The opinion of the Court was delivered at an adjourned term of the Court, held in this county, in August following, by
Mellen C. J.
'This action is founded on the 5th section of chapter 105 of the revised statutes, which provides, that “ if any witness shall falsely, wilfully, and corruptly certify that he has travelled a greater number of miles, or attended a greater number of days, than he has actually travelled or attended, he shall forfeit and pay, not less than five dollars nor more than thirty dollars for every offence, to be recovered with costs, either by presentment in the Supreme Judicial Court, or Court of Common Pleas, in which case, the forfeiture shall accrue to the State, or by action of debt in any court of competent jurisdiction; in which case, the forfeiture shall be for the use of any person who may sue for the same.” On the plea of nil debit the action was tried in the Court of Common Pleas, and is now before us, on [146]*146exceptions talten to the instructions given to the jury. The question is, whether either of them was incorrect. The exceptions state, that the certificate of the defendant was false, because he certified two days attendance, when in fact, he attended as a witness hut one day.
1. Was the first• instruction of the presiding Judge correct? He instructed the jury, that if the certificate was proved to them to be false, it must be presumed to have been made wilfully and corruptly, unless the defendant could prove it to have been made otherwise. It does not appear that he offered any extenuating or explanatory evidence, tending to repel the presumption mentioned b by the Court: of course, we may properly conclude, that no such evidence existed. In an action of slander, for words in themselves actionable, the plaintiff is not obliged in the opening of his cause, to do anything more than prove the speaking of the words as alleged. The legal presumption is, that they were uttered maliciously; but the defendant may repel and control this presumption by proving the truth of the words; or, if not, that they were spoken lawfully, or in circumstances showing that there was no malice whatever. These are familiar principles in daily practice. So in actions for malicious prosecution, malice is presumed, in the absence of proof of probable cause. So in case of homicide, the general rule is, that the law infers malice from the very act of killing; and all the circumstances of necessity, accident, or infirmity which justify-, excuse or extenuate the act, are to be proved by the prisoner. Foster’s Crown Law, 255; 2 Stark. Ev. 948. So the law presumes malice, in the case of homicide by poison. Starkie, vol. 1. page 23, says, “The ground of all presumptions is the necessary or usual connection between facts and circumstances, the knowledge of which conr ■nection results from experience and reflection. A presumption may be defined to be an inference as to the existence of a fact, not actually known, arising from its necessary or usual connection with others which are known.” When the defendant certified falsely that he had attended as a witness two days, when in fact, he had-attended but one, he must be presumed to know that he certified a falsehood: indeed, the case states the fact that it was a falsehood: why then should not the above principle, quoted from [147]*147Starkie, be applicable; namely, that facts not known, should be presumed from their usual connection with those which are known. Falsehood and fraud are intimately connected; and when a man puts his name to a falsehood, certifying it to be the truth, must he not be presumed to have done it tviljully and corruptly ? Could he have done it with any good motive, or under circumstances which would excuse it 1 If he could, the defendant had an opportunity to prove it in the present case. We are all of opinion that the first instruction of the Judge was correct, and consonant to well settled principles.
2. The second question is, whether it was the province of the Court or the jury to decide the amount of the forfeiture incurred by the unlawful act of the defendant. It is clear that he cannot have suffered anything by the assessment of the amount by the Court, inasmuch as the statute minimum was the amount. The case of Holloway v. Bennet, was a qui tarn action to recover several penalties for several breaches of the act of 13 of Geo. 3. The jury gave a verdict for only one penalty of £50. Whether more than one had been forfeited, was a question of fact for the jury to decide. The case of Lobdell v. New Bedford, was an action against the defendant for a defect in a highway, for which double damages were recoverable. The jury gave a verdict for single damages, and the Court entered judgment for double the amount. In the case of Cross in error v. United States, 1 Gal. Rep. 26, it was decided, that in a case where double damages were recoverable, the jury might assess them or the Court. But that was an action for a penalty equal to double the value of a vessel and cargo, as forfeited under the embargo act of January 9, 1808 : of course, in such a case it was the exclusive province of the jury to decide the single value of the vessel and cargo. The foregoing cases, cited by the defendant’s counsel, evidently differ from the case before us; for in this, no value of property is to be estimated, and only one penalty is demanded. In the case of Stilson v. Tobey, 2 Mass. 521, in a note, it is stated by Parsons C. J. that the issue in that case was joined on the plea of not guilty, and that upon such a plea, if the jury find the defendant guilty, they ought also to find the forfeiture, which they had not done. In the case of Commonwealth v. Stevens, 15 [148]*148Mass. 195, the plea was, not guilty.- The counsel for the defendants cited the case of Stilson v. Tobey, in support of his objection that the Court should not have imposed the fines, but that it was the province of the jury to assess the penalty; yet the Court, in giving their opinion, say, “ under the plea of not guilty the jury could not .assess the fine. Had the respondent pleaded nil debit, which would have been the most regular, it would have been otherwise.” The above prosecution was instituted by complaint before a justice of the peace, to recover two fines for unmilitary conduct on two muster days, and decided on appeal in the Court of Common Pleas. These two cases seem to be in direct opposition to each other. According to the law, as' laid down by Parsons C. J. in Stilson v. Tobey, the proceedings in Commonwealth v. Stevens, should have been quashed; for both cases were tried on the plea of not guilty.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
The opinion of the Court was delivered at an adjourned term of the Court, held in this county, in August following, by
Mellen C. J.
'This action is founded on the 5th section of chapter 105 of the revised statutes, which provides, that “ if any witness shall falsely, wilfully, and corruptly certify that he has travelled a greater number of miles, or attended a greater number of days, than he has actually travelled or attended, he shall forfeit and pay, not less than five dollars nor more than thirty dollars for every offence, to be recovered with costs, either by presentment in the Supreme Judicial Court, or Court of Common Pleas, in which case, the forfeiture shall accrue to the State, or by action of debt in any court of competent jurisdiction; in which case, the forfeiture shall be for the use of any person who may sue for the same.” On the plea of nil debit the action was tried in the Court of Common Pleas, and is now before us, on [146]*146exceptions talten to the instructions given to the jury. The question is, whether either of them was incorrect. The exceptions state, that the certificate of the defendant was false, because he certified two days attendance, when in fact, he attended as a witness hut one day.
1. Was the first• instruction of the presiding Judge correct? He instructed the jury, that if the certificate was proved to them to be false, it must be presumed to have been made wilfully and corruptly, unless the defendant could prove it to have been made otherwise. It does not appear that he offered any extenuating or explanatory evidence, tending to repel the presumption mentioned b by the Court: of course, we may properly conclude, that no such evidence existed. In an action of slander, for words in themselves actionable, the plaintiff is not obliged in the opening of his cause, to do anything more than prove the speaking of the words as alleged. The legal presumption is, that they were uttered maliciously; but the defendant may repel and control this presumption by proving the truth of the words; or, if not, that they were spoken lawfully, or in circumstances showing that there was no malice whatever. These are familiar principles in daily practice. So in actions for malicious prosecution, malice is presumed, in the absence of proof of probable cause. So in case of homicide, the general rule is, that the law infers malice from the very act of killing; and all the circumstances of necessity, accident, or infirmity which justify-, excuse or extenuate the act, are to be proved by the prisoner. Foster’s Crown Law, 255; 2 Stark. Ev. 948. So the law presumes malice, in the case of homicide by poison. Starkie, vol. 1. page 23, says, “The ground of all presumptions is the necessary or usual connection between facts and circumstances, the knowledge of which conr ■nection results from experience and reflection. A presumption may be defined to be an inference as to the existence of a fact, not actually known, arising from its necessary or usual connection with others which are known.” When the defendant certified falsely that he had attended as a witness two days, when in fact, he had-attended but one, he must be presumed to know that he certified a falsehood: indeed, the case states the fact that it was a falsehood: why then should not the above principle, quoted from [147]*147Starkie, be applicable; namely, that facts not known, should be presumed from their usual connection with those which are known. Falsehood and fraud are intimately connected; and when a man puts his name to a falsehood, certifying it to be the truth, must he not be presumed to have done it tviljully and corruptly ? Could he have done it with any good motive, or under circumstances which would excuse it 1 If he could, the defendant had an opportunity to prove it in the present case. We are all of opinion that the first instruction of the Judge was correct, and consonant to well settled principles.
2. The second question is, whether it was the province of the Court or the jury to decide the amount of the forfeiture incurred by the unlawful act of the defendant. It is clear that he cannot have suffered anything by the assessment of the amount by the Court, inasmuch as the statute minimum was the amount. The case of Holloway v. Bennet, was a qui tarn action to recover several penalties for several breaches of the act of 13 of Geo. 3. The jury gave a verdict for only one penalty of £50. Whether more than one had been forfeited, was a question of fact for the jury to decide. The case of Lobdell v. New Bedford, was an action against the defendant for a defect in a highway, for which double damages were recoverable. The jury gave a verdict for single damages, and the Court entered judgment for double the amount. In the case of Cross in error v. United States, 1 Gal. Rep. 26, it was decided, that in a case where double damages were recoverable, the jury might assess them or the Court. But that was an action for a penalty equal to double the value of a vessel and cargo, as forfeited under the embargo act of January 9, 1808 : of course, in such a case it was the exclusive province of the jury to decide the single value of the vessel and cargo. The foregoing cases, cited by the defendant’s counsel, evidently differ from the case before us; for in this, no value of property is to be estimated, and only one penalty is demanded. In the case of Stilson v. Tobey, 2 Mass. 521, in a note, it is stated by Parsons C. J. that the issue in that case was joined on the plea of not guilty, and that upon such a plea, if the jury find the defendant guilty, they ought also to find the forfeiture, which they had not done. In the case of Commonwealth v. Stevens, 15 [148]*148Mass. 195, the plea was, not guilty.- The counsel for the defendants cited the case of Stilson v. Tobey, in support of his objection that the Court should not have imposed the fines, but that it was the province of the jury to assess the penalty; yet the Court, in giving their opinion, say, “ under the plea of not guilty the jury could not .assess the fine. Had the respondent pleaded nil debit, which would have been the most regular, it would have been otherwise.” The above prosecution was instituted by complaint before a justice of the peace, to recover two fines for unmilitary conduct on two muster days, and decided on appeal in the Court of Common Pleas. These two cases seem to be in direct opposition to each other. According to the law, as' laid down by Parsons C. J. in Stilson v. Tobey, the proceedings in Commonwealth v. Stevens, should have been quashed; for both cases were tried on the plea of not guilty. Chapter 51 of the revised statutes, in the 11th section, requires that every executor, knowing of his appointment, shall within thirty days next after the death of the testator, cause such will to be filed in the probate office, for probate; and provides that every executor who shall neglect so to do, without just excuse, accepted by the Judge of Probate, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding sixteen dollars per month, until he shall so file such will; and that judgment may be rendered by the Court for any sum, not exceeding sixteen dollars per month as aforesaid. Here is a legislative declaration as to the propriety of having the amount of penalty settled by the Court, rather than the jury, where no sum certain is fixed by law, as in that case and in the case before us. It is very clear, that if the defendant had been prosecuted by indictment for the penalty incurred, instead of an action of debt, the jury could have only found the issue, guilty or not guilty, and the Court would have settled the. amount of the penalty to be exacted of the defendant; now what reason can be assigned why they should not do the same in an action of debt ? If the amount is to depend on the sound discretion of the Court in one case, why not in the other. Besides, the declaration alleges that by the offence charged, the defendant has forfeited a sum not less than Jive dollars nor more than thirty dollars. The plea is nil debit; this does not put the amount in issue, but only the question whether [149]*149the defendant owes anything; or in other words, whether he has violated the statute, and incurred any forfeiture. Considering that the authorities seem to sanction either course of proceeding in such cases, and that no possible injury can have been done to the defendant by the decision of the Court, in assessing the minimum penalty, we do not feel disposed to grant a new trial on that ground, but sustain and approve of the instruction given by the Judge. See also Oro. Car. 559, and Sayer on damages, 63, 71.
3. As to the question of costs, it is true that by the 3d section of chapter 59 of the revised statutes, a plaintiff who shall recover no more than twenty dollars debt or damage, in any action originally commenced in the Court of Common Pleas, shall recover no more than one quarter part of such debt or damages, as his costs: but this provision was undoubtedly designed to apply to those cases where the action might have been commenced before a justice of the peace; and the loss of a large part of his costs was intended as a sort of punishment upon him for unnecessarily and improperly commencing his action in the Court of Common Pleas, when a less expensive tribunal was open to him. We must, as other courts have done, give a reasonable construction to the above section: hence, it has been decided, that if the plaintiff’s damages are reduced below $20 by means of the defendant’s offset, still, full costs have been allowed. In the present instance, it will be found on examination, that the plaintiff could not have commenced his action before a justice of the peace of the county of Cumberland, because the defendant is an inhabitant of the county of Oxford; nor before a justice of the peace in the county of Oxford, because the offence was committed in Portland in the county of Cumberland. On this point, we allude to the provision in the forty-fifth section of ch. 59 of the revised statutes, which is, that in all informations to be exhibited, and in all actions or suits to be commenced against any person or persons on behalf of any informer, or on behalf of the State and any informer, for any offence committed against any penal statute, the offence shall be laid and alleged to have been committed in the county where it was in fact committed, and if not proved to have been there committed, the issue shall be found [150]*150for the defendant. The penalty sued for in this case is recoverable- by any person who will sue for the same ; that is, as Judge Blackstone says, by any common informer; 3 El. Com. 161; and in this capacity the present plaintiff prosecutes. We may further remark that in the case of Carroll & al. v. Richardson, Treasurer, &c. 9 Mass. 329, which was an action for a penalty, made recoverable, by the defendants only, and not by a common informer, the Court say, that though the penalty was from two to fifty dollars, still the defendants, who were the original plaintiffs, had a right to claim and sue for less than the whole penalty, as they had done, by suing for $20 only; but had the forfeiture been wholly to the public, or part to the plaintiff and part 'to the public, or to a county, town, &c. the objection would certainly have great weight. On the whole we think the instruction of the Judge'on this point also was correct. And we are all of the opinion that the exceptions cannot be sustained.
Exceptions overruled and Judgment on the vefdict.