Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. v. Marilley

2026 NCBC 7

• Court: North Carolina Business Court
• Decided: January 23, 2026
• Docket: 23-CVS-17361
• Status: Published
• Author: Julianna Theall Earp

Opinion

Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. v. Marilley, 2026 NCBC 7.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA IN THE GENERAL COURT OF JUSTICE SUPERIOR COURT DIVISION MECKLENBURG COUNTY 23 CVS 17361

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO., INC., ORDER AND OPINION ON DEFENDANT LAUREN Plaintiff, MARILLEY’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT, v. DEFENDANT PETER MARILLEY’S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND, LAUREN ELIZABETH MARILLEY AND and PETER JOSEPH MARILLEY, PLAINTIFF CHARLES SCHWAB’S MOTION FOR INTERPLEADER, Defendants. DISCHARGE, AND DISMISSAL

1. THIS MATTER is before the Court on Defendant Lauren Marilley’s

Motion for Summary Judgment (the Summary Judgment Motion), (ECF No. 74),1 De-

fendant Peter Marilley’s Motion for Leave to Amend his Answer to Ms. Marilley’s

First Amended Answer and Crossclaim (the Motion to Amend), (ECF No. 131), and

Plaintiff Charles Schwab’s Motion for Interpleader, Discharge, and Dismissal (the

Motion for Interpleader), (ECF No. 115).

2. Ms. Marilley asks the Court to declare that funds in a brokerage account

held by Schwab (Restrained Assets) belong to her alone and that her father, Mr.

Marilley, has no interest in them. The undisputed facts before the Court demonstrate

1 Ms. Marilley moved for partial summary judgment on her declaratory judgment claim and

not on her additional claims, which sounded in tort. (Mot. Summ. J. 1.) Since filing her Summary Judgment Motion, Ms. Marilley voluntarily dismissed her tort claims, leaving only the declaratory judgment claim before the Court. (Notice Partial Dismissal Without Preju- dice, ECF No. 87.) To the extent the Summary Judgment Motion requests judgment on dis- missed claims, the Court DENIES her motion as moot. that Ms. Marilley is entitled, as a matter of law, to a judgment declaring that the

Restrained Assets belong solely to her.

3. Mr. Marilley seeks to amend his Answer to Ms. Marilley’s crossclaim to

add both affirmative defenses and his own crossclaim against her. The Court con-

cludes that the proposed amendment of Mr. Marilley’s Answer to Ms. Marilley’s

Crossclaim would be futile and comes too late.

4. Schwab requests that ownership of the Restrained Assets be resolved

through interpleader and that it be discharged from further responsibility for them.

The Court agrees that resolution of Ms. Marilley’s Summary Judgment Motion fully

adjudicates ownership of the Restrained Assets. However, to the extent Schwab’s

motion seeks an order that it bears no responsibility to Mr. Marilley for the circum-

stances leading to the transfer of the Restrained Assets to an account owned solely

by Ms. Marilley, the Court DENIES the Motion for Interpleader. The Court previ-

ously stayed this aspect of the case when it recognized that matters between Mr.

Marilley and Schwab that arose out of or were related to the Account Agreement and

the services provided thereunder were subject to arbitration. Charles Schwab & Co,

Inc. v. Marilley, 2024 NCBC LEXIS 27, at *17–18 (N.C. Super. Ct. Feb. 20, 2024),

aff’d per curiam, 387 N.C. 185 (2025).

5. For all these reasons, and as discussed further below, the Court

GRANTS the Summary Judgment Motion, DENIES the Motion to Amend, and

GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the Motion for Interpleader. Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, P.C. by Thomas G. Hooper and David Blue, and Baritz & Colman LLP, by Neil S. Baritz, for Plaintiff Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.

Spengler & Agans, PLLC by Eric Spengler, for Defendant Lauren Eliza- beth Marilley.

Krueger-Andes Law, PLLC by Matthew Krueger-Andes, for Defendant Peter Joseph Marilley.

Earp, Judge.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

6. The Court does not make findings of fact when ruling on a motion for

summary judgment. See Sunamerica Fin. Corp. v. Bonham, 328 N.C. 254, 261 (1991).

Instead, the Court summarizes the undisputed facts. See id.

A. The Deemed Admissions

7. “Facts admitted in a request for admissions under Rule 36 of the North

Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure are conclusively established” and “sufficient to sup-

port a grant of summary judgment.” Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Stocks, 378 N.C. 342,

350 (2021) (citation modified) (first quoting N.C. R. Civ. P. 36(b); and then quoting

Goins v. Puleo, 350 N.C. 277, 280 (1999)). “Moreover, a party’s own affidavit opposing

summary judgment does not overcome the conclusive effect of that party’s previous

admissions.” Id. (quoting Rhoads v. Bryant, 56 N.C. App. 635, 637 (1982)) (citation

modified).

8. Requests deemed admitted for failure to timely respond in accordance

with Rule 36 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure are entitled to the same

conclusive effect as other admissions. See Goins, 350 N.C. at 281–82 (reversing when

trial court failed to give deemed admissions conclusive effect at summary judgment). This is true even when summary judgment results. See id. at 281 (“The entry of

summary judgment . . . in this case may appear to lead to a harsh result. Neverthe-

less, the Rules of Civil Procedure promote the orderly and uniform administration of

justice, and all litigants are entitled to rely on them. Therefore, the rules must be

applied equally to all parties to a lawsuit, without regard to whether they are repre-

sented by counsel.”).

9. At the beginning of this case, even before designation to the Business

Court, Ms. Marilley served interrogatories, requests for production of documents, and

forty-six requests for admission on Mr. Marilley. (Aff. Serv., ECF No. 5; Designation

Order, ECF No. 1.) After designation to the Business Court, at Mr. Marilley’s request

and with Ms. Marilley’s consent, the Court extended the deadline for Mr. Marilley to

respond to the interrogatories and document requests to 3 January 2024, and to re-

spond to the requests for admission to 18 January 2024. (12/4/2023 Order Mots. Ext.

Time, ECF No. 13.) Mr. Marilley did not respond to the interrogatories or document

requests by 3 January 2024. On 9 January 2024, after the first deadline passed, the

Court stayed discovery while the parties litigated arbitration issues before this Court

and on appeal to our Supreme Court. (1/9/2024 Order Mot. Ext. Pending Deadlines,

ECF No. 27; 4/15/2024 Order Concerning Applicability of Automatic Stay, ECF No.

44.)

10. After receiving our Supreme Court’s mandate, the Court lifted the ap-

pellate stay on 14 April 2025. (4/14/2025 Order Lifting Stay ¶¶ 4–5, ECF No. 48.) On

2 May 2025, the Court entered a Case Management Order in which it required Mr. Marilley to respond to all of Ms. Marilley’s outstanding written discovery requests—

including the forty-six requests for admission she had served over a year prior—on or

before 23 June 2025. (5/2/2025 Case Mgmt. Order ¶ IV.A.3, ECF No. 53.) After he

failed to do so, the Court entered an order recognizing that Rule 36 deemed those

matters admitted due to Mr. Marilley’s failure to respond or object. (7/10/2025 Order

Following BCR 10.9 Confs. ¶¶ 13–15, ECF No. 64.) Mr. Marilley later sought to undo

the consequences of this failure by filing a motion to withdraw or amend, (ECF No.

92), and a motion to strike admissions, (ECF No. 88), (collectively the admission-re-

lated motions), both of which the Court denied. (10/8/2025 Am. Order Def. Peter

Marilley’s Mot. Strike & Mot. Withdraw or Amend Admiss., ECF No. 111 [10/8/2025

Order].)

11. Now at the summary judgment stage, Mr. Marilley renews his objection

to the Court’s consideration of his deemed admissions. For the same reasons the

Court articulated in its order on Mr. Marilley’s admission-related motions, the Court

again rejects his arguments. (See 10/8/2025 Order).

12. Mr. Marilley also contends that certain requests for admission, includ-

ing number forty-six,2 improperly state legal conclusions and therefore cannot be

deemed admitted. (Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 12, ECF No. 104.) However, Rule

36(a) provides that a request for admission may “relate to statements or opinions of

fact or of the application of law to fact[.]” N.C. R. Civ. P. 36(a) (emphasis added). Our

2 Request for admission forty-six states that “[Mr. Marilley] do[es] not have any legal, equi-

table, or other interest in and/or to any of the Restrained Assets.” (Mot. Summ. J. Ex. P, Reqs. Admiss. ¶ 46, ECF No. 74.5 [Reqs. Admiss.].) courts have approved consideration of admissions on ultimate issues such as pater-

nity. Wake Cnty. ex rel. Carrington v. Townes, 53 N.C. App. 649, 658 (1981); see also

Goins, 350 N.C. at 281–82 (affirming deemed admissions of mixed questions of law

and fact, breach of standard of care); cf. Mabe v. Dillon, 46 N.C. App. 340, 341–42

(1980) (affirming deemed admission in pleading of citizenship, residence, ownership,

and wrongfully taking possession when party failed to deny).

13. One of the leading treatises on North Carolina civil procedure summa-

rizes the law by saying that “request[s] for admission may probe and even dispose of

ultimate issues in an appropriate case.” G. Gray Wilson, North Carolina Civil Proce-

dure § 36-2 (4th ed. 2020). Accordingly, the Court gives the deemed admissions the

conclusive effect the Rules require and includes them among the undisputed facts in

this opinion.3

B. Background Facts

14. This case centers on two brokerage accounts that Ms. Marilley’s pater-

nal grandfather, Dr. Ralph Marilley, established for her benefit.

15. The first was a Charles Schwab account (formerly TD Ameritrade) sub-

ject to a custodianship under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA). (Lauren

Elizabeth Marilley’s First-Am. Cross-cl. Agst. Def. Peter Joseph Marilley ¶¶ 5, 19,

ECF No. 18 [L. Marilley Am. Cross-cl.]; Peter Joseph Marilley’s Resp. L. Marilley Am.

Cross-cl. ¶¶ 5, 19, ECF No. 56 [Answer Am. Cross-cl.]; Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 1, 4–7, 10.)

3 In any event, as discussed herein, the Court observes that the record before it requires

summary judgment for Ms. Marilley even without consideration of request for admission forty-six. In accordance with the requirements of the UTMA, Dr. Marilley irrevocably gifted

Ms. Marilley funds through deposits to this account in March 2005 when she was

nine years old. (L. Marilley Am. Cross-cl. ¶ 5; Answer L. Marilley Am. Cross-cl. ¶ 5;

Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 1, 4–7, 10.)

16. The second was a 529 education-savings account held with CollegeIn-

vest, which Dr. Marilley opened for Ms. Marilley’s sole benefit around February 2008

(the Original CollegeInvest Account). (Cross-cl. & Answer Ex. C, Ex 4 at 1–4, ECF

No. 4 [Original CollegeInvest Account Statement]; Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 11–14.) Dr.

Marilley funded the Original CollegeInvest Account exclusively with funds from the

UTMA Account that he had already irrevocably given Ms. Marilley. (Mot. Summ. J.

Ex. M, Ex 2, at Peter Marilley 0212, ECF No. 74.2 [Text Messages]; Original Col-

legeInvest Account Statement 1–4; Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 11–14.) This initial transfer of

funds from the UTMA Account to the Original CollegeInvest Account was the only

source of funds for the Original CollegeInvest Account at any time. (Reqs. Admiss.

¶ 13.)

17. Dr. Marilley was the custodian of all these UTMA funds until 2009

when, at age 81, he resigned, and Peter Marilley, his son and Ms. Marilley’s father,

became the custodian. (L. Marilley Am. Cross-cl. ¶ 19; Answer L. Marilley Am. Cross-

cl. ¶ 19; Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 2, 8.)

18. Thus, when Mr. Marilley took over as UTMA custodian in 2009, Dr.

Marilley’s irrevocable UTMA gift consisted of (1) the UTMA funds remaining in the

UTMA Account after the initial funding of the Original CollegeInvest Account and (2) the UTMA funds in the Original CollegeInvest Account. (See Reqs. Admiss. ¶ 20

(positive balance remained in UTMA Account in 2013 after creation of Original Col-

legeInvest Account); Mot. Summ. J. Ex. M. ¶ 6, ECF No. 74.2 [8/4/2025 L. Marilley

Aff.] (Dr. Marilley used “some of the money” in UTMA Account to fund Original Col-

legeInvest Account).)

19. Three additional contributions to the UTMA Account occurred between

September 2013 and August 2016.4 (Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 21, 27.) The first was on 15

September 2015, when $7,300 was transferred from the Original CollegeInvest Ac-

count back to the UTMA Account. (Reqs. Admiss. ¶ 22.) The second occurred on 4

January 2016, when a check for approximately $76,000 from the Marilley Family

Limited Partnership, written by Dr. Marilley and payable to Ms. Marilley, was de-

posited into the UTMA Account. (Cross-cl & Answer Ex. C, Ex. 10, ECF No. 4 [Maril-

ley Family L.P. Check]; Reply Br. Supp. Mot. Sanctions Ex. B, at 3, ECF No. 126.3

[UTMA Account Statements]; Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 8, 20–24).) Finally, on 12 January

2016, $7,300.55 was transferred from the Original CollegeInvest Account back to the

UTMA Account. (Reqs. Admiss. ¶ 27.)

20. In August 2016, just before Ms. Marilley’s twenty-first birthday (the age

of majority under the UTMA), Mr. Marilley instructed Ms. Marilley to sign a docu-

ment that purported to convert the UTMA Account into a joint brokerage account

naming both Ms. Marilley and Mr. Marilley as owners. (Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 30, 32–36;

Cross-cl & Answer Ex. D, ECF No. 4 [UTMA Conversion Appl.].) The UTMA Account

4 As discussed further below, these too became irrevocable UTMA gifts to Ms. Marilley by

operation of law once deposited into the UTMA Account. conversion application Mr. Marilley instructed Ms. Marilley to sign erroneously re-

ferred to her as a “[f]ormer minor,” but she had not reached the UTMA age of majority

when she signed it. (UTMA Conversion Appl.; 8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶¶ 17–18.)

The parties refer to the UTMA Account after Schwab processed the application as the

Joint Account. (8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶ 19; Reqs. Admiss. ¶ 36.)5

21. Only two transfers into the Joint Account occurred after the purported

conversion. (Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 37–39.) Both of those transfers—one for $7,600 on or

around 16 September 2016 and another for $7,400 on or around 1 February 2017—

were from the Original CollegeInvest Account that had been funded with UTMA

funds. (Text Messages at Peter Marilley 0212; Original CollegeInvest Account State-

ment 1–4; Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 11–14, 36–40.)

5 The record reflects repeated efforts by Mr. Marilley to exercise sole control over the Joint

Account after the UTMA custodianship ended because Ms. Marilley refused to give him any of the CollegeInvest assets. (See, e.g., 8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶ 29; Text Messages at Peter Marilley 0197–0200.)

In June 2017, as discussed further below, Mr. Marilley blocked Ms. Marilley’s access to and control of the funds in the Joint Account. (Text Messages at Peter Marilley 0197–0200; Cross- cl. & Answer Ex. F, ECF No. 4 [6/2017 Emails].) In September 2021, Mr. Marilley refused to lift the restrictions on the Joint Account because Ms. Marilley was “in receipt of CollegeInvest funds that belong[ed] to [Dr. Marilley].” (Text Messages at Peter Marilley 0201–02.) In July 2022, Mr. Marilley exerted his power over the Joint Account in an attempt to leverage Ms. Marilley’s agreement to give him the money he demanded. (Text Messages at Peter Marilley 0202–17.)

According to Mr. Marilley, the purpose of converting the UTMA Account into the Joint Ac- count (in both Mr. Marilley’s and Ms. Marilley’s names) was so that he would have access to the money and could recover what he deemed to be excess CollegeInvest funds gifted by Dr. Marilley to his granddaughter. (Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A ¶¶ 3–5, ECF No. 104.2 [10/1/2025 P. Marilley Aff.]; Mot. Summ. J. Ex. P, Interrogs. ¶ 19, ECF No. 74.5 [Interrogs.].) Mr. Marilley’s Amended FINRA Claim admits his strategy. (Cross-cl. & Answer Ex. C, at 6, ECF No. 4 [FINRA Am. Claim] (alleging Mr. Marilley sought to restrict Joint Account “[b]ased upon [Ms. Marilley’s] behavior in refusing to return [the approximately $147,000 remaining in the CollegeInvest Account] to her grandfather”).) 22. In December 2016, shortly after the purported account conversion, Mr.

Marilley pressed his daughter to remove the UTMA designation from the Original

CollegeInvest Account. (Mot. Summ. J. Ex. M, Ex. 1, at Peter Marilley 0075, ECF

No. 74.2 [12/6/2016 Letter]; Mot. Summ. J. Ex. M, Ex. 1, at Peter Marilley 0076–81,

ECF No. 74.2 [12/2016 UTMA Removal Form].) When Ms. Marilley asked why she

needed to sign the forms Mr. Marilley presented to her, Mr. Marilley told her that the

documents would “remove the UGMA [sic] assignment only[,]” because she “[was] no

longer under 21 years of age.” (Text Messages at Peter Marilley 0107–09.)

23. Around 3 March 2017, Ms. Marilley opened a separate CollegeInvest Ac-

count in her own name (the Personal CollegeInvest Account). (Mot. Stay Arbitration

Ex. K ¶¶ 5–8, ECF No. 15.2 [12/7/2023 L. Marilley Aff.]; Mot. Stay Arbitration Ex. J,

ECF No. 15.1 [Personal CollegeInvest Account Statements].) She funded the Per-

sonal CollegeInvest Account with the $147,361.21 remaining in the Original Col-

legeInvest Account, (12/7/2023 L. Marilley Aff. ¶ 5; Personal CollegeInvest Account

Statements) which, again, was money that originated with her grandfather’s UTMA

gift. (Text Messages at Peter Marilley 0212; Original CollegeInvest Account State-

ment 1–4; Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 11–14.)

24. Then in April 2017, Mr. Marilley sent his daughter a form that would

transfer her remaining CollegeInvest funds to Dr. Marilley and instructed her to ex-

ecute it. (Mot. Summ. J. Ex. M, Ex 1, at Peter Marilley 0087, ECF No. 74.2 [4/18/2017

Letter]; Mot. Summ. J. Ex. M., Ex. 1, at Peter Marilley 0083–86, ECF No. 74.2 [4/2017

Account Information Change Form].) He repeated this attempt in December 2017 when he told her she was “required” to transfer the remaining CollegeInvest funds to

Dr. Marilley. (Mot. Summ. J. Ex. M, Ex. 1, at Peter Marilley 0088, ECF No. 74.2

[12/29/2017 Letter].)

25. In the meantime, around 7 June 2017, after bickering with his daughter,

Mr. Marilley instructed Schwab to place a “no funds out” restriction on the Joint Ac-

count. (6/2017 Emails (discussing “restrict[ion] of all trades and funds flow” “[a]s a

result of [Mr. Marilley’s] conversation last evening with” Schwab); L. Marilley Am.

Cross-cl. ¶ 73; Answer L. Marilley Am. Cross-cl. ¶ 73.) When Ms. Marilley discovered

the restriction, she made repeated, unsuccessful efforts to have the restriction lifted

and Mr. Marilley removed from the Joint Account so that she alone had control of the

funds. (See, e.g., Text Messages at Peter Marilley 0197–0204; 8/4/2025 L. Marilley

Aff. ¶¶ 24–29.)

26. While the funds in the Joint Account were restricted, Ms. Marilley

worked as a nurse in Charlotte for two years before beginning graduate school in the

fall of 2019. (8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶ 30.) She spent the last of the funds in the

Personal CollegeInvest Account on her graduate education in August 2021, a few

months before she obtained her degree in January 2022. (8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff.

¶ 31; 12/7/2023 L. Marilley Aff. ¶¶ 11, 14; Personal CollegeInvest Account State-

ments.) Ms. Marilley never transferred any funds from the Personal CollegeInvest

Account to the Joint Account, (12/7/2023 L. Marilley Aff. ¶ 12; see also Reqs. Admiss.

¶ 45), which by then contained the last remaining UTMA funds, (see Reqs. Admiss.

¶¶ 20–27, 45). 27. In May 2023, because of changes in Schwab’s practices, Ms. Marilley

was able to successfully transfer the remaining UTMA funds from the Joint Account

to an account that she opened with Schwab in her name alone despite the restrictions

Mr. Marilley had attempted to impose. (8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶¶ 32–33.) After

Mr. Marilley complained, Schwab restrained the assets in this account, which are

now the subject of this suit.6 (Compl. ¶ 10; 8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶¶ 34–35.)

28. Ms. Marilley maintains that she did not intend to give any of the Re-

strained Assets to Mr. Marilley, and he does not contend otherwise. (8/4/2025 L.

Marilley Aff. ¶ 39; Interrogs. ¶ 16.) Moreover, Mr. Marilley admits (through his fail-

ure to timely respond) both that he was “not the source of any of the funds that are

now the Restrained Assets” and that he has no “legal, equitable, or other interest in

and/or to any of the Restrained Assets.” (Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 45–46.)

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

29. Schwab filed this interpleader action in September 2023, (Compl. 4, ECF

No. 3), in response to Mr. Marilley’s decision to file an arbitration action against both

Schwab and Ms. Marilley in June 2023, (Compl. Ex. A, ECF No. 3 [FINRA Statement

Claim].) Ms. Marilley moved to stay the arbitration to the extent it addressed own-

ership of the Restrained Assets. (Mot. Stay Arbitration 1–3, ECF No. 15.) The Court

6 At the time, the Restrained Assets amounted to $287,615.(8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶ 33.) Ms. Marilley testifies that the amount grew over time such that, as of August 2025, it ex- ceeded $400,000. (8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶ 43.) agreed and enjoined Mr. Marilley from arbitrating ownership of the Restrained As-

sets. Charles Schwab, 2024 NCBC LEXIS 27, at *19–20. Our Supreme Court af-

firmed. Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. v. Marilley, 387 N.C. 185 (2025) (per curiam).

30. Ms. Marilley subsequently moved for summary judgment on her declar-

atory judgment claim. (Mot. Summ. J. 1.) Because disposition of Ms. Marilley’s Sum-

mary Judgment Motion had the potential to resolve the ownership issue, Schwab filed

its Motion for Interpleader on 10 October 2025. (Mot. Interpleader 1.)

31. The Court noticed a hearing on the Summary Judgment Motion for 31

October 2025. (Notice Hr’g 1, ECF No. 122.) The day before the hearing, and more

than two years after this lawsuit commenced, Mr. Marilley moved for leave to amend

his Answer to Ms. Marilley’s amended crossclaims to add the affirmative defenses of

statute of limitations and laches, as well as a crossclaim for unjust enrichment. (Mot.

Amend Answer 1.) The Court received full briefing on the Motions, held a hearing on

the Summary Judgment Motion, and opts to rule on Mr. Marilley’s Motion to Amend

and Schwab’s Motion for Interpleader without a hearing pursuant to Business Court

Rule 7.4.

III. MS. MARILLEY’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

A. Legal Standard

32. The Court must enter summary judgment “if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,

show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” N.C. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Daughtridge v. Tan-

ager Land, LLC, 373 N.C. 182, 186 (2019) (requiring summary judgment when “a question of law arises based on undisputed facts” (quoting Ussery v. Branch Banking

& Tr. Co., 368 N.C. 325, 334 (2015))).

33. “A genuine issue of material fact is one that can be maintained by sub-

stantial evidence.” Id. at 186–87 (quoting Ussery, 368 N.C. at 335) (citation modified).

“Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept

as adequate to support a conclusion and means more than a scintilla or a permissible

inference.” Id. (quoting Ussery, 368 N.C. at 335) (citation modified).

34. “The party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of

demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” James H.Q. Davis

Tr. v. JHD Props., LLC, 387 N.C. 19, 23 (2025) (quoting Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Pen-

nington, 356 N.C. 571, 579 (2002)). “If the movant successfully makes such a show-

ing, the burden then shifts to the nonmovant to come forward with specific facts es-

tablishing the presence of a genuine factual dispute for trial.” Halikierra Cmty. Servs.

LLC v. N.C. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 385 N.C. 660, 663 (2024) (quoting Pen-

nington, 356 N.C. at 579).

35. The Court “may not resolve issues of fact and must deny the motion if

there is a genuine issue as to any material fact.” Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524

(2007) (citing Singleton v. Stewart, 280 N.C. 460, 464 (1972)). When deciding a sum-

mary judgment motion, the Court must consider the evidence in the light most favor-

able to the non-moving party. Belmont Ass’n, Inc. v. Farwig, 381 N.C. 306, 310 (2022)

(quoting Dalton v. Camp, 353 N.C. 647, 651 (2001)). B. Analysis

36. The Declaratory Judgment Act authorizes the Court “to declare rights,

status, and other legal relations, whether or not further relief is or could be

claimed[,]” N.C.G.S. § 1-253 (2026), “in any proceedings . . . in which a judgment or

decree will terminate the controversy or remove an uncertainty[,]” N.C.G.S. § 1-256.

The Act’s “purpose is to settle and to afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity

with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations, and it is to be liberally con-

strued and administered.” N.C.G.S. § 1-264.

37. Ms. Marilley requests that the Court enter summary judgment declar-

ing that she “is the sole and rightful owner to all the Restrained Assets.” (L. Marilley

Am. Cross-cl. ¶ 117.)

38. Mr. Marilley argues that the Court should deny summary judgment be-

cause (1) Ms. Marilley’s declaratory judgment claim is time-barred, and (2) genuine

issues of material fact exist. (Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 1–2.) The Court first

addresses Mr. Marilley’s contentions.

1. The Statute of Limitations and Doctrine of Laches

39. The statute of limitations and the doctrine of laches are independent

affirmative defenses that, if applicable, operate to bar a claim. See Stratton v. Royal

Bank of Can., 211 N.C. App. 78, 89 (2011) (“[L]aches are often a defense wholly inde-

pendent of the statute of limitations.” (quoting Richmond Cedar Works v. John L.

Roper Lumber Co., 168 N.C. 391, 395 (1915))). In this case, however, these defenses are unavailable because they are affirmative defenses that must be raised in a re-

sponsive pleading, and Mr. Marilley failed to raise them in his Answer to Ms. Maril-

ley’s amended crossclaim as Rule 8(c) requires.

40. It was Mr. Marilley’s responsibility to plead these affirmative defenses

if he intended to use them. N.C. R. Civ. P. 8(c). Not doing so has consequences. As

our Supreme Court has observed, “[f]ailure to raise an affirmative defense in the

pleadings generally results in a waiver thereof.” In re T.M.L., 377 N.C. 369, 381

(2021) (quoting Robinson v. Powell, 348 N.C. 562, 566 (1998)); see also Williams v.

Blue Cross Blue Shield of N.C., 357 N.C. 170, 178 (2003) (“When the statute of limi-

tations is properly pleaded and the facts of the case are not disputed, resolution of the

question becomes a matter of law and summary judgment may be appropriate.” (em-

phasis added) (citation modified) (quoting Marshburn v. Associated Indem. Corp., 84

N.C. App. 365, 369 (1987))); Taylor v. City of Raleigh, 290 N.C. 608, 622 (1976) (de-

scribing laches as “affirmative defense” that “must be pleaded” (emphasis added));

Lawrence v. Lawrence, 269 N.C. App. 414, 421 (2020) (“[Respondent’s] first invocation

of laches was asserted in his brief in support of his motions to dismiss and for sum-

mary judgment. As Respondent did not raise his affirmative defense in his first re-

sponsive pleading, he has waived the defense.” (citing Robinson, 348 N.C. at 566)).7

7 There are narrow exceptions that permit a party to present an affirmative defense for the

first time at the summary judgment stage, none of which applies here. One such exception arises when “the parties agree to try the issue by express or implied consent.” News & Ob- server Publ’g Co. v. McCrory, 251 N.C. App. 211, 219 (2016) (quoting Burwell v. Giant Genie Corp., 115 N.C. App. 680, 684 (1994)). Far from expressly or impliedly consenting to the 41. Here, Mr. Marilley failed to plead either the statute of limitations or

laches—both Rule 8(c) enumerated defenses—in his Answer to Ms. Marilley’s

amended crossclaims. Instead, after more than twelve months of litigation, he at-

tempts to raise these affirmative defenses for the first time in a brief in opposition to

Ms. Marilley’s Summary Judgment Motion. Pursuant to Rule 8(c), and in accordance

with the holdings in the cases cited above, Mr. Marilley has waived these affirmative

defenses. Even if this were not true, neither the statute of limitations nor the doctrine

of laches forecloses summary judgment in this case.

a. Statute of Limitations

42. To determine the applicable statute of limitations to apply to a declara-

tory judgment claim, the Court must first determine “the substantive right that is

most closely associated with the declaration that is being sought.” Chisum v. Cam-

pagna, 376 N.C. 680, 719 (2021).

43. Mr. Marilley argues that the underlying claim sounds in contract and

that the Account Agreement determines ownership of the Restrained Assets. (Am.

Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 9–11.) He also argues that the Account Agreement’s choice-

of-law provision dictates that Nebraska law controls. (Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J.

14–16; see also Compl. Ex. B, ECF No. 3 [Account Agreement].)

Court’s consideration of these defenses, Ms. Marilley argues that the Court should reject them. (Reply Br. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 5–8, ECF No. 120.)

Another exception applies when the affirmative defense is “raised for the first time in a mo- tion for summary judgment[,]” but the motion “must ordinarily refer expressly to the affirm- ative defense relied upon.” Cnty. of Rutherford ex rel. Child Support Enf’t Agency v. Whitener, 100 N.C. App. 70, 74 (1990) (quoting Dickens v. Puryear, 302 N.C. 437, 443 (1981)). This exception does not extend to a situation, true here, where a party attempts to raise an un- pleaded affirmative defense in a brief opposing a motion for summary judgment. 44. Ms. Marilley disagrees. She argues this Court has already determined

that the Account Agreement does not govern ownership of the Restrained Assets.

(Reply Br. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 5–6.) Instead, Ms. Marilley contends, this is a dis-

pute regarding the ownership of personal property that is governed by the UTMA.

(Reply Br. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 5–6.)

45. The Court agrees with Ms. Marilley that it has already determined that,

as between Ms. Marilley and Mr. Marilley, ownership of the Restrained Assets does

not arise out of or relate to the Account Agreement.8 Accordingly, Ms. Marilley’s de-

claratory judgment claim does not sound in contract, and the choice-of-law provision

in that Account Agreement has no application. Rather, the Court looks to New York

and Florida’s codifications of the UTMA, as well as applicable North Carolina law, to

decide this declaratory judgment claim.

46. Mr. Marilley argues that Ms. Marilley erroneously relies on Florida’s

version of the UTMA (the FUTMA) because neither she nor Dr. Marilley was a Flor-

ida resident at the time of the initial 2005 transfer. (Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 16–

17.) He takes this position even though he caused the law applicable to the UTMA

Account to be changed from New York to Florida when he began serving as custodian.

(Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 16–17.) Mr. Marilley asserts that the law of one of Dr.

Marilley’s or Ms. Marilley’s then-states of residence, either Colorado or New York,

8 This Court previously held, and our Supreme Court affirmed, that ownership of the Re-

strained Assets as between the Marilleys did not arise out of or relate to the Account Agree- ment. Charles Schwab, 2024 NCBC LEXIS 27, at *14–15. must apply, and that Ms. Marilley’s reliance on Florida law defeats summary judg-

ment. (Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 16–17.)

47. But the Uniform Transfers to Minors Acts in both New York and Colo-

rado are consistent with Florida law with respect to the relevant provisions, and Mr.

Marilley has identified no conflict among them. Compare Fla. Stat. §§ 710.101–126

(2026), with Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 11-50-101 to -126 (2026), and N.Y. Est. Powers &

Trusts Law §§ 7-6.1 to -6.26 (2026). This is not surprising given that these states

adopted the Uniform Act. Consequently, regardless of which state’s version of the

UTMA applies, the result is the same.9

48. Finally, Mr. Marilley traces his ownership interest in the Restrained

Assets to the purported conversion of the UTMA Account to the Joint Account in 2016,

while the funds were in North Carolina. (Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 15–16 (refer-

ring to “creation of the Joint Account” as “the original conveyance” that “contradicts

9 The UTMA Account initially stated that Dr. Marilley was the UTMA custodian for Ms.

Marilley under the New York UTMA. (UTMA Account Statements 1.) Sometime in late 2009 or early 2010, around the time Mr. Marilley took over as custodian from Dr. Marilley, the UTMA Account was changed to Florida law. (UTMA Account Statements 1–3.)

Under the UTMA, delivery of funds into an account identified with a state is a UTMA transfer governed by the law of that state. E.g., N.Y. Est. Powers & Trusts Law §§ 7-6.2(a) (applying New York UTMA to transfers that name New York law), 7-6.9(a)(1)–(2) (prescribing form of transfer that invokes New York UTMA to effect New York UTMA transfer); Fla. Stat. §§ 710.103(1), .111(1)(a)–(b) (same for Florida); see also Unif. Transfers to Minors Act § 2 cmt. (Unif. L. Comm’n 1986) (“The creation of a custodianship must invoke the law of a particular state because of the form of the transfer required under SECTION 9(a) . . . . This Act contin- ues to govern . . . despite subsequent relocation of the parties or the property.”).

Therefore, either New York or Florida law governs all the UTMA transfers in this case, with the particular transfer depending on when it occurred. The law that applied at the time of the transfer followed the assets until Ms. Marilley reached the age of twenty-one. Because the law of the states involved is the same, for simplicity, the Court refers herein to the FUTMA, Florida’s codification of the UTMA, with respect to the funds at issue. [Ms. Marilley]’s contention that she is ‘sole and rightful owner to all the Restrained

Assets’ ”).) Any effect of this supposed conversion would be governed by North Caro-

lina law. See Ellison v. Hunsinger, 237 N.C. 619, 624 (1953) (holding law of situs of

personal property governs interests in personal property); accord Restatement (First)

of Conflict of Laws § 258 (A.L.I. 1934) (“The nature and characteristics of an interest

created by a conveyance of an interest in a chattel is determined by the law of the

place where the chattel is at the time of the conveyance.”).

i. Determining the Nature of the Underlying Claim for Relief for Statute of Limitations Purposes

49. Mr. Marilley contends the underlying claim for relief is contractual.

(Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 9–10.) If he is right, then North Carolina’s three-year

statute of limitations applies. See N.C.G.S. § 1-52(1); Chisum, 376 N.C. at 717 (dis-

cussing three-year statute of limitations applicable to declaratory judgment claims

based on contract). Ms. Marilley rejects that characterization and argues that the

controversy centers on “ownership of the Restrained Assets[,]” which is grounded in

the statutory scheme of the UTMA, and thus the statute of limitations does not bar

this claim. (Reply Br. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 6–7.) According to her, Mr. Marilley’s

view of the applicable statute of limitations would prevent resolution of an ongoing

dispute, which cannot be the case. (Reply Br. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 7–8.) The Court

agrees with Ms. Marilley.

50. Mr. Marilley is correct that the underlying theory of relief in a suit to

declare ownership of property can be contractual. See Walter v. Walter, 275 N.C. App.

956, 966 (2020). In Walter, for example, title to real property was uncertain because of a claim that the power of attorney empowering the agent who deeded the land did

not authorize the transfer. Id. Because the source of the controversy was the scope

of the power of attorney, the court characterized the underlying claim for relief as

contractual. Id.

51. In Penley v. Penley, the two parties orally agreed “to have an equal num-

ber of shares of stock issued” to each of them. 314 N.C. 1, 20 (1985). When the de-

fendant failed to perform (by not issuing the shares as agreed), the plaintiff sought a

declaration of his entitlement to his share of the later-formed corporation under the

contract. Id. Our Supreme Court characterized this as a contract dispute and applied

the corresponding three-year statute of limitations. Id. at 20–21.

52. In Chisum, the plaintiff sought a declaration that he was a member of a

limited liability company after the defendants allegedly interfered with his interest

in it. 376 N.C. at 719. The Court classified the underlying claim there as a contract

dispute because it turned on “the contents of the operating agreement associated with

[the LLC], which [was], of course, a contract.” Id.

53. However, North Carolina courts are also called upon to declare owner-

ship of personal property when an adverse claim casts a cloud on the possessor’s title.

See Newman Mach. Co., Inc. v. Newman, 275 N.C. 189, 195–96 (1969). In Newman,

our Supreme Court recognized a cause of action, under the courts’ equitable powers,

“to remove cloud and quiet title to personalty[.]” Id. at 195. The Court discussed the

“old equity practice” of quieting title to realty or personalty that permitted the courts

to “prevent future litigation, by removing existing causes which might affect the plaintiff’s title.” Id. Such a plaintiff, “[b]eing in possession, . . . could not sue at law,

and the adverse claimant would not sue, . . . or at any rate the existence of such claim

cast a cloud upon his title which would affect its value.” Id. The Court noted that

the statutory codification for quieting title to real property supplanted that equity

practice, but it remained viable for personal property, which the statute did not ad-

dress. Id. at 196.

54. In that case, the defendant, George Newman, was an employee, director,

and the majority shareholder of Newman Machine Company. Id. at 190. He sold his

shares back to the company and agreed to a several-year employment agreement.

Id. at 191. He later contended the company grossly underpaid him for his shares and

began sending demand letters in which he claimed an interest in some of the shares

the company bought from him. Id. at 192. The company sued for a declaration that

the shares belonged to it and not Newman. Id. at 194.

55. In discussing the theory of relief underlying the plaintiff’s suit, the

Court noted past cases in which the relief sought was purely to clear a cloud on the

title. Id. at 196–97. Circumstances fitting the cloud-of-title pattern included when

the cloud arose from (1) a void recorded chattel mortgage; (2) when some, but not all,

outstanding municipal bonds were void for lack of purchase consideration but the

bondholders did not know which specific bonds were deficient; (3) when a purchaser

of stock sought to establish its title as against the seller; and (4) when a defendant

out of possession claimed to own the plaintiff’s bonds. Id. Thus, the underlying the- ory of relief is one to clear title when, as here, the party-in-possession seeks a decla-

ration of superior ownership in property as against another party making adverse

claims to an interest in the property.

56. When a plaintiff’s request for relief matches that pattern, no statute of

limitations applies because “such an action is a continuing right which exists as long

as there is an occasion for its exercise.” Poore v. Swan Quarter Farms, Inc., 79 N.C.

App. 286, 290 (1986) (citation modified). This holding is intuitive, as well as con-

sistent with our Supreme Court’s treatment of the continuing-wrong doctrine in other

contexts. Under the continuing-wrong doctrine, “the applicable limitations period

starts anew” each time an action giving rise to a claim occurs. Quality Built Homes

Inc. v. Town of Carthage, 371 N.C. 60, 70 (2018). The Court called a defendant’s

repeated trespass onto the plaintiff’s property the “classic example” of this doctrine

and distinguished it from a one-time wrong that later produces an ill effect. Id.; ac-

cord Williams, 357 N.C. 170 at 179 (distinguishing “continual unlawful acts” that

restart limitations period from “continual ill effects from an original violation” that

do not (quoting Ward v. Caulk, 650 F. 2d 1144, 1147 (9th Cir. 1981)).

57. This pattern matches the circumstances here. Mr. Marilley’s continual

claims to the Restrained Assets—before arbitration panels, to Schwab, and else-

where—cast a cloud on his daughter’s claim of ownership. A declaration of ownership

will eliminate that uncertainty and dispense with the controversy over the Re-

strained Assets. 58. In addition, in this case, Ms. Marilley alleges that her father breached a

fiduciary duty that he owed her in order to benefit himself. This is the essence of

constructive fraud, which “arises where a confidential or fiduciary relationship exists

which has led up to and surrounded the consummation of the transaction in which

defendant is alleged to have taken advantage of his position of trust to the hurt of

plaintiff.” Forbis, 361 N.C. at 528 (citation modified). The statute of limitations for

constructive fraud is ten years. Chisum, 376 N.C. at 707 (citing N.C.G.S. § 1-56(a)).

59. In Honeycutt v. Weaver, the decedent’s son sought a declaration that his

sister (the decedent’s attorney-in-fact) had conveyed her mother’s real property to

herself in a breach of fiduciary duty rising to the level of constructive fraud. 257 N.C.

App. 599, 606 (2018). The son argued that the deed was void on that basis. Id. The

court applied the ten-year statute of limitations without specifying whether section

1-47 (applicable to actions on instruments conveying real property) or section 1-56

(the residual, catch-all statute of limitations arising in constructive fraud claims) ap-

plied. Id. at 604, 606.10

10 The plaintiff in Chisum unsuccessfully argued that the Court should apply the statute of

limitations applicable to constructive fraud claims. 376 N.C. at 719. There, the plaintiff alleged that the defendants were “freez[ing] him out of the LLCS, conduct[ing] sham capital calls, act[ing] as if he was no longer a member of the LLCs, and treat[ing] him in a manner that was inconsistent with his status as a member[.]” Id. at 724 (citation modified). The Court classified the declaratory judgment claims as contract claims, not constructive fraud claims, because they “ultimately hinge[d] upon the validity of his claim” that he was a mem- ber of the LLCs and his rights under the applicable operating agreements. Id. at 719 (em- phasis added). The Court determined that the analogous statute of limitations was one for breach of contract because that claim logically preceded the constructive fraud claim. See id. The same is not true here. 60. Here, the underlying claim does not sound in contract. Instead, Ms.

Marilley complains that her father (and fiduciary) acted contrary to her interests to

benefit himself. Unlike Chisum, her allegations do not reach “ultimate[ ]” resolution

by resort to a contract.11

61. For these reasons, the Court concludes that the proper characterization

of Ms. Marilley’s claim, as alleged by her, is either one to clear title or one for con-

structive fraud. See Chisum, 376 N.C. at 719 (crediting, in classification analysis,

plaintiff’s framing of underlying theory of relief); Ramsey v. Ramsey, 224 N.C. 110,

113–14 (1944) (looking to plaintiff’s pleading and evidence to ascertain underlying

theory of relief). Regardless of which of these theories is more analogous, the statute

of limitations does not bar her claim.

b. Doctrine of Laches

62. Mr. Marilley raises the doctrine of laches in passing and makes no ar-

guments addressed to its elements. Nor does Ms. Marilley address laches in her re-

ply. Nonetheless, the Court addresses the defense for the sake of completeness.

63. The party asserting laches—here, Mr. Marilley—bears the burden of

proving that affirmative defense. Stratton, 211 N.C. App. at 89 (citing Taylor, 290

N.C. at 622). There are three elements. The first is “a delay of time . . . result[ing]

in some change in the condition of the property or in the relations of the parties.”

11 Ms. Marilley does not point to the Account Agreement or any other contract as a basis for

the uncertainty of ownership that currently surrounds her claim to the Restrained Assets. Indeed, she disclaims any reliance on contract as a theory of relief. (See L. Marilley Am. Cross-cl. ¶ 116 (“[T]he conversion of the UTMA Account to a joint account did not change the nature of the Restrained Assets[.]”).) Abbott v. Abernathy, 287 N.C. App. 522, 529–30 (2023) (quoting Johnson v. N.C. Dep’t

of Cultural Res., 223 N.C. App. 47, 55 (2012)). Second, Mr. Marilley must show that

delay was “unreasonable and . . . worked to [his] disadvantage, injury or prejudice[.]”

Id. at 530 (quoting Johnson, 223 N.C. App. at 55). Finally, he must establish that

Ms. Marilley “knew of the existence of the grounds for the claim.” Id. (quoting John-

son, 223 N.C. App. at 55).

64. Here, Mr. Marilley points to no pertinent change in the condition of the

Restrained Assets or in the relationship of the parties that has occurred with the

passage of time. To the contrary, Charles Schwab’s restraint of the assets has served

to protect the status quo since then.

65. Nor can Mr. Marilley demonstrate any unreasonable delay that worked

to his prejudice. “The prejudice element of the laches doctrine refers to whether a

defendant has been prejudiced in its ability to defend against the plaintiff’s claims by

the plaintiff’s delay in filing suit.” Id. (citation modified) (quoting Johnson, 223 N.C.

App. at 56). The “mere passage of time” is insufficient; the delay must have been

“unreasonable under the circumstances.” Holland v. Holland, 919 S.E. 2d 258, 262

(N.C. Ct. App. 2025) (citing Myers v. Myers, 213 N.C. App. 171, 179 (2011)).

66. Mr. Marilley filed an arbitration claim to determine ownership of the

Restrained Assets, prompting Schwab to file this interpleader action. Ms. Marilley

then crossclaimed against Mr. Marilley and asserted that she was the sole owner of

the funds. The Court discerns no prejudice to Mr. Marilley in permitting adjudication in this Court of an issue that he first raised. Therefore, the timing of Ms. Marilley’s

crossclaim was not “unreasonable under the circumstances.”

67. Accordingly, the doctrine of laches does not bar Ms. Marilley’s declara-

tory judgment claim.

2. Ownership of the Restrained Assets

68. Ms. Marilley contends that the undisputed facts entitle her to a judg-

ment declaring that she alone owns the Restrained Assets. (L. Marilley Am. Cross-

cl. ¶ 117; Br. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 26–28, ECF No. 75.) The Court agrees.

69. The FUTMA provides for irrevocable transfers to a single custodian for

the benefit of a single minor. Fla. Stat. §§ 710.111–.113;12 see also Sarah Moore John-

son, 53 U. Miami L. Ctr. on Est. Planning ¶ 903.2(D) (“The only limitation [on crea-

tion of FUTMA custodial property] is that the transfer must be irrevocable.”). A

transfer of money to a brokerage account held for a minor’s benefit under the FUTMA

creates custodial property. Fla. Stat. § 710.111(b). Furthermore, “custodial property

is created and a transfer is made whenever . . . money is paid or delivered to a broker

or financial institution for credit to an account in the name of . . . an adult other than

the transferor . . . followed in substance by the words ‘as custodian for (name of mi-

nor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act[.]’ ” Fla. Stat. § 710.111(1)(b)

(citation modified).

12 As stated above, the FUTMA and the UTMAs in both New York and Colorado are consistent

with respect to the relevant provisions. Compare Fla. Stat. §§ 710.101–126, with Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 11-50-101 to -126, and N.Y. Est. Powers & Trusts Law §§ 7-6.1 to -6.26. 70. The custodial property is indefeasibly vested in the minor, but the cus-

todian retains control over the custodial property until the minor reaches the age of

majority, in this case twenty-one. Fla. Stat. §§ 710.113(2) (discussing vesting, rights,

and powers concerning custodial property), .102(12) (defining “[m]inor” for FUTMA

purposes as person under twenty-one). While the custodian controls the funds, the

FUTMA imposes a fiduciary duty on him. Fla. Stat. §§ 710.114–.115. But once the

minor turns twenty-one, the custodianship terminates, and the custodian must trans-

fer the funds to the minor. Fla. Stat. § 710.123(1)(a).

71. The Restrained Assets are funds that were irrevocably gifted to Ms.

Marilley as custodial property. The initial gift from Dr. Marilley to Ms. Marilley cre-

ated the UTMA Account. Dr. Marilley later exercised his power as custodian to trans-

fer some of those funds to the then-newly opened Original CollegeInvest Account, but

even after this transfer, the funds retained their status as an irrevocable gift until

Ms. Marilley turned twenty-one.13 In accordance with the UTMA, the funds were

indefeasibly vested in Ms. Marilley subject to the custodian’s control as her fiduciary.

72. Likewise, additional funds transferred into the UTMA Account over the

years were also irrevocably gifted to Ms. Marilley, the minor. Specifically, the

13 See also The Schwab 529 Education Savings Plan, Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (Nov. 17,

2025), https://www.schwab.com/529-plan (“You may be able to transfer all or part of a custo- dial account to the Schwab 529 College Savings Plan if you are the custodian for a . . . Uni- form Transfers to Minors Act . . . account. . . . Because custodial assets are irrevocable gifts, the minor will be the 529 account owner and beneficiary, and you will be the responsible indi- vidual on the account. When the minor reaches legal adulthood . . . the minor will have full control of the account.” (emphasis added)). $74,000 check Dr. Marilley wrote from the Marilley Family Limited Partnership be-

came irrevocably gifted custodial property when it was delivered to the UTMA Ac-

count in the name of Mr. Marilley as custodian for Ms. Marilley under the FUTMA.

(UTMA Conversion Appl. 1 (showing UTMA Account title in 2016 as “Peter Joseph

Marilley Custodian Lauren Elizabeth Marilley UNIF Tran”); Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 8, 23,

27.) Once she turned twenty-one in August 2016, the custodian of the UTMA Ac-

count, which by then was her father, Mr. Marilley, was required to turn over control

of the funds to Ms. Marilley.

73. Ms. Marilley maintains that she never gave any of the funds that con-

stitute the Restrained Assets to Mr. Marilley. (8/4/2025 L. Marilley Aff. ¶ 39.) Like-

wise, Mr. Marilley does not contend that his daughter gave him any of the money at

issue. (Interrogs. ¶ 16.) Instead, Mr. Marilley argues (at times inconsistently with

his deemed admissions) that Ms. Marilley’s signature on the form to convert the

UTMA Account to a Joint Account resulted in his having an ownership interest in the

Restrained Assets, precluding summary judgment in Ms. Marilley’s favor. (Am. Br.

Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 16.)

74. The Court disagrees. Ms. Marilley had not yet reached the age of ma-

jority, twenty-one years, when she signed the form, supplied by her father without

consideration, to convert the UTMA Account to the Joint Account. Consequently, she

was unable, as a matter of law, to convey ownership to her father of funds that were

indefeasibly vested in her. 75. Mr. Marilley argues that the age of majority to contract, which is eight-

een, see N.C.G.S. § 48A-2, should control whether Ms. Marilley was able to convey

the funds. Again, the Court disagrees. Ms. Marilley may have been of age to contract

regarding certain matters, but she was powerless to affect ownership of custodial

funds in a UTMA account. See Fla. Stat. § 710.113(2) (“[T]he custodial property is

indefeasibly vested in the minor, but the custodian has all the rights, powers, duties,

and authority provided in this act, and neither the minor nor the minor’s legal repre-

sentative has any right, power, duty, or authority with respect to the custodial property

except as provided in this act.” (emphasis added)). Any attempt by her to transfer

funds to Mr. Marilley before she reached age twenty-one would have been ineffective.

Cf. Walston v. Atl. Christian Coll. (Inc.), 258 N.C. 130, 133–35 (1962) (holding at-

tempted transfer of property by grantor with no right or power of ownership over

property “was ineffective to convey title”); Hinman v. Cornett, 290 N.C. App. 30, 37–

38 (2023) (holding attempted transferor “could not transfer” property she did not own

because “no one can transfer a better title than he himself possesses” (quoting Miller

v. Tharel, 75 N.C. 148, 152 (1876)). Thus, any purported transfer to Mr. Marilley was

ineffective because Ms. Marilley lacked any “right, power, duty or authority with re-

spect to the custodial property.” Fla. Stat. § 710.113(2); see Fla. Stat. § 710.115(1) (“A

custodian, acting in a custodial capacity, has all the rights, powers, and authority over

the custodial property that unmarried adult owners have over their own property[.]”

(emphasis added)). 76. All the other arguments Mr. Marilley raises to defeat summary judg-

ment on this central issue fail. (See Am. Br. Opp. Mot. Summ. J. 13–14.) He attempts

to rely on his affidavit to contradict binding—and dispositive—admissions, which

cannot succeed. Stocks, 378 N.C. at 350 (“A party’s own affidavit opposing summary

judgment does not overcome the conclusive effect of that party’s previous admissions.”

(quoting Rhoads, 56 N.C. App. at 637) (citation modified)). He also seeks to avoid the

governing law because it is unfavorable to his position. None of this satisfies Mr.

Marilley’s burden to show that a genuine issue of material fact exists.

77. For these reasons, the Court concludes as a matter of law that it is Ms.

Marilley, and not Mr. Marilley, who owns the Restrained Assets.

IV. MR. MARILLEY’S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND HIS ANSWER TO MS. MARILLEY’S AMENDED CROSSCLAIMS

78. Mr. Marilley, pursuant to Rules 13(g) and 15(a), seeks to amend his an-

swer to add a crossclaim for unjust enrichment and the time-bar affirmative defenses

discussed above. (Mot. Amend Answer 1; Br. Supp. Mot. Amend 1, ECF No. 132.)

Both Schwab and Ms. Marilley oppose Mr. Marilley’s request. (Mot. Amend Answer

1.)

79. Mr. Marilley’s theory of unjust enrichment is that Ms. Marilley improp-

erly retained at least some of the funds Dr. Marilley provided to her. (Mot. Amend

Answer Ex. 1 ¶¶ 45–52, ECF No. 131 [P. Marilley Cross-cl.].) He argues that Dr.

Marilley intended to fund only her undergraduate education and any amount she

received in excess of what was necessary for her undergraduate education was given

to her in error. (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶¶ 22, 48–50.) He alleges that Dr. Marilley intended for Ms. Marilley to return any funds not needed for her undergraduate ed-

ucation by transferring the money to other 529 accounts Dr. Marilley controlled for

the benefit of other family members. (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶ 22.) These relatives

included Dr. Marilley’s other grandchildren, grandnieces, and a step-grandson-in-

law. (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶ 22.)

80. Mr. Marilley alleges not only that Dr. Marilley intended for Ms. Maril-

ley to return excess funds but also that she acknowledged and agreed to return any

funds not needed for her undergraduate education to her grandfather “for redeposit

into the grandchildren’s 529 Plan accounts.” (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶¶ 24–27.)

81. The proposed claim involves the two accounts discussed above: (1) the

UTMA Account Dr. Marilley originally funded, which was an irrevocable gift to Ms.

Marilley as a matter of law, and (2) the Original CollegeInvest Account that benefit-

ted Ms. Marilley, which Dr. Marilley funded with UTMA funds. At various times,

Mr. Marilley has attempted to claw back funds from both of these accounts to remedy

the same alleged wrong, as his proposed crossclaim details.

82. Mr. Marilley claims that he identified the issue of excess funds with Ms.

Marilley in 2016 “before she had finished her undergraduate degree.” (P. Marilley

Cross-cl. ¶ 26.) He says that both he and Dr. Marilley informed Ms. Marilley that

keeping the “trust funds” for herself could have adverse financial and legal conse-

quences and that Dr. Marilley’s intention was that any “balance should go back to the

grandchildren’s education fund.” (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶¶ 27, 30.) 83. To that end, before she completed her undergraduate degree, Mr. Maril-

ley instructed Ms. Marilley to sign the UTMA Conversion Application purporting to

convert the UTMA Account—not the Original CollegeInvest Account—into the Joint

Account owned by both Ms. Marilley and Mr. Marilley personally. Notably, he did

not instruct her to return the funds to Dr. Marilley or to any college savings plan. (P.

Marilley Cross-cl. ¶¶ 27, 30.)

84. In addition, Mr. Marilley claims that after Ms. Marilley received her

undergraduate degree in 2017, he asked her to return the approximately $147,000

remaining in her Original CollegeInvest Account to other 529 plans. (P. Marilley

Cross-cl. ¶ 34.) In support of that proposition, Mr. Marilley cites correspondence he

exchanged with CollegeInvest in mid-2018 describing steps Ms. Marilley could take

to “transfer ownership of the funds back to [Dr. Marilley].” (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶

35; Mot. Amend Answer Ex. 1, Ex. I at 1, ECF No. 131 [2018 CollegeInvest Letter].)

85. At bottom, Mr. Marilley seeks the $147,000 that remained in the Origi-

nal CollegeInvest Account when Ms. Marilley finished her undergraduate degree in

2017. (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶ 55.) He alleges that he does so in his capacity as “Suc-

cessor” to the Original CollegeInvest Account. (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶¶ 1–2.)

86. Mr. Marilley argues that denying him leave to add his crossclaim would

unduly prejudice him. (Br. Supp. Mot. Amend 11.) He argues that both he and Ms.

Marilley have been on notice of his theory of recovery for months now and that, unless

he is permitted to amend, he will be prevented from bringing this claim. (Br. Supp.

Mot. Amend 11–12.) Finally, he says that amendment is appropriate because it is based on facts already in the record and because discovery in the case had not closed

when he filed his Motion to Amend. (Br. Supp. Mot. Amend 12.)

87. Ms. Marilley responds that permitting the proposed amendment would

be futile, comes too late, is the product of bad faith, and would unduly prejudice her.

(Br. Opp. Mot. Amend 1.)

88. Rule 15(a) provides that leave to amend a pleading “shall be freely given

when justice so requires.” N.C. R. Civ. P. 15(a). “When justice so requires” is among

the most liberal standards in all the Rules. Vaughan v. Mashburn, 371 N.C. 428, 434

(2018) (citing Wilson, North Carolina Civil Procedure, § 15-3).

89. Nevertheless, the liberal standard for amendment has limitations, in-

cluding whether the amendment would result in material prejudice to the opposing

party. See, e.g., Vaughan, 371 N.C. at 433 (“[A]mendments should be freely allowed

unless some material prejudice to the other party is demonstrated.” (quoting Mauney

v. Morris, 316 N.C. 67, 72 (1986))). The party opposing amendment bears the burden

to show material prejudice. Id. at 433–34 (quoting Mauney, 316 N.C. at 72). Whether

undue prejudice exists is ultimately a matter for the Court’s discretion. Id. at 433

(quoting Henry v. Deen, 310 N.C. 75, 82 (1984)).

90. Futility is another well-established basis to deny a motion to amend.

See, e.g., Smith v. McRary, 306 N.C. 664, 671 (1982). As discussed above, the pro-

posed amendment to add time-bar affirmative defenses shall be denied as futile if the

proposed defenses would not affect the outcome of the case. See Lee v. Keck, 68 N.C. App. 320, 326–27 (1984) (affirming denial of leave to amend to add statute-of-limita-

tions defense when defendants did not show amendment would lead to different out-

come). Similarly, when a proposed new claim for relief would fail as a matter of law,

the Court is justified in denying the amendment on futility grounds. See City of Win-

ston-Salem v. Yarbrough, 117 N.C. App. 340, 347–48 (1994) (citing Smith, 306 N.C.

at 666) (affirming denial of leave to amend to add counterclaims when new claim

would fail as matter of law).

B. Analysis

91. Mr. Marilley’s proposed amendment shall be denied as futile because

the crossclaim and defenses he seeks to add all fail as a matter of law. The Court also

concludes Mr. Marilley’s motion comes too late.

92. The Court has already analyzed the merits of Mr. Marilley’s time-bar

arguments (for both statute of limitations and laches) above and determined that

they fail as a matter of law. For the same reasons, amendment to add those affirma-

tive defenses would be futile.

93. The proposed crossclaim for unjust enrichment fares no better. A viable

claim for unjust enrichment requires Mr. Marilley to show that (a) he (not Dr. Maril-

ley) conferred a benefit on his daughter and (b) the benefit was not gratuitous.

Krawiec v. Manly, 370 N.C. 602, 615 (2018) (citing Booe v. Shadrick, 322 N.C. 567,

570 (1988)). Finally, an unjust enrichment claim “is not based on a promise.” Booe,

322 N.C. at 570. Indeed, “if there is a contract between the parties the contract gov-

erns the claim and the law will not imply a contract.” Id. (citation modified) (citing

Vetco Concrete Co. v. Troy Lumber Co., 256 N.C. 709, 714 (1962)). 94. The proposed crossclaim is not viable because the undisputed facts show

(1) the funds were an irrevocable gift from Dr. Marilley to Ms. Marilley under the

UTMA as a matter of law, (2) Mr. Marilley is not a proper party to bring this claim,

and (3) any alleged promise Ms. Marilley may have made to return the funds raises

questions of contract, not implied contract.

95. The record establishes, contrary to the proposed amendment, that Mr.

Marilley was not the source of any of the funds at issue. Consequently, he did not

confer the benefit of the CollegeInvest funds on Ms. Marilley. (P. Marilley Cross-cl.

¶¶ 19–22; Reqs. Admiss. ¶¶ 10–14, 23–25, 28, 45.)

96. Nor are his attempts to sidestep this issue by bringing the claim “in his

capacity as Successor under the 529 Plan established by Dr. Marilley” availing. (P.

Marilley Cross-cl. ¶ 55.) Dr. Marilley conferred the benefit of the funds Mr. Marilley

seeks to recover (i.e., the excess of CollegeInvest funds over the amount required to

fund Ms. Marilley’s undergraduate education) under the UTMA before any money

was transferred to the Original CollegeInvest Account. The fact that Mr. Marilley

claims to now be the “Successor” to that account is of no consequence:

When property is transferred to a 529 college savings plan from an UTMA account, the 529 account must be set up as a custodial 529 college savings plan account, as opposed to a regular 529 plan account. The custodial 529 plan will be titled in the same way as the UTMA account. The custodian will be prohibited from changing the beneficiary of the custodial 529 plan. When the child reaches the age of majority under the state’s UTMA, the child will automatically become the owner of the 529 plan.

Johnson, supra, § 903.4(C). Like the rest of Mr. Marilley’s various theories, this at-

tempt fails to grasp that the assets and accounts subject to the UTMA were irrevoca-

ble gifts in favor of Ms. Marilley. Even Dr. Marilley, who provided the gift, cannot

retrieve it. Neither can Mr. Marilley as his alleged successor.

97. Mr. Marilley’s attempts to show that Ms. Marilley “agreed to facilitate

return of the excess” CollegeInvest funds only undermine his claim for unjust enrich-

ment. (P. Marilley Cross-cl. ¶ 27.) Any promise by Ms. Marilley concerning the funds

at issue would raise contract issues, foreclosing a claim for unjust enrichment. See

Booe, 322 N.C. at 570 (citing Vetco Concrete, 256 N.C. at 714) (holding existence of

contract precludes unjust enrichment claim).

98. In addition, Mr. Marilley unduly delayed filing a motion to amend.

Since the appeal was completed and this Court lifted the appellate stay, Mr. Marilley

has filed numerous motions and papers, (e.g., ECF Nos. 54–56, 69, 72, 88–90, 92–93),

but a motion to amend was not among them. As he admits, (Reply Br. Supp. Mot.

Amend 3–4, ECF No. 154), Mr. Marilley could have pleaded his status as “Successor”

when he answered Ms. Marilley’s amended crossclaims almost a year after Dr. Maril-

ley became incapacitated, but he failed to do so. Instead, Mr. Marilley waited to move

to amend his pleading until the afternoon before the hearing on Ms. Marilley’s Sum-

mary Judgment Motion, (ECF No. 131). His attempt comes too late.

99. Because the amendment Mr. Marilley proposes would be both futile and

was filed too late, the Court, in its discretion, DENIES the Motion to Amend. V. SCHWAB’S MOTION FOR INTERPLEADER, DISCHARGE, AND DISMISSAL

100. Schwab moves, pursuant to Rule 22, for the Court to order removal of

the restrictions on the Restrained Assets, discharge it of liability to either defendant

respecting the Restrained Assets, and dismiss it from this case.

101. Rule 22, interpleader, is a procedural mechanism by which plaintiffs in

possession of disputed assets may require the contenders to litigate their adverse

claims before the Court. See N.C. R. Civ. P. 22(a).

102. Interpleader proceeds in two steps. First, the Court determines whether

interpleader is appropriate because the plaintiff faces “claims [that] expose or may

expose the plaintiff to double or multiple liability.” Id.; Wilson, North Carolina Civil

Procedure § 22-3 (“In the first stage, the court must find whether plaintiff is entitled

to interplead the various defendants.”). If so, the Court dismisses the plaintiff, see

Barden v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 41 N.C. App. 135, 136 (1979) (discussing trial court’s

dismissal of interpleader plaintiff), and discharges it of liability for the disputed as-

sets, United States v. Harrison, 49 N.C. App. 200, 202 (1980) (discussing discharge of

interpleader plaintiff’s liability for disputed assets). See also Wilson, North Carolina

Civil Procedure § 22-3 (“Once an order of discharge has been entered, however, plain-

tiff is dismissed from the action and has no further exposure to defendants over the

property in dispute[.]”).

103. This threshold issue—whether interpleader is appropriate in a given

case–—is a question of law for the Court. Wilson, North Carolina Civil Procedure §

22-3 & n. 24 (“[T]here is little dispute that the first stage of interpleader is a matter for the court.”); accord 7 Wright & Miller’s Federal Practice & Procedure, § 1718 (3d

ed. 2025) (“Initially there is the question whether to permit interpleader. On any

view, this always must be a question for the court.”).14

104. Second, if the Court finds the plaintiff to be exposed to potential multiple

liability and thus interpleader is appropriate, it then determines the adverse claims

between the remaining defendants. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Keith, 283 N.C. 577, 580

(1973) (“Thus each defendant is the adversary of the other and occupies the position

of a plaintiff.”). Each party bears the burden of persuasion to establish his right to

the disputed assets, and summary judgment is appropriate if only questions of law

on undisputed facts remain. Id.15

105. Here, interpleader is appropriate. Schwab is subject to competing

claims to the Restrained Assets from two Defendants.

106. Turning to the merits of the claim, as discussed at length above, the

Court declares that the Restrained Assets belong solely to Ms. Marilley. Conse-

quently, the Court shall order Schwab: (1) to remove the restrictions on the Re-

strained Assets, and (2) disburse the Restrained Assets to Ms. Marilley, pursuant to

14 When one of our Rules and a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure are similar, federal cases

interpreting that rule are pertinent for the Court’s consideration. Slattery v. Appy City, LLC, 385 N.C. 726, 736 n. 12 (2024).

15 In the meantime, the Court may, but need not, require the party in control of the disputed

assets to deposit them with the clerk of court. See N.C. R. Civ. P. 22(b). To avoid tax liability, Schwab has not liquidated the assets or deposited funds with the clerk of court. Instead, it has restrained them so that they cannot be traded or withdrawn pending a determination in this matter. her instructions. The Court shall further discharge Schwab of liability to either De-

fendant respecting ownership of the Restrained Assets (but not to the extent Schwab

seeks an order stating that it bears no responsibility to Mr. Marilley for the circum-

stances leading to the transfer of the Restrained Assets to an account owned solely

by Ms. Marilley), and dismiss it from this case.

VI. CONCLUSION

107. For all the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes as a matter of law

that no genuine issue of material fact remains as to Ms. Marilley’s sole ownership of

the Restrained Assets. The Court further concludes that Mr. Marilley’s proposed

amendment would be futile and comes too late. Finally, the Court concludes that

Schwab has properly invoked the interpleader procedure of Rule 22.

108. WHEREFORE, the Court ORDERS as follows:

a. Ms. Marilley’s Motion for Summary Judgment Motion is

GRANTED. The Court DECLARES that Ms. Marilley is the sole

and rightful owner of the Restrained Assets, as that term is used in

the Complaint for Interpleader, (ECF No. 3).

b. The Court, in its discretion, DENIES Mr. Marilley’s Motion to

Amend.

c. The Court GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Schwab’s

Motion for Interpleader, DISMISSES Schwab from this action, and

DISCHARGES it of liability with respect to ownership of the

Restrained Assets. Schwab shall immediately disburse the

Restrained Assets to Ms. Marilley, pursuant to her instructions. The Court DENIES the Motion for Interpleader to the extent Schwab

seeks an order stating that it bears no responsibility to Mr. Marilley

for the circumstances leading to the transfer of the Restrained Assets

to an account owned solely by Ms. Marilley.

d. The Court reserves for later determination the issue of costs and the

claim for attorneys’ fees raised in Ms. Marilley’s Motion for

Sanctions, (ECF No. 78). See Duncan v. Duncan, 366 N.C. 544, 546

(2013) (recognizing trial court may “reserve[ ] for later determination

collateral issues such as attorneys’ fees”).

SO ORDERED, this the 23rd day of January 2026.

/s/ Julianna Theall Earp Julianna Theall Earp Special Superior Court Judge for Complex Business Cases