USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-12782 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
CHARLES WEINACKER, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus WAHL CLIPPER CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-00314-TFM-MU ____________________ USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 23-12782
Before WILSON, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Charles Weinacker, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss in favor of Wahl Clipper Cor- poration (Wahl). Weinacker alleges that he owns the exclusive trademark rights to the “pet friendly” mark and Wahl repeatedly infringed on these rights. To this effect, Weinacker brought trade- mark infringement claims under the Lanham Act 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq. In response, Wahl filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted by the district court. Weinacker now challenges this dis- missal on appeal. After a thorough review of the record and par- ties’ briefing, we AFFIRM the district court.1 I. A district court’s ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion is reviewed de novo. Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 1043, 1056–57 (11th Cir. 2007). Upon a party’s motion, the court may dismiss an action for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive the motion, the
1 Wahl moved for sanctions pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38, alleging that this appeal is frivolous. We DENY this motion. “Rule 38 sanctions are appropriately imposed against appellants who raise clearly friv- olous claims in the face of established law and clear facts,” and that is not what is before us here. See Parker v. Am. Traffic Sols., Inc., 835 F.3d 1363, 1371 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted). Weinacker’s claims are not “utterly de- void of merit” and, therefore, there is no need for sanctions. Bonfiglio v. Nugent, 986 F.2d 1391, 1393 (11th Cir. 1993). USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 3 of 8
23-12782 Opinion of the Court 3
pleading “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotation marks omitted). “While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal citations and alteration omitted). Pro se complaints are held to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Campbell v. Air Jamaica Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014). Weinacker argues that the district court erred in dismissing his claims because the trademark was valid and showed a likeli- hood of consumer confusion. He also argues that the court im- properly dismissed his contributory infringement and copyright in- fringement claims. We address each argument in turn.2 A. Turning first to his claim for trademark infringement, the Lanham Act defines a trademark as “any word, name, symbol, or
2 “[I]ssues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.”
Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). Here, Weinacker fails to challenge the district court’s dismissal of his trademark di- lution, reputational damage, and false designation/unfair competition claims. Accordingly, we find that he has abandoned any challenge to the district court’s dismissal of these claims, and do not consider them on appeal. USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 23-12782
device, or any combination thereof used by a person . . . to identify and distinguish [that person’s] goods . . . from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127 (cleaned up). The unauthorized use of another’s trademark is prohibited pursuant to the following conditions: (1) Any person who shall, without the consent of the registrant— (a) use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, dis- tribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive . . . shall be liable in a civil action by the registrant . . . . 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a) (emphasis added). A successful trademark infringement claim requires show- ing: (1) “trademark rights in the mark or name at issue” and (2) that another party “adopted a mark or name that was the same, or con- fusingly similar to its mark, such that consumers were likely to con- fuse the two.” Commodores Ent. Corp. v. McClary, 879 F.3d 1114, 1130–31 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted). Marks that are capable of distinguishing an applicant’s goods from others may be registered, which also ensures formal protection from trademark infringement. Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 768 (1992). Certain marks are “deemed inherently distinctive and are entitled to protection.” Id. However, other marks that “are merely descriptive of a product” may still “acquire[] distinctiveness through secondary meaning.” Id. at 769. To determine whether a USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 5 of 8
23-12782 Opinion of the Court 5
name has acquired a secondary meaning, we apply a four-factor test: (1) the length and nature of the name’s use; (2) the na- ture and extent of advertising and promotion of the name; (3) the efforts of the proprietor to promote a conscious connection between the name and the business; and (4) the degree of actual recognition by the public that the name designates the proprietor’s product or service. Tana v. Dantanna’s, 611 F.3d 767, 776 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted).
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USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-12782 Non-Argument Calendar ____________________
CHARLES WEINACKER, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus WAHL CLIPPER CORPORATION,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama D.C. Docket No. 1:22-cv-00314-TFM-MU ____________________ USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 2 of 8
2 Opinion of the Court 23-12782
Before WILSON, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: Charles Weinacker, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss in favor of Wahl Clipper Cor- poration (Wahl). Weinacker alleges that he owns the exclusive trademark rights to the “pet friendly” mark and Wahl repeatedly infringed on these rights. To this effect, Weinacker brought trade- mark infringement claims under the Lanham Act 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq. In response, Wahl filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted by the district court. Weinacker now challenges this dis- missal on appeal. After a thorough review of the record and par- ties’ briefing, we AFFIRM the district court.1 I. A district court’s ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion is reviewed de novo. Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 1043, 1056–57 (11th Cir. 2007). Upon a party’s motion, the court may dismiss an action for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive the motion, the
1 Wahl moved for sanctions pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38, alleging that this appeal is frivolous. We DENY this motion. “Rule 38 sanctions are appropriately imposed against appellants who raise clearly friv- olous claims in the face of established law and clear facts,” and that is not what is before us here. See Parker v. Am. Traffic Sols., Inc., 835 F.3d 1363, 1371 (11th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted). Weinacker’s claims are not “utterly de- void of merit” and, therefore, there is no need for sanctions. Bonfiglio v. Nugent, 986 F.2d 1391, 1393 (11th Cir. 1993). USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 3 of 8
23-12782 Opinion of the Court 3
pleading “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotation marks omitted). “While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal citations and alteration omitted). Pro se complaints are held to “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Campbell v. Air Jamaica Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014). Weinacker argues that the district court erred in dismissing his claims because the trademark was valid and showed a likeli- hood of consumer confusion. He also argues that the court im- properly dismissed his contributory infringement and copyright in- fringement claims. We address each argument in turn.2 A. Turning first to his claim for trademark infringement, the Lanham Act defines a trademark as “any word, name, symbol, or
2 “[I]ssues not briefed on appeal by a pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.”
Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). Here, Weinacker fails to challenge the district court’s dismissal of his trademark di- lution, reputational damage, and false designation/unfair competition claims. Accordingly, we find that he has abandoned any challenge to the district court’s dismissal of these claims, and do not consider them on appeal. USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 4 of 8
4 Opinion of the Court 23-12782
device, or any combination thereof used by a person . . . to identify and distinguish [that person’s] goods . . . from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods.” 15 U.S.C. § 1127 (cleaned up). The unauthorized use of another’s trademark is prohibited pursuant to the following conditions: (1) Any person who shall, without the consent of the registrant— (a) use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, dis- tribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive . . . shall be liable in a civil action by the registrant . . . . 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a) (emphasis added). A successful trademark infringement claim requires show- ing: (1) “trademark rights in the mark or name at issue” and (2) that another party “adopted a mark or name that was the same, or con- fusingly similar to its mark, such that consumers were likely to con- fuse the two.” Commodores Ent. Corp. v. McClary, 879 F.3d 1114, 1130–31 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotation marks omitted). Marks that are capable of distinguishing an applicant’s goods from others may be registered, which also ensures formal protection from trademark infringement. Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 768 (1992). Certain marks are “deemed inherently distinctive and are entitled to protection.” Id. However, other marks that “are merely descriptive of a product” may still “acquire[] distinctiveness through secondary meaning.” Id. at 769. To determine whether a USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 5 of 8
23-12782 Opinion of the Court 5
name has acquired a secondary meaning, we apply a four-factor test: (1) the length and nature of the name’s use; (2) the na- ture and extent of advertising and promotion of the name; (3) the efforts of the proprietor to promote a conscious connection between the name and the business; and (4) the degree of actual recognition by the public that the name designates the proprietor’s product or service. Tana v. Dantanna’s, 611 F.3d 767, 776 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted). To assess a likelihood of confusion, our circuit considers: (1) distinctiveness of the mark alleged to have been infringed; (2) similarity of the infringed and infringing marks; (3) similarity between the goods or services of- fered under the two marks; (4) similarity of the actual sales methods used by the two parties, such as their sales outlets and customer base; (5) similarity of ad- vertising methods; (6) intent of the alleged infringer to misappropriate the proprietor’s good will; and (7) existence and extent of actual confusion in the consuming public. Welding Servs., Inc. v. Forman, 509 F.3d 1351, 1360 (11th Cir. 2007). Of all seven factors, we hold “the type of mark and the evidence of actual confusion to be the two most important.” Suntree Techs., Inc. v. Ecosense Int’l, Inc., 693 F.3d 1338, 1346 (11th Cir. 2012) (quotation marks omitted). USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 6 of 8
6 Opinion of the Court 23-12782
Against this precedent, we find that the district court properly dismissed Weinacker’s federal trade-mark infringement claim brought under 15 U.S.C. § 1114 and 1125(a) because § 1114 only applies to registered trademarks. See 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a). Weinacker did not allege that he held an active registered trade- mark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Weinacker’s claim also fails as an unregistered mark seeing as he did not allege sufficient facts regarding the distinctiveness of his mark. Two Pesos, Inc., 505 U.S. at 769. Rather, Weinacker simply alleged that he had exclusively and continuously used the mark. The record does not support finding that “pet friendly” is a distinct term, nor does the evidence suggest that Wahl’s use of the phrase causes confusion. Commodores Ent. Corp., 879 F.3d at 1130–31; Sun- tree Techs., 693 F.3d at 1346. Thus, Weinacker failed to properly allege a trademark infringement claim and we affirm in this respect. B. A claim for contributory trademark infringement requires that a plaintiff show: “(1) a person or entity commits direct trade- mark infringement under the Lanham Act; and (2) the defendant (a) ‘intentionally induces’ the direct infringer to commit infringe- ment, (b) supplies a ‘product’ to the direct infringer whom it ‘knows’ is directly infringing (actual knowledge), or (c) supplies a ‘product’ to the direct infringer whom it ‘has reason to know’ is directly infringing (constructive knowledge).” Luxottica Grp., S.p.A. v. Airport Mini Mall, LLC, 932 F.3d 1303, 1312 (11th Cir. 2019) USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 7 of 8
23-12782 Opinion of the Court 7
(quoting Inwood Lab’ys, Inc. v. Ives Lab’ys, Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 854 (1982)). The district court properly dismissed Weinacker’s claim of contributory trademark infringement as he did not allege a claim of direct trademark infringement, and thus failed to meet the first requirement. Luxottica Grp., S.p.A., 932 F.3d at 1312. Further, Weinacker’s allegations of contributory infringement, both below and on appeal, are unclear at best. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue as well. C. To establish a claim of copyright infringement, a plaintiff must show: “(1) ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are original.” Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991). The first element requires proof that the work is original and complies with the applicable statutory formalities3 for copyright. Bateman v. Mne- monics, Inc., 79 F.3d 1532, 1541 (11th Cir. 1996). “Once the plaintiff produces a certificate of copyright, the burden shifts to the defend- ant to demonstrate why the claim of copyright is invalid.” Id. No- tably however, “[w]ords and short phrases such as names, titles, and slogans” are not subject to copyright protection and
3 “[N]o civil action for infringement of the copyright in any United States work
shall be instituted until preregistration or registration of the copyright claim has been made in accordance with this title.” 17 U.S.C. § 411(a). USCA11 Case: 23-12782 Document: 45-1 Date Filed: 05/31/2024 Page: 8 of 8
8 Opinion of the Court 23-12782
applications concerning said words or phrases will not be enter- tained. 37 C.F.R. § 202.1. Here, the district court properly dismissed Weinacker’s cop- yright claim because he failed to allege that he held a registered copyright. See 17 U.S.C. § 411(a). Additionally, Weinacker failed to identify the work that Wahl purportedly infringed upon. To the extent he identified the phrase “pet friendly” as a potential copy- rightable work, such short phrases are not subject to copyright pro- tection pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 202.1. Accordingly, we affirm the district court here as well. II. For these reasons, we do not find any error in the district court’s ruling. AFFIRMED.