under the law of this State, no benefits or advantages which may accrue to lands or property, in common with all other property along the line of the proposed railroad, by reason of the construction and operation of such railroad, can be lawfully set off against or deducted from a just compensation for the value of the property taken and damaged by such proposed railroad, as the same may appear from the evidence. ”
In Page v. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Ry. Co. 70 Ill. 324, an instruction substantially the same as this was approved. The only objection urged to it is, that it is not expressly limited to the value of the property taken. We think this is hypercritical, and affords no ground for a reversal. Even conceding the instruction vicious in the respect claimed, which we do not, appellant’s fourth instruction clearly cures it.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.