Shaep, J.
Plaintiffs first attack the ordinance with the assertion that it unreasonably obstructs their right to earn a livelihood by giving massage treatments, which — they say — is an ordinary and harmless occupation which defendant has no authority to regulate.
The rule is that a statute or ordinance which curtails the right of any person to engage in any occupation can be sustained as a valid exercise of the police power only if it is reasonably necessary to promote the public health, morals, order, safety, or general welfare.
State v. Ballance,
229 N.C. 764,
51 S.E.
2d 731. “The legislature may not, under the guise of protecting the public interests, arbitrarily interfere with private business, or impose unusual and unnecessary restrictions upon lawful occupations.”
Lawton v. Stell,
152 U.S. 133, 137, 38 L. ed. 385, 388-89, 14 S. Ct. 499, 501. When, however, the legislative body undertakes to regulate a business, trade, or profession, courts assume it acted within its powers until the contrary clearly appears.
Roller v. Allen,
245 N.C. 516, 96 S.E. 2d 851. See 2 Strong, N. C. Index 2d, Constitutional Law § 12 (1967).
North Carolina has not considered the validity of an ordinance or statute regulating massage parlors, masseurs, masseuses, or similar operations. In
State v. Biggs,
133 N.C. 729, 46 S.E. 401, by a special verdict, the jury found that defendant administered massage, baths, and physical culture, manipulated the muscles, bones, spine, and solar plexus, and kneaded the muscles with the fingers of the hand. He advised “his patients” what to eat, but he prescribed no drugs and performed no surgery. In reversing defendant’s conviction for practicing medicine without a license, this Court stated: “There is nothing in this treatment that calls for an exercise of the police power by way of an examination by a learned board in obstetrics, therapeutics,
materia medica,
and the other things, a knowledge of which is so properly required for one who would serve the public faithfully and honorably as a doctor of medicine.” The decision was: “The police power does not extend to such cases.”
Id.
at 738, 46 S.E. at 404.
To hold that a massage treatment does not, by itself, constitute the practice of medicine is not to hold that massage parlors, health salons, and the activities of professional massagists cannot be regu
lated. If the probable result of the manner in which they are conducted is injury to the public health, safety, or morals, City’s police power maji lawfully be used to eliminate the hazard. G.S. 160-200(6), (7);
State v. Harris,
216 N.C. 746, 6 S.E. 2d 854; Chapter 713, § 6.41, N. C. Session Laws 1965. “From their nature,” it appears that massage parlors are a business “where abuses of morality and violations of law may readily exist.”
Hora v. City and County of San Francisco,
43 Cal. Rptr. 527, 530 (Dist. Ct. App.).
The general right to regulate massagists on the grounds of public health, safety, and morality has been recognized in several cases. See Annot., Regulation of Masseurs, 17 A.L.R. 2d 1183, 1190 (1951).
Ex Parte Maki,
56 Cal. App. 2d 635, 133 P. 2d 64 (1943) (the leading case on this subject) involved the constitutionality of an ordinance of the City of Los Angeles which,
inter alia,
forbade any person, for hire or reward, to administer a massage to a person of the opposite sex unless the massage be given under the supervision of a licensed physician. The appellant there, as here, contended that the ordinance deprived him of a property right without due process of law and denied him the equal protection of the laws. In declaring the ordinance constitutional, the court said:
“The ordinance applies alike to both men and women. . . . The barrier erected by the ordinance against immoral acts likely to result from too intimate familiarity of the sexes is no more than a reasonable regulation imposed by the city council in the fair exercise of police powers.”
Id.
at 635, 133 P. 2d at 67.
“. . . The reasonable exercise of the police power in regulating any occupation in order to maintain the moral welfare does not arbitrarily deprive a person so engaged of his property. . . . Enactments that curb the vicious or restrain the wicked necessarily restrict the emoluments of his enterprise. However, such results are not to be considered in determining the validity of a law. * *
“There is nothing in the ordinance that denies the equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. It applies to all alike who give massages for hire and who are not licensed to practice one of the arts of healing.”
Id.
at 643-44, 133 P. 2d at 68-69.
Patterson v. City of Dallas,
355 S.W. 2d 838 (Tex. Civ. App. 1962) was a suit to enjoin the enforcement of a comprehensive ordinance regulating massage establishments.
Piter alia,
it prohibited any person from administering a massage to a member of the opposite sex. Chiropractors, registered physical therapists, and registered nurses operating under the direction of a physician were excluded from the operation of the ordinance. In upholding the ordinance in
its entirety, the Texas court said that the case of
Ex Parte Maki
was so well decided that it was decisive of the appeal. The court encountered no difficulty in finding reasonable grounds for the discrimination in favor of the persons exempted. To sustain a criminal prosecution for a violation of the same ordinance, in
Connell v. State,
371 S.W. 2d 45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1963), the court relied upon
Patterson v. City of Dallas. Accord, City of Houston v. Shober,
362 S.W. 2d 886 (Tex. Civ. App. 1962);
Gregg v. State,
376 S.W. 2d 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964).
People v. City of Chicago,
312 Ill. App. 187, 37 N.E. 2d 929 (1941) was a mandamus proceeding to compel Chicago to issue plaintiff a license to operate a massage parlor. His license had been revoked the preceding year when police investigation revealed that in plaintiff’s business female attendants customarily massaged male patrons. This admitted fact, the court held, proved the mayor’s refusal to issue the license to be neither unreasonable, arbitrary, nor capricious, but the exercise of a sound discretion.
We hold that the occupation of a massagist and the business of massage parlors and similar establishments are proper subjects for regulation under the police power of the City of Charlotte. Such regulation, however, must be uniform, fair, and impartial in its operation. “Even though statutes are passed in the interest of the public health, safety, or morals, they are void as class legislation wherever they are made to apply arbitrarily only to certain persons or classes of persons or to make an unreasonable discrimination between persons or classes. . . .” 16A C.J.S.
Constitutional Law
§ 493 (1956).
Plaintiffs’ second contention is that the ordinance is unconstitutional because it discriminates among persons and establishments of the same kind. Statutes and ordinances “are void as class legislation . . .
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Shaep, J.
Plaintiffs first attack the ordinance with the assertion that it unreasonably obstructs their right to earn a livelihood by giving massage treatments, which — they say — is an ordinary and harmless occupation which defendant has no authority to regulate.
The rule is that a statute or ordinance which curtails the right of any person to engage in any occupation can be sustained as a valid exercise of the police power only if it is reasonably necessary to promote the public health, morals, order, safety, or general welfare.
State v. Ballance,
229 N.C. 764,
51 S.E.
2d 731. “The legislature may not, under the guise of protecting the public interests, arbitrarily interfere with private business, or impose unusual and unnecessary restrictions upon lawful occupations.”
Lawton v. Stell,
152 U.S. 133, 137, 38 L. ed. 385, 388-89, 14 S. Ct. 499, 501. When, however, the legislative body undertakes to regulate a business, trade, or profession, courts assume it acted within its powers until the contrary clearly appears.
Roller v. Allen,
245 N.C. 516, 96 S.E. 2d 851. See 2 Strong, N. C. Index 2d, Constitutional Law § 12 (1967).
North Carolina has not considered the validity of an ordinance or statute regulating massage parlors, masseurs, masseuses, or similar operations. In
State v. Biggs,
133 N.C. 729, 46 S.E. 401, by a special verdict, the jury found that defendant administered massage, baths, and physical culture, manipulated the muscles, bones, spine, and solar plexus, and kneaded the muscles with the fingers of the hand. He advised “his patients” what to eat, but he prescribed no drugs and performed no surgery. In reversing defendant’s conviction for practicing medicine without a license, this Court stated: “There is nothing in this treatment that calls for an exercise of the police power by way of an examination by a learned board in obstetrics, therapeutics,
materia medica,
and the other things, a knowledge of which is so properly required for one who would serve the public faithfully and honorably as a doctor of medicine.” The decision was: “The police power does not extend to such cases.”
Id.
at 738, 46 S.E. at 404.
To hold that a massage treatment does not, by itself, constitute the practice of medicine is not to hold that massage parlors, health salons, and the activities of professional massagists cannot be regu
lated. If the probable result of the manner in which they are conducted is injury to the public health, safety, or morals, City’s police power maji lawfully be used to eliminate the hazard. G.S. 160-200(6), (7);
State v. Harris,
216 N.C. 746, 6 S.E. 2d 854; Chapter 713, § 6.41, N. C. Session Laws 1965. “From their nature,” it appears that massage parlors are a business “where abuses of morality and violations of law may readily exist.”
Hora v. City and County of San Francisco,
43 Cal. Rptr. 527, 530 (Dist. Ct. App.).
The general right to regulate massagists on the grounds of public health, safety, and morality has been recognized in several cases. See Annot., Regulation of Masseurs, 17 A.L.R. 2d 1183, 1190 (1951).
Ex Parte Maki,
56 Cal. App. 2d 635, 133 P. 2d 64 (1943) (the leading case on this subject) involved the constitutionality of an ordinance of the City of Los Angeles which,
inter alia,
forbade any person, for hire or reward, to administer a massage to a person of the opposite sex unless the massage be given under the supervision of a licensed physician. The appellant there, as here, contended that the ordinance deprived him of a property right without due process of law and denied him the equal protection of the laws. In declaring the ordinance constitutional, the court said:
“The ordinance applies alike to both men and women. . . . The barrier erected by the ordinance against immoral acts likely to result from too intimate familiarity of the sexes is no more than a reasonable regulation imposed by the city council in the fair exercise of police powers.”
Id.
at 635, 133 P. 2d at 67.
“. . . The reasonable exercise of the police power in regulating any occupation in order to maintain the moral welfare does not arbitrarily deprive a person so engaged of his property. . . . Enactments that curb the vicious or restrain the wicked necessarily restrict the emoluments of his enterprise. However, such results are not to be considered in determining the validity of a law. * *
“There is nothing in the ordinance that denies the equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. It applies to all alike who give massages for hire and who are not licensed to practice one of the arts of healing.”
Id.
at 643-44, 133 P. 2d at 68-69.
Patterson v. City of Dallas,
355 S.W. 2d 838 (Tex. Civ. App. 1962) was a suit to enjoin the enforcement of a comprehensive ordinance regulating massage establishments.
Piter alia,
it prohibited any person from administering a massage to a member of the opposite sex. Chiropractors, registered physical therapists, and registered nurses operating under the direction of a physician were excluded from the operation of the ordinance. In upholding the ordinance in
its entirety, the Texas court said that the case of
Ex Parte Maki
was so well decided that it was decisive of the appeal. The court encountered no difficulty in finding reasonable grounds for the discrimination in favor of the persons exempted. To sustain a criminal prosecution for a violation of the same ordinance, in
Connell v. State,
371 S.W. 2d 45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1963), the court relied upon
Patterson v. City of Dallas. Accord, City of Houston v. Shober,
362 S.W. 2d 886 (Tex. Civ. App. 1962);
Gregg v. State,
376 S.W. 2d 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964).
People v. City of Chicago,
312 Ill. App. 187, 37 N.E. 2d 929 (1941) was a mandamus proceeding to compel Chicago to issue plaintiff a license to operate a massage parlor. His license had been revoked the preceding year when police investigation revealed that in plaintiff’s business female attendants customarily massaged male patrons. This admitted fact, the court held, proved the mayor’s refusal to issue the license to be neither unreasonable, arbitrary, nor capricious, but the exercise of a sound discretion.
We hold that the occupation of a massagist and the business of massage parlors and similar establishments are proper subjects for regulation under the police power of the City of Charlotte. Such regulation, however, must be uniform, fair, and impartial in its operation. “Even though statutes are passed in the interest of the public health, safety, or morals, they are void as class legislation wherever they are made to apply arbitrarily only to certain persons or classes of persons or to make an unreasonable discrimination between persons or classes. . . .” 16A C.J.S.
Constitutional Law
§ 493 (1956).
Plaintiffs’ second contention is that the ordinance is unconstitutional because it discriminates among persons and establishments of the same kind. Statutes and ordinances “are void as class legislation . . . whenever persons engaged in the same business are subject to different restrictions or are given different privileges under
the same conditions.”
16A C.J.S.
Constitutional Law
§ 496 (1956). (Emphasis added);
Clinton v. Oil Co.,
193 N.C. 432, 137 S.E. 183;
State v. Glidden Co.,
228 N.C. 664, 46 S.E. 2d 860. Inequalities and classifications, however, do not,
per se,
render a legislative enactment unconstitutional. Rams
ey v. Veterans Commission,
261 N.C. 645, 135 S.E. 2d 659;
State v. Trantham,
230 N.C. 641, 55 S.E. 2d 198; 2 Strong, N. C. Index 2d, Constitutional Law § 20 (1967).
“ ‘Class legislation’ is not offensive to the Constitution when the classification is based on a reasonable distinction and the law is made to apply uniformly to all the members of the class affected.
Or, as the principle is more often expressed, when the law applies uniformly to all persons in like situation, — which of itself implies that the classification must have a reasonable basis, without arbitrary discrimination between those in like situation.”
State v. Glidden Co., supra
at 666, 46 S.E. 2d at 862.
Accord, Motley v. Board of Barber Examiners,
228 N.C. 337, 45 S.E. 2d 550.
Applying the fundamental rules of constitutional law set out above, it is clear that the ordinance in suit cannot withstand plaintiffs’ second attack. There is no reasonable ground for putting barber shops, beauty parlors, Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. health clubs in a separate classification from massage parlors, health salons, or physical culture studios. Therefore, an ordinance which prohibits a person of one sex from giving a massage to a patron of the opposite sex in the latter, and permits it in the former, makes a purely arbitrary selection. It “has no reasonable relation to the purpose of the law, only serving to mechanically split into two groups persons in like situations with regard to the subject matter dealt with but in sharply contrasting positions as to the incidence and effect of the law.”
State v. Glidden Co., supra
at 668, 46 S.E. 2d at 862.
Obviously, the city council felt that the activities which the ordinance seeks to eliminate were not then being carried on in the exempted establishments. Notwithstanding, as presently written, the ordinance prohibits the proprietors and employees of a massage parlor from doing acts which can be done with impunity under similar circumstances in a barber shop or any of the other exempted places of business. Such favoritism cannot be sustained.
Clinton v. Oil Co., supra.
The judgment of the court below is
Reversed.
HusKiNS, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.