Dorsey, J.
delivered the opinion of this court.
A statement of but few facts being necessary to explain the the nature and origin of the controversy in this case, a brief enumeration of them, so far as it may be necessary for that purpose, would perhaps greatly facilitate the comprehension of the opinion, we may express upon the subject. Isaac Dixon the testator, being seized in fee of the lands in question by his will dated the 9th of May 1788, and admitted to probate on the 15th day of July of the same year, devised the lands in question to his son Isaac Dixon (who shall be denominated as “Isaac Dixon the second”) “during his natural life, and if it should please God that the said Isaac should have issue born of his body lawfully begotten, then such issue after the death of the said Isaac, to have the aforesaid devised premises in fee-tail, but if said Isaac should die without issue of his body lawfully begotten, it is my will and desire that the above mentioned lands and premises, with all other rights and claims in my lands, shall descend to my son Thomas Dixon and his heirs in fee-simple.” Under this devise Isaac Dixon the second, entered and was seized of the premises, and by a deed in due form of law, on the tenth of June 1822, conveyed the same as far as he was competent to do so, to his son Isaac Dixon, Jr., (who for distinction sake shall be called Isaac Dixon the third) and after his decease to William Thomas Dixon, the son of Isaac Dixon the third, his heirs and assigns forever. Isaac Dixon, the third, having previously departed this life, Margaret Henderson, the heir at law of William Thomson Dixon, and Robert Henderson her husband, instituted the present action of ejectment. It is unnecessary to state the facts constituting the appellant’s claim to the land in dispute, and under which he held possession thereof, as the right of a plaintiff in ejectment to recover, depends upou the sufficiency of his own title, not upon the insufficiency of that of his adversary.
Upon this appeal but one question presents itself for determination by this court, and that is, did the county court err in granting, as stated in the appellant’s bill of exceptions, the prayer of the appellee, that under the will of Isaac Dixon the [436]*436testator, Isaac Dixon, (the second,) the devisee took an estate-tail general, In the plantation thereby devised? This case has been argued at great length, and with much ability by the counsel engaged in it, and all the adjudications upon the subject both in England and in the United States, have been presented to the consideration of this court. The rule in Shelley-’s case, as it is called, has been pressed upon us as an inflexible rule of law, conclusive upon the question before us, no matter what may have been the intention of the testator, as disclosed in the provisions of his will. In our opinion this rule, at least in testamentary cases, is not so to be regarded. It was established in England as a convenient and necessary rule of construction, by which the intention of the testator was to be effectuated, not defeated. It is not there an imperious rule of law, which must control the operation of the will, no matter how clearly a contrary intention may be expressed upon its face, but it is a rule of construction, which must prevail except in cases where a contrary intention satisfactorily appears oy the will itself. The rule as announced in Shelley’s case, is where the limitation over is to “ the heir or heirs of the body” of the tenant for life. Even if in such a case in England, the technical import of the word “heirs” should be regarded as conclusive evidence of the intent of the testator, that the rule should operate and countervail all other expressions in the will indicating a contrary intent, yet it by no means thence follows that the same principle must govern the case now under consideration, where the word “heirs” has not been ^used. According to all the decisions in England and in the . United States, “issue,” which is in the will before us is a term i of equivocal import, being either a word of limitation or of purchase, meaning heirs of the body or children, according to the intention of the testator deduced from the expressions contained in his will. How in the present case the testator intended that the word “issue” should operate, we think there v¡, is no room for any reasonable doubt. Whether according to the principles of law and rules of construction prevailing in England, as established by the numerous decisions there [437]*437made upon such subjects an estate-tail in the devisee would be created or not, we deem it unnecessary to inquire. In Hngkmd every inference and implication is in favor of the rights of primogeniture. All presumptions are raised in favor of the acquisition of title to land by descent rather than by purchase. And in accordance with such presumptions and in futherauce of that mode of acquiring or passing title, is the intention of a testator assumed to have been. For these and other reasons for the most part inapplicable to devises of land in Maryland, since the passage of our act of descents, the Word “issue,” when used there in a will, has been construed, a word of limitation and not, of purchase, unless the intention of the testator to use it as a word of purchase, descriptio personarwm, is so clearly shown by other expressions in the will as conclusively to repel such an interpretation. In the State of Maryland, since the act of 1786, no such partialities or presumptions in favor of the rights of primogeniture or heirs at law, can as applicable to cases like the present, be said to exist.
The right of testamentary disposition where the intention of the testator satisfactorily appears is to be favored, and fully effectuated, unless its exercise be attempted in contravention of some established principle of law, over which the intention of the testator can exert no control. The testamentary will and intention, are restricted by no other principle of law, or governmental policy. On the contrary, courts of justice will be astute as well in discovering the real intention of the testator, and the means by which that intention is to be carried into effect, as in securing to the objects of the testator’s affection and bounty, the enjoyment of the property devised in the mode, and for the time that it is given, as far as is consistent with those principles which have been established as the great landmarks controlling such dispositions of property.
By our act of descents passed in December session 1786, ch. 45, and to commence its operation on the 1st of January 1788, the right of primogeniture was abolished, and all estates “in fee-tail to the heirs of the body generally created or acquired after the commencement of this act,” of which the owner should [438]*438die intestate, were made to descend to his heirs as if they were fee-simple estates.
By the act of 1782, ch. 23, an estate in fee-tail may be conveyed in the same manner that an estate in fee-simple can.
Applying these preliminary statements and remarks to the will before us, and adverting to the times and circumstances of its execution and the nature of the provisions, it may fairly be presumed that the testator understood the nature and effects of an estate tail, and the obvious effect upon it, wrought by the two acts of Assembly, which have been referred to.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Dorsey, J.
delivered the opinion of this court.
A statement of but few facts being necessary to explain the the nature and origin of the controversy in this case, a brief enumeration of them, so far as it may be necessary for that purpose, would perhaps greatly facilitate the comprehension of the opinion, we may express upon the subject. Isaac Dixon the testator, being seized in fee of the lands in question by his will dated the 9th of May 1788, and admitted to probate on the 15th day of July of the same year, devised the lands in question to his son Isaac Dixon (who shall be denominated as “Isaac Dixon the second”) “during his natural life, and if it should please God that the said Isaac should have issue born of his body lawfully begotten, then such issue after the death of the said Isaac, to have the aforesaid devised premises in fee-tail, but if said Isaac should die without issue of his body lawfully begotten, it is my will and desire that the above mentioned lands and premises, with all other rights and claims in my lands, shall descend to my son Thomas Dixon and his heirs in fee-simple.” Under this devise Isaac Dixon the second, entered and was seized of the premises, and by a deed in due form of law, on the tenth of June 1822, conveyed the same as far as he was competent to do so, to his son Isaac Dixon, Jr., (who for distinction sake shall be called Isaac Dixon the third) and after his decease to William Thomas Dixon, the son of Isaac Dixon the third, his heirs and assigns forever. Isaac Dixon, the third, having previously departed this life, Margaret Henderson, the heir at law of William Thomson Dixon, and Robert Henderson her husband, instituted the present action of ejectment. It is unnecessary to state the facts constituting the appellant’s claim to the land in dispute, and under which he held possession thereof, as the right of a plaintiff in ejectment to recover, depends upou the sufficiency of his own title, not upon the insufficiency of that of his adversary.
Upon this appeal but one question presents itself for determination by this court, and that is, did the county court err in granting, as stated in the appellant’s bill of exceptions, the prayer of the appellee, that under the will of Isaac Dixon the [436]*436testator, Isaac Dixon, (the second,) the devisee took an estate-tail general, In the plantation thereby devised? This case has been argued at great length, and with much ability by the counsel engaged in it, and all the adjudications upon the subject both in England and in the United States, have been presented to the consideration of this court. The rule in Shelley-’s case, as it is called, has been pressed upon us as an inflexible rule of law, conclusive upon the question before us, no matter what may have been the intention of the testator, as disclosed in the provisions of his will. In our opinion this rule, at least in testamentary cases, is not so to be regarded. It was established in England as a convenient and necessary rule of construction, by which the intention of the testator was to be effectuated, not defeated. It is not there an imperious rule of law, which must control the operation of the will, no matter how clearly a contrary intention may be expressed upon its face, but it is a rule of construction, which must prevail except in cases where a contrary intention satisfactorily appears oy the will itself. The rule as announced in Shelley’s case, is where the limitation over is to “ the heir or heirs of the body” of the tenant for life. Even if in such a case in England, the technical import of the word “heirs” should be regarded as conclusive evidence of the intent of the testator, that the rule should operate and countervail all other expressions in the will indicating a contrary intent, yet it by no means thence follows that the same principle must govern the case now under consideration, where the word “heirs” has not been ^used. According to all the decisions in England and in the . United States, “issue,” which is in the will before us is a term i of equivocal import, being either a word of limitation or of purchase, meaning heirs of the body or children, according to the intention of the testator deduced from the expressions contained in his will. How in the present case the testator intended that the word “issue” should operate, we think there v¡, is no room for any reasonable doubt. Whether according to the principles of law and rules of construction prevailing in England, as established by the numerous decisions there [437]*437made upon such subjects an estate-tail in the devisee would be created or not, we deem it unnecessary to inquire. In Hngkmd every inference and implication is in favor of the rights of primogeniture. All presumptions are raised in favor of the acquisition of title to land by descent rather than by purchase. And in accordance with such presumptions and in futherauce of that mode of acquiring or passing title, is the intention of a testator assumed to have been. For these and other reasons for the most part inapplicable to devises of land in Maryland, since the passage of our act of descents, the Word “issue,” when used there in a will, has been construed, a word of limitation and not, of purchase, unless the intention of the testator to use it as a word of purchase, descriptio personarwm, is so clearly shown by other expressions in the will as conclusively to repel such an interpretation. In the State of Maryland, since the act of 1786, no such partialities or presumptions in favor of the rights of primogeniture or heirs at law, can as applicable to cases like the present, be said to exist.
The right of testamentary disposition where the intention of the testator satisfactorily appears is to be favored, and fully effectuated, unless its exercise be attempted in contravention of some established principle of law, over which the intention of the testator can exert no control. The testamentary will and intention, are restricted by no other principle of law, or governmental policy. On the contrary, courts of justice will be astute as well in discovering the real intention of the testator, and the means by which that intention is to be carried into effect, as in securing to the objects of the testator’s affection and bounty, the enjoyment of the property devised in the mode, and for the time that it is given, as far as is consistent with those principles which have been established as the great landmarks controlling such dispositions of property.
By our act of descents passed in December session 1786, ch. 45, and to commence its operation on the 1st of January 1788, the right of primogeniture was abolished, and all estates “in fee-tail to the heirs of the body generally created or acquired after the commencement of this act,” of which the owner should [438]*438die intestate, were made to descend to his heirs as if they were fee-simple estates.
By the act of 1782, ch. 23, an estate in fee-tail may be conveyed in the same manner that an estate in fee-simple can.
Applying these preliminary statements and remarks to the will before us, and adverting to the times and circumstances of its execution and the nature of the provisions, it may fairly be presumed that the testator understood the nature and effects of an estate tail, and the obvious effect upon it, wrought by the two acts of Assembly, which have been referred to. Under such circumstances, to what conclusion must every intelligent man as well as lawyer arrive, as to the testator’s intention in inserting in his will the clause, we are now called on to interpret? It must be that the testator designed that Isaac Dixon the second, (the devisee) should enjoy the plantation in dispute during his natural life, and that if he should have “issue,” such “issue,” after the death of the devise should have the devised premises in fee-tail. Such in effect are the very words of the testator. His intention then being manifest and being distinctly and fully disclosed by the expressions of the will, what is the obvious duty of the court? To impose on the will such a construction as accords with and will effectuate such intention, and not to apply to it a technical rule of construction, which at present, in Maryland, has in a case like this no principle of reason, expediency or policy, to sustain it, and the undeniable effect of which is wholly to defeat every portion of the clearly expressed intent of the testator. By the explicit terms of the will the interest of the devisee in the devised premises was to continue but during his natural life, and it is not unworthy of notice that the devise does not purport to give to him even for that period the plantation itself, but “the use” of it. Thus confining the devisee, as the testator supposed, to a mere usufructuary interest for life. Why was this restricted, guarded mode of expression, resorted to? There could have been but one reason for it. It was manifestly designed to show the limited character of the life estate conferred on the devisee, and to repel every implication of his taking such an estate as would de[439]*439stroy or enable him to destroy the limitations over to his issue and contingently to his brother Thomas. That it was the intention of the testator deducible from the language of the will, to give to the devisee, Isaac Dixon the second, an estate-tail, has not been and could not be with any semblance of rationality contended for in the argument before us. But it is said that the indication or existence of such intention is immaterial, that the application of the rule in Shelley’s case must be made without reference to testamentary intention. To this doctrine thus broadly asserted, as applying to cases in Maryland since January 1788, we never can subscribe our assent, and we utterly deny the applicability of the rule in Shelley’s. case to such a case as that now before us, where the clear and unequivocal expressions of the will demonstrate that the intention of the testator was in direct conflict with that ascribed to him by the application of the rule in Shelley’s case.
As an authority to sustain the position we have assumed that in construing the will before us, we must look not merely to the law as it prevails in England, but to its altered condition in Maryland since the passage of our acts of Assembly of 1782 and 1786, we would refer to the case of Smith and wife vs. Chapman and others, 1 Hen. and Munf., 240, where it was held that “in construing wills made since the acts of Assembly of 1776 and 1785, on the subjects of estates-tail, it seems that the courts in this country will not by implication turn an express estate for life, with limitations over in remainder into a fee-tail, (as in like cases in England,) because although it is done there to effectuate the general intention of the testator, such a construction under the operation of our laws would defeat that intention.”
Dissenting from the county couit in its granting of the prayer of the appellees as stated in the appellant’s bill of exceptions, its judgmentis reversed, but no procedendo awarded.
JUDGMENT REVERSED,