Opinion op the Court by
Judge Carroll
Reversing.
Leonard Barnes was a member of a wrecking crew ■of the Chesapeake & Ohio- Railway Company, and in May, 1907, Was sent out from Covington with a wrecking train to do some work in connection with •a wreck on the road of appellant company. When [731]*731the wrecking train arrived at New Richmond, a station about 20 miles east of Covington, it received notice that the wreck had been cleared, and was ordered to return to Covington as the second section of a freight train designated as “first 77.” "When the order to return was received, the engine of the wrecking train was cut off from the other cars, and coupled on to the rear end of the train next to the ■caboose, and then backed towards Covington; the tender being in front of the engine. When the train arrived at Ross’ Station, a place between New Richmond and Covington, it was required to go' upon a side track to await the passing of some east-bound trains.. The freight train known as “first 77” was on this siding when the wrecking train reached there, and it and the wrecking train remained on the siding ■for something over an hour. When an east-bound freight train passed, the main track was clear, and “first 77” proceeded to move out on its journey towards Covington. As soon as it started, and after it had gone a few feet, the engineer on the wrecking train proceeded to follow it in obedience to verbal orders previously given him by the conductor, who was at the depot several hundred yards distant, when the wrecking train started. The deceased, Barnes, and Peacock, and Seheidler, other members of the wrecking crew, had been sitting on the main track, near the engine of the wrecking train, but, when the east-bound freight approached, they left the main track and got on the siding immediately in front of the tender of the wrecking train, in the space between the tender of the wrecking engine and the caboose of “first 77,” and were so standing when-the wrecking engine started. Barnes and Peacock had their faces [732]*732towards the caboose of “first 77,” while Scheidler was looking at the east-bound freight train as it passed on the main track. The conductor of the eastbound freight, who was standing on the caboose as this train passed the engine of the wrecking train, evidently saw the position of peril the men were placed in by the movement of the engine o*f the wrecking train, and halloed to Scheidler, who immediately jumped off of the siding track, thereby escaping injury, but Barnes and Peacock, who did not receive any warning or notice, did not move from their position on the siding track, and were knocked down, run over, and killed by the tender. Neither the engineer nor the fireman had any notice of the position of these three men, and did not learn of the accident until some person called their attention to it, when the engine was immediately stopped. The administrator of Barnes brought this action against the appellee company and Montieth, the engineeer, to recover damages for the death of his intestate. The negligence charged in the petition consisted in the fact that the engineer of the wrecking train started his engine without having received any signal to d'o so, and without giving any warning by sounding the whistle or ringing the bell of his intention to start, thus violating the rules of the company which provided that an engineer before starting his train should sound the whistle of the engine or ring the bell thereof as a warning and notice of his intention so to do. Upon a trial before a jury, a verdict was returned against the company and the engineer. We are asked to reverse the judgment entered upon the verdict for errors of the trial court in the admission of evidence, in the giving of instructions, because [733]*733the verdict is excessive, and for failure to give a peremptory instruction.
The weight of the evidence conduces to show (1) that an hour or more prior to the accident the conductor of the wrecking train gave the- engineer verbal orders to follow “first 77” as soon as it moved out, but there is no evidence that Barnes had any notice of information of this order; (2) that the engineer or fireman did not know that Barnes or the other men were on the side track immediately in front of the tender when the engine was started; (3) that neither the engineer nor fireman gave any notice or warning by ringing the bell or sounding the whistle of the intention to move the train; (4) that a rule of the company requires that ‘ ‘the engine bell must be rung when an engine is about to move.” As we are of the opinion that the peremptory instruction requested by the company should have been given, we will consider the case upon the assumption that the rules of the company required that the engineer of the wrecking train should ring, or have his engine bell rung, before he started the train, and that, in violation of these rules, he started the engine without ringing the bell or sounding the whistle, or giving other notice of his intention. It must be further assumed, as there is no evidence to the contrary, that neither the engineer nor the fireman nor the conductor knew or had any reasonable grounds to believe that Barnes or the other men were standing on the side track when the engine started.
The question, therefore, to be determined, comes t® this: Did the company and the engineer owe a duty” to Barnes to ring the bell or sound the whistle before starting the train? If they did not, then the failure [734]*734to give this notice was not negligence as to them, and consequently there can be no recovery. If the rules of the company are intended for the protection of employes who are not at the time engaged in any service in connection with their employment, or, to put it in another way, if the employes have a right at all times to rely upon the fact that the rules of the company will be observed, although they may not at the time be engaged in the discharge of any duty for the company or within the scope of their employment, then the failure to ring the bell before starting the engine was negligence. On the other hand, if the rules are only intended for the use and protection of the employes when they are engaged in the performance of some duty within the scope of their employment, or that is made necessary by the exigencies of the occasion, or that is being carried out in obedience to the orders of a superior officer, it follows that Barnes was not entitled to • depend' upon the rules requiring that the bell should be rung before the engine was started, and hence there can' be no recovery for his death, as at the particular time he was not engaed in any service for the company. He was merely standing on the track waiting for another train to pass, when no duty that he owed to the company or within the scope of his employment required him to be there.
It is a duty imposed upon railroad companies -to establish and publish rules for the operation of trains and the government and control of employes when in the discharge .of their duty for the purpose of promoting the safety of the employes and to protect them from the negligence of each other; and the failure to establish, promulgate1, and. enforce rules which, if [735]*735observed!, will afford the employes reasonable protection against the dangers of the employment and avoid exposing them to unnecessary risks; will render the company liable in damages for accidents and injuries occurring because of such failure. 1 Shearman & Redfield on Negligence, section 202; Elliott on Railroads, section 1280; Thompson on Negligence, sections 4135-4173; Nolan v. New York, N. H.
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Opinion op the Court by
Judge Carroll
Reversing.
Leonard Barnes was a member of a wrecking crew ■of the Chesapeake & Ohio- Railway Company, and in May, 1907, Was sent out from Covington with a wrecking train to do some work in connection with •a wreck on the road of appellant company. When [731]*731the wrecking train arrived at New Richmond, a station about 20 miles east of Covington, it received notice that the wreck had been cleared, and was ordered to return to Covington as the second section of a freight train designated as “first 77.” "When the order to return was received, the engine of the wrecking train was cut off from the other cars, and coupled on to the rear end of the train next to the ■caboose, and then backed towards Covington; the tender being in front of the engine. When the train arrived at Ross’ Station, a place between New Richmond and Covington, it was required to go' upon a side track to await the passing of some east-bound trains.. The freight train known as “first 77” was on this siding when the wrecking train reached there, and it and the wrecking train remained on the siding ■for something over an hour. When an east-bound freight train passed, the main track was clear, and “first 77” proceeded to move out on its journey towards Covington. As soon as it started, and after it had gone a few feet, the engineer on the wrecking train proceeded to follow it in obedience to verbal orders previously given him by the conductor, who was at the depot several hundred yards distant, when the wrecking train started. The deceased, Barnes, and Peacock, and Seheidler, other members of the wrecking crew, had been sitting on the main track, near the engine of the wrecking train, but, when the east-bound freight approached, they left the main track and got on the siding immediately in front of the tender of the wrecking train, in the space between the tender of the wrecking engine and the caboose of “first 77,” and were so standing when-the wrecking engine started. Barnes and Peacock had their faces [732]*732towards the caboose of “first 77,” while Scheidler was looking at the east-bound freight train as it passed on the main track. The conductor of the eastbound freight, who was standing on the caboose as this train passed the engine of the wrecking train, evidently saw the position of peril the men were placed in by the movement of the engine o*f the wrecking train, and halloed to Scheidler, who immediately jumped off of the siding track, thereby escaping injury, but Barnes and Peacock, who did not receive any warning or notice, did not move from their position on the siding track, and were knocked down, run over, and killed by the tender. Neither the engineer nor the fireman had any notice of the position of these three men, and did not learn of the accident until some person called their attention to it, when the engine was immediately stopped. The administrator of Barnes brought this action against the appellee company and Montieth, the engineeer, to recover damages for the death of his intestate. The negligence charged in the petition consisted in the fact that the engineer of the wrecking train started his engine without having received any signal to d'o so, and without giving any warning by sounding the whistle or ringing the bell of his intention to start, thus violating the rules of the company which provided that an engineer before starting his train should sound the whistle of the engine or ring the bell thereof as a warning and notice of his intention so to do. Upon a trial before a jury, a verdict was returned against the company and the engineer. We are asked to reverse the judgment entered upon the verdict for errors of the trial court in the admission of evidence, in the giving of instructions, because [733]*733the verdict is excessive, and for failure to give a peremptory instruction.
The weight of the evidence conduces to show (1) that an hour or more prior to the accident the conductor of the wrecking train gave the- engineer verbal orders to follow “first 77” as soon as it moved out, but there is no evidence that Barnes had any notice of information of this order; (2) that the engineer or fireman did not know that Barnes or the other men were on the side track immediately in front of the tender when the engine was started; (3) that neither the engineer nor fireman gave any notice or warning by ringing the bell or sounding the whistle of the intention to move the train; (4) that a rule of the company requires that ‘ ‘the engine bell must be rung when an engine is about to move.” As we are of the opinion that the peremptory instruction requested by the company should have been given, we will consider the case upon the assumption that the rules of the company required that the engineer of the wrecking train should ring, or have his engine bell rung, before he started the train, and that, in violation of these rules, he started the engine without ringing the bell or sounding the whistle, or giving other notice of his intention. It must be further assumed, as there is no evidence to the contrary, that neither the engineer nor the fireman nor the conductor knew or had any reasonable grounds to believe that Barnes or the other men were standing on the side track when the engine started.
The question, therefore, to be determined, comes t® this: Did the company and the engineer owe a duty” to Barnes to ring the bell or sound the whistle before starting the train? If they did not, then the failure [734]*734to give this notice was not negligence as to them, and consequently there can be no recovery. If the rules of the company are intended for the protection of employes who are not at the time engaged in any service in connection with their employment, or, to put it in another way, if the employes have a right at all times to rely upon the fact that the rules of the company will be observed, although they may not at the time be engaged in the discharge of any duty for the company or within the scope of their employment, then the failure to ring the bell before starting the engine was negligence. On the other hand, if the rules are only intended for the use and protection of the employes when they are engaged in the performance of some duty within the scope of their employment, or that is made necessary by the exigencies of the occasion, or that is being carried out in obedience to the orders of a superior officer, it follows that Barnes was not entitled to • depend' upon the rules requiring that the bell should be rung before the engine was started, and hence there can' be no recovery for his death, as at the particular time he was not engaed in any service for the company. He was merely standing on the track waiting for another train to pass, when no duty that he owed to the company or within the scope of his employment required him to be there.
It is a duty imposed upon railroad companies -to establish and publish rules for the operation of trains and the government and control of employes when in the discharge .of their duty for the purpose of promoting the safety of the employes and to protect them from the negligence of each other; and the failure to establish, promulgate1, and. enforce rules which, if [735]*735observed!, will afford the employes reasonable protection against the dangers of the employment and avoid exposing them to unnecessary risks; will render the company liable in damages for accidents and injuries occurring because of such failure. 1 Shearman & Redfield on Negligence, section 202; Elliott on Railroads, section 1280; Thompson on Negligence, sections 4135-4173; Nolan v. New York, N. H. & H. R. Co., 70 Conn. 159, 39 Atl. 115, 43 L. R. A. 305, and extended note And when an employe, who is himself free from negligence that would defeat a recovery, is injured or killed by a violation by a superior agent or officer of the company of the rules, an action to recover damages for the loss will lie. The reason of this is that the employes have the right to assume that their superiors will observe the rules set down for their guidance and government, and will not in violation of these rules, or without regard to them, do any thing that will place other employes in peril. In the management and operation of trains the employes are called upon at all times of the day and night in the performance of their duties to place themselves in positions of great peril, where the slightest movement of the train without notice will endanger limb as well as life. But they go confidently into these hazardous places, relying upon the rules of the company to protect them', and feeling that the train will not be moved until some warning or notice has been sounded in accordance with the rules. It -has therefore come to pass that absolute obedience to the rules established for the movement of trains is of the first importance. It is indispensable to the safety of life and protection of property that carriers engaged in the hazardous business of transportation by modern [736]*736methods should devise' and publish these rules, not only for the safety of the public, but for the protection of the employes. If it were not for the establishment and promulgation of these rules, and the fact that obedience to them is unconditionally exacted, and very generally accorded, employes engaged in the operation of trains would be constantly in danger from the innumerable situations in which the failure to observe rules would involve them. But these principles, so well recognized and generally enforced, do not reach the question we are dealing with. They are applicable to employes who are engaged in some .service within the scope of their employment, or that are demanded by an emergency, or performed in obedience to the orders of a superior, and should not be extended so as to embrace employes who áre not at the time engaged within the scope of their employment, or acting in obedience .to the orders of a superior, or performing some duty that a sudden emergency has imposed. It follows from this that the deceased did not come under the protecting care of the rules, and therefore neither the engineer nor the company is liable in damages for his- death, because' a careful examination of the record fails to disclose any evidence that even conduces to show that Barnes in standing on the track in front of the tender was performing any duty that he owed to the company. He did not take the position in obedience to a request from any person. Nor did his employment require .him to be there. The rule requiring the ringing of the bell before the engine started was not intended! for the protection of persons on the track in places where their duties did not require them to be. If Barnes could claim the protection of the rule, so [737]*737could any other person who might he there. Unless the rules are confined to employes engaged in some duty under the conditions hereinbefore set out, then the rule requiring the ringing of the hell and all other rules established by the company for the operation of its trains and the government and protection of its employes must be beld to be enacted for the benefit of every person whether he be an employe or not, because the fact that Barnes was an employe did not afford him any protection when outside the line of his duty.
Some point is' made that the engineer moved the train without a signal from the conductor so. to do, but the uncontradicted evidence is that the conductor had' received orders as to the movement of the train, and reported these orders at least once to the engineer, who thoroughly understood that he was to follow “first 77” from Ross. The fact that the orders were given to the engineer by the conductor verbally, and some hour or more before the train was moved at Ross, is totally immaterial, as there is no doubt that the train was moved in obedience to the orders, no matter when they were given; hut if the train had not been moved in obedience to tbe orders, it would not affect the question here involved, as Barnes had no right in the position he was to rely upon the. orders. He had no concern whatever in the orders given as1 to* the movement of the. train. The orders under which the train was moved, or the observance or violation of them, have no place in this case.
Unfortunately for Barnes he got on the track for his own convenience or pleasure. The passing train does not help the case, as he was not required to get on the siding and avoid it. He could as well and as [738]*738easily have taken a position on the other side of the main track, or on the other side of the passing track, or he might have gone into' the caboose of the wrecking train, where in truth his place of safety was: But, as he chose to stand on the passing track in front of the tender, he took the risk of the place. The only duty the company owed himi was to. avoid injury to him after his position of peril was discovered, and there is no evidence whatever to support this view. The rule of the company invoked and under which a recovery was had does not embrace this case. As this rule and its violation is the only negligence relied on in the petition, we feel obliged to say that the request of the defendant for a peremptory instruction should have been granted.
Wherefore the judgment is reversed, with directions for a new trial in conformity with this opinion.