06-3416-ag Chhetry v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 _______________ 4 5 August Term, 2006 6 7 (Argued: April 18, 2007 Decided: June 20, 2007) 8 9 Docket No. 06-3416-ag 10 11 _______________ 12 13 KRISHNA BAHADUR BHATTARA I CHHETRY , 14 15 Petitioner, 16 17 —v.— 18 19 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, ATTORNEY GENERAL ALBERTO R. GONZALES, 20 21 Respondents. 22 23 24 _______________ 25 26 Before: 27 28 WALKER, STRAUB, and B.D. PARKER, Circuit Judges. 29 30 31 _______________ 32 33 Appeal from a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals denying Petitioner’s motion 34 to reopen. Petition granted; vacated and remanded. 35 36 _______________ 37 38 KHAGENDRA GHARTI-CHHETRY , Chhetry & Associates, P.C., New York, NY, for Petitioner. 39 40 GLADYS STEFFENS-GUZMAN, Office of Immigration Litigation (John A. Broadwell, Assistant 41 United States Attorney, Donald W. Washington, United States Attorney, Western District of 42 Louisiana, Shreveport, LA, on the brief), for Respondents. 43 44 _______________ 1 Per Curiam: 2 3 This case requires us to determine whether the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)
4 exceeds its allowable discretion when, in denying a motion to reopen based solely on facts of
5 which it took administrative notice, it fails to give the petitioner an opportunity to rebut the
6 inferences it drew from those noticed facts. Because we conclude that such a failure constitutes
7 an excess of discretion, we grant the petition for review, vacate the BIA’s denial, and remand the
8 case to the BIA for further proceedings.
9 Krishna Bahadur Bhattarai Chhetry, a citizen of Nepal, filed his application for asylum,
10 withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture in September 2003,
11 alleging persecution by the Maoist Party in Nepal. After a hearing, the Immigration Judge found
12 Chhetry credible, but nevertheless denied his application on December 16, 2004 on the ground
13 that he had failed to establish a threat of harm sufficient to constitute a well-founded fear of
14 future persecution. The BIA summarily affirmed this decision in February 2006, and Chhetry
15 did not petition this Court for review of that affirmance.
16 In March 2006, Chhetry filed with the BIA a “Motion to Reopen/Reconsider Based on
17 Changed Country Condition[s].” In that motion, Chhetry presented many of the same arguments
18 he made in his merits appeal, but also argued that the political situation in Nepal had deteriorated
19 since February 1, 2005, after King Gyanendra seized power. Chhetry asserted that this
20 development placed his life in “grave danger” due to his membership in and support for the
21 Nepali Congress Party. Chhetry also submitted letters from his wife and a friend, both of which
22 stated that Maoist rebels and unnamed “security personnel” were looking for him.
2 1 In June 2006, the BIA, treating Chhetry’s motion as one to reopen,1 denied the motion on
2 a single ground: “country conditions have changed dramatically in the few months since the
3 respondent’s motion was filed, and we take administrative notice of these developments.” In re
4 Chhetry, No. A97 849 664 (B.I.A. Jun. 21, 2006). Specifically, the BIA took administrative
5 notice of the following events that took place after Chhetry filed his motion: (1) King Gyanendra
6 agreed to give up his powers and restore the Parliament; (2) the King called upon opposition
7 parties, including the Nepali Congress Party, to nominate a candidate for prime minister; (3)
8 Nepali Congress Party President Girija Prasad Koirala was elected prime minister; (4) the King
9 was removed as supreme commander of the army and the parliament voted to curtail his political
10 powers; and (5) Maoist rebels called a three-month cease-fire and began peace talks with the
11 government. The BIA said its sources for these events “include[d] the website
12 news.yahoo.com/fc/world/nepal, as well as the websites for CNN and BBC news.” Based on
13 “these developments,” the BIA concluded that it did “not find a sufficient basis for reopening the
14 respondent’s case.” Chhetry now petitions this Court for review of the BIA’s decision.
15 We review the denial of a motion to reopen for an excess of allowable discretion. See Jin
16 Ming Liu v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 109, 111 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam); Kaur v. BIA, 413 F.3d 232,
17 233 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam); see also Lopes v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 81, 85-86 (2d Cir. 2006)
18 (per curiam). An excess of discretion may be found where the BIA’s decision “‘provides no
19 rational explanation, inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid of any reasoning,
20 or contains only summary or conclusory statements; that is to say, where the Board has acted in
1 The BIA was correct to consider Chhetry’s motion as one to reopen as opposed to reconsider because the motion presented no argument regarding an error of law or fact that would have been the proper basis for a motion to reconsider. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(b)(1); Ke Zhen Zhao v. DOJ, 265 F.3d 83, 90-91 (2d Cir. 2001). 3 1 an arbitrary or capricious manner.’” Kaur, 413 F.3d at 233-34 (quoting Ke Zhen Zhao, 265 F.3d
2 at 93)).
3 In reviewing the denial of a motion to reopen, we are constrained to review only the
4 denial of that motion and are precluded from reviewing the merits of the petitioner’s underlying
5 claim for relief. See id. at 233; see also Stone v. INS, 514 U.S. 386, 405 (1995). Thus, the only
6 argument properly before us in this case is Chhetry’s assertion that the BIA erred in denying his
7 motion to reopen based on inferences it drew from “a report on Yahoo.com” and by failing to
8 consider whether he, specifically, would be persecuted by Maoists and the Royal Nepal Army if
9 required to return to Nepal.
10 We construe this assertion as containing two arguments: (1) that the BIA exceeded its
11 allowable discretion in taking administrative notice of changed country conditions based on
12 information gleaned from website news articles; and (2) that the BIA exceeded its allowable
13 discretion by not permitting Chhetry the opportunity to rebut the inferences the BIA drew from
14 facts of which it took administrative notice.
15 As to the former, the BIA did not err in taking administrative notice of changed country
16 conditions based on news articles found on yahoo.com, or the websites of CNN and BBC News.
17 In Hoxhallari v. Gonzales, we noted that just as we may “exercise independent discretion to take
18 judicial notice of any further changes in a country’s politics that occurred between the time of
19 the BIA’s [] decision and our review; the same is true for the BIA.” 468 F.3d 179, 186 n.5 (2d
20 Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (citations omitted). Thus, the BIA may take administrative notice of
21 current events bearing on an applicant’s well-founded fear of persecution. See Ajdin v. BCIS,
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
06-3416-ag Chhetry v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 _______________ 4 5 August Term, 2006 6 7 (Argued: April 18, 2007 Decided: June 20, 2007) 8 9 Docket No. 06-3416-ag 10 11 _______________ 12 13 KRISHNA BAHADUR BHATTARA I CHHETRY , 14 15 Petitioner, 16 17 —v.— 18 19 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, ATTORNEY GENERAL ALBERTO R. GONZALES, 20 21 Respondents. 22 23 24 _______________ 25 26 Before: 27 28 WALKER, STRAUB, and B.D. PARKER, Circuit Judges. 29 30 31 _______________ 32 33 Appeal from a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals denying Petitioner’s motion 34 to reopen. Petition granted; vacated and remanded. 35 36 _______________ 37 38 KHAGENDRA GHARTI-CHHETRY , Chhetry & Associates, P.C., New York, NY, for Petitioner. 39 40 GLADYS STEFFENS-GUZMAN, Office of Immigration Litigation (John A. Broadwell, Assistant 41 United States Attorney, Donald W. Washington, United States Attorney, Western District of 42 Louisiana, Shreveport, LA, on the brief), for Respondents. 43 44 _______________ 1 Per Curiam: 2 3 This case requires us to determine whether the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)
4 exceeds its allowable discretion when, in denying a motion to reopen based solely on facts of
5 which it took administrative notice, it fails to give the petitioner an opportunity to rebut the
6 inferences it drew from those noticed facts. Because we conclude that such a failure constitutes
7 an excess of discretion, we grant the petition for review, vacate the BIA’s denial, and remand the
8 case to the BIA for further proceedings.
9 Krishna Bahadur Bhattarai Chhetry, a citizen of Nepal, filed his application for asylum,
10 withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture in September 2003,
11 alleging persecution by the Maoist Party in Nepal. After a hearing, the Immigration Judge found
12 Chhetry credible, but nevertheless denied his application on December 16, 2004 on the ground
13 that he had failed to establish a threat of harm sufficient to constitute a well-founded fear of
14 future persecution. The BIA summarily affirmed this decision in February 2006, and Chhetry
15 did not petition this Court for review of that affirmance.
16 In March 2006, Chhetry filed with the BIA a “Motion to Reopen/Reconsider Based on
17 Changed Country Condition[s].” In that motion, Chhetry presented many of the same arguments
18 he made in his merits appeal, but also argued that the political situation in Nepal had deteriorated
19 since February 1, 2005, after King Gyanendra seized power. Chhetry asserted that this
20 development placed his life in “grave danger” due to his membership in and support for the
21 Nepali Congress Party. Chhetry also submitted letters from his wife and a friend, both of which
22 stated that Maoist rebels and unnamed “security personnel” were looking for him.
2 1 In June 2006, the BIA, treating Chhetry’s motion as one to reopen,1 denied the motion on
2 a single ground: “country conditions have changed dramatically in the few months since the
3 respondent’s motion was filed, and we take administrative notice of these developments.” In re
4 Chhetry, No. A97 849 664 (B.I.A. Jun. 21, 2006). Specifically, the BIA took administrative
5 notice of the following events that took place after Chhetry filed his motion: (1) King Gyanendra
6 agreed to give up his powers and restore the Parliament; (2) the King called upon opposition
7 parties, including the Nepali Congress Party, to nominate a candidate for prime minister; (3)
8 Nepali Congress Party President Girija Prasad Koirala was elected prime minister; (4) the King
9 was removed as supreme commander of the army and the parliament voted to curtail his political
10 powers; and (5) Maoist rebels called a three-month cease-fire and began peace talks with the
11 government. The BIA said its sources for these events “include[d] the website
12 news.yahoo.com/fc/world/nepal, as well as the websites for CNN and BBC news.” Based on
13 “these developments,” the BIA concluded that it did “not find a sufficient basis for reopening the
14 respondent’s case.” Chhetry now petitions this Court for review of the BIA’s decision.
15 We review the denial of a motion to reopen for an excess of allowable discretion. See Jin
16 Ming Liu v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 109, 111 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam); Kaur v. BIA, 413 F.3d 232,
17 233 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam); see also Lopes v. Gonzales, 468 F.3d 81, 85-86 (2d Cir. 2006)
18 (per curiam). An excess of discretion may be found where the BIA’s decision “‘provides no
19 rational explanation, inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid of any reasoning,
20 or contains only summary or conclusory statements; that is to say, where the Board has acted in
1 The BIA was correct to consider Chhetry’s motion as one to reopen as opposed to reconsider because the motion presented no argument regarding an error of law or fact that would have been the proper basis for a motion to reconsider. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(b)(1); Ke Zhen Zhao v. DOJ, 265 F.3d 83, 90-91 (2d Cir. 2001). 3 1 an arbitrary or capricious manner.’” Kaur, 413 F.3d at 233-34 (quoting Ke Zhen Zhao, 265 F.3d
2 at 93)).
3 In reviewing the denial of a motion to reopen, we are constrained to review only the
4 denial of that motion and are precluded from reviewing the merits of the petitioner’s underlying
5 claim for relief. See id. at 233; see also Stone v. INS, 514 U.S. 386, 405 (1995). Thus, the only
6 argument properly before us in this case is Chhetry’s assertion that the BIA erred in denying his
7 motion to reopen based on inferences it drew from “a report on Yahoo.com” and by failing to
8 consider whether he, specifically, would be persecuted by Maoists and the Royal Nepal Army if
9 required to return to Nepal.
10 We construe this assertion as containing two arguments: (1) that the BIA exceeded its
11 allowable discretion in taking administrative notice of changed country conditions based on
12 information gleaned from website news articles; and (2) that the BIA exceeded its allowable
13 discretion by not permitting Chhetry the opportunity to rebut the inferences the BIA drew from
14 facts of which it took administrative notice.
15 As to the former, the BIA did not err in taking administrative notice of changed country
16 conditions based on news articles found on yahoo.com, or the websites of CNN and BBC News.
17 In Hoxhallari v. Gonzales, we noted that just as we may “exercise independent discretion to take
18 judicial notice of any further changes in a country’s politics that occurred between the time of
19 the BIA’s [] decision and our review; the same is true for the BIA.” 468 F.3d 179, 186 n.5 (2d
20 Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (citations omitted). Thus, the BIA may take administrative notice of
21 current events bearing on an applicant’s well-founded fear of persecution. See Ajdin v. BCIS,
22 437 F.3d 261, 265 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam); Yang v. McElroy, 277 F.3d 158, 163 n. 4 (2d Cir.
4 1 2002) (per curiam); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv) (BIA may take “administrative notice of
2 commonly known facts such as current events or the contents of official documents”). Noticed
3 facts, however, must be “commonly known,” not subject to reasonable dispute, and “easily
4 verifi[able].” Ajdin, 437 F.3d at 265; 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv); de la Llana-Castellon v. INS,
5 16 F.3d 1093, 1097 (10th Cir. 1994). The particular source relied upon, therefore, matters only
6 to the question of accuracy or verifiability. Accordingly, courts have upheld reliance on
7 newspaper articles to demonstrate changed country conditions when those articles showed recent
8 changes in a country’s political situation and the accuracy of the noted changes was undisputed.
9 See Wojcik v. INS, 951 F.2d 172, 173 (8th Cir. 1991). Here, the yahoo.com website cited by the
10 BIA contained a series of articles from reputable news organizations, all of which reported the
11 same facts relied upon by the BIA – and Chhetry does not question the accuracy of those facts.
12 Thus, it was not error for the BIA to take administrative notice of the governmental changes in
13 Nepal because these events were commonly known and undisputed.
14 However, the BIA did exceed its allowable discretion in denying Chhetry’s motion to
15 reopen based on inferences it drew from those noticed facts without giving him the opportunity
16 to rebut the significance of the noticed facts as applied to his particular situation. The U.S.
17 Courts of Appeals for the Fifth, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits have all concluded that
18 petitioners must be given the opportunity to challenge, for both truth and significance, facts of
19 which the BIA takes administrative notice when its reliance on those facts is dispositive, as was
20 the case here. See Rivera-Cruz v. INS, 948 F.2d 962, 968 (5th Cir. 1991) (“It is a fundamental
21 proposition of administrative law that interested parties must have an effective chance to respond
22 to crucial facts.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Kaczmarczyk v. INS, 933 F.2d 588, 596
5 1 (7th Cir. 1991) (“We believe the due process clause of the fifth amendment requires that
2 petitioners be allowed an opportunity to rebut officially noticed facts, particularly when . . . those
3 facts are crucial to – indeed dispositive of – the outcome of the administrative proceeding.”);
4 Castillo-Villagra v. INS, 972 F.2d 1017, 1029 (9th Cir. 1992) (holding that the BIA violated the
5 Fifth Amendment’s due process clause “in taking notice of the change of government without
6 providing the petitioners an opportunity to rebut the noticed facts”); de la Llana-Castellon, 16
7 F.3d at 1099 (holding, where the BIA made “disputable inferences” based on noticed facts, “due
8 process require[d] the BIA to give Petitioners advance notice and an opportunity to be heard”);
9 Gutierrez-Rogue v. INS, 954 F.2d 769, 773 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (“[D]ue process guarantees an
10 asylum applicant the right to challenge an officially noticed fact – with respect both to its truth
11 and its significance.”). No court of appeals has concluded otherwise. We agree with our sister
12 circuits that a petitioner must be given notice of, and an effective chance to respond to,
13 potentially dispositive, administratively noticed facts.
14 There is, however, a circuit split as to whether a petitioner’s ability to file a subsequent
15 motion to reopen cures a lack of notice. The Fifth, Seventh, and D.C. Circuits have held that, for
16 a petitioner on direct appeal from a final order of removal, the availability of a motion to reopen
17 serves as a sufficient “mechanism to rebut officially noticed facts” because petitioners can use
18 such a motion to present the BIA with “evidence that the facts it officially noticed are incorrect
19 or that they are true but irrelevant to their case,” and, if the BIA refuses the motion, petitioners
20 can appeal. Kaczmarczyk, 933 F.2d at 597; see also Rivera-Cruz, 948 F.2d at 968-69; Gutierrez-
21 Rogue, 954 F.2d at 773. The Ninth and Tenth Circuits, on the other hand, have held in similar
22 cases that the availability of a motion to reopen is an inadequate substitute for a full opportunity
6 1 to rebut administratively noticed facts because, inter alia, the discretionary nature of motions to
2 reopen does not guarantee a petitioner an effective ability to respond to previously-noticed facts,
3 and petitioners are not guaranteed a stay of deportation while awaiting a decision on reopening.
4 See Castillo-Villagra, 972 F.2d at 1030; Gomez-Vigil v. INS, 990 F.2d 1111, 1124 (9th Cir.
5 1993) (Fletcher, J., concurring); de la Llana-Castellon, 16 F.3d at 1100.
6 Like the Ninth and Tenth Circuits, we doubt whether the protection afforded by the
7 availability of a motion to reopen is enough for petitioners on direct appeal from final orders of
8 removal. However, we need not decide this broader question because Chhetry appeals from the
9 denial of a motion to reopen; he does not appeal from the BIA’s final order of removal. Thus,
10 not only would Chhetry have to surmount the usual hurdles attendant upon the filing of motions
11 to reopen, but any subsequent motion to reopen might also be number-barred. See 8 C.F.R. §§
12 1003.2(c)(2), (c)(3). We therefore agree with the First Circuit that when “the Board intends to
13 take official notice in deciding a motion to reopen or reconsider it would be absurd to force an
14 applicant to file a second motion to respond to the newly noticed facts. A multiplicity of
15 motions for rehearing in this context would have two undesirable effects: dilution of the
16 applicant’s procedural rights and concentration of the incentive to prolong litigation.”
17 Gebremichael v. INS, 10 F.3d 28, 39 (1st Cir. 1993) (emphasis omitted).
18 Thus, while the BIA did not exceed its allowable discretion in taking administrative
19 notice of potentially dispositive facts, it did exceed its discretion in failing to provide Chhetry
20 with an opportunity to rebut the significance of those facts before issuing its decision on
21 Chhetry’s motion.
22 Accordingly, the petition for review is GRANTED, the BIA’s order denying Chhetry’s
7 1 motion to reopen is VACATED, and the case is REMANDED to the BIA for further
2 proceedings, including, if additional factual development is appropriate, further proceedings
3 before the Immigration Judge. Petitioner’s motion for a stay of removal is GRANTED pending
4 a decision from the BIA on remand. 5