COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges Decker and AtLee UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
CHARLES McKINLEY WASHINGTON MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0710-16-1 JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER NOVEMBER 14, 2017 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON Wilford Taylor, Jr., Judge
Charles E. Haden for appellant.
Elizabeth Kiernan Fitzgerald, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Charles McKinley Washington appeals the circuit court’s decision revoking his suspended
sentence for a 1998 conviction of possessing cocaine. On appeal, he contends that the court
violated his due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution
by revoking his suspended sentence without considering evidence of the reasons for his termination
from the drug treatment court program. We hold that the appellant received his due process rights
to notice and a hearing in the circuit court revocation proceeding regarding his termination from the
drug treatment court program. Additionally, to the extent that the appellant may have been able to
assert an entitlement to more “process” in the circuit court, he failed to make a contemporaneous
objection that the level of process he received in the circuit court was insufficient. Accordingly, we
affirm the revocation of the suspension of the appellant’s remaining two-year sentence.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. I. BACKGROUND
A. Plea Agreement and Drug Court Termination Proceedings
In 2012, following a 1998 conviction for cocaine possession and a related revocation
proceeding, the appellant was arrested for failing to comply with the conditions of his suspended
sentence. As a result, he entered into a plea agreement with the Commonwealth. The agreement
provided that if he successfully completed the drug treatment court program, the Commonwealth
would recommend that the circuit court resuspend the remaining two years of the appellant’s
sentence. It also provided that failure to complete the program would result in imposition of the
sentence. The circuit court accepted the agreement after reviewing its terms with the appellant.
On September 9, 2015, the appellant was arrested on a warrant charging him with
violating his probation by using drugs. On September 15, 2015, he appeared in the drug court
with his attorney, Michele Cavanaugh. In a brief proceeding, a representative from the
Community Services Board informed the court that the appellant had tested positive for
marijuana use. The appellant did not seek to cross-examine the representative, offer any
evidence, or object to the proceeding. The judge scheduled a revocation hearing and entered an
order terminating the appellant from “further participation” in the drug court program based on
his noncompliance with its terms and conditions.
B. Revocation Proceedings in the Circuit Court
1. Evidentiary Hearing
On December 16, 2015, the circuit court held a revocation hearing. The appellant
appeared with retained attorney Jason Atkins. The prosecutor stated that the parties were present
“for a sentencing” and asked the court to impose the two-year sentence in the plea agreement
based on the appellant’s termination from the drug court program. The judge reviewed the drug
-2- court order from the September 15, 2015 hearing and confirmed that “the evidence” regarding
termination from the drug court “has already been determined” by the drug court judge.
The judge stated that the matter “comes on today for a revocation[,] . . . for a sentencing.”
He acknowledged that a presentence report was required but noted, based on the plea agreement,
that the sentence would be “two years regardless of what happens.” The appellant’s attorney
waived a presentence report and stated, “[I]t would be our position to argue the two years this
morning.” The judge found the evidence sufficient to prove a violation of the condition of the
appellant’s suspended sentence. The appellant did not offer any evidence on the circumstances
of his termination from the drug court during that stage of the proceeding.
The judge then heard arguments on sentencing. The prosecutor argued that the court
should impose the two years per the plea agreement based on the appellant’s repeated failure to
comply with the drug court program’s requirements.
The appellant testified in his own behalf, stating that during his three years in the drug
court program, he consistently paid his fines pursuant to his payment plan, but he admitted that
he had an ongoing problem with drugs and alcohol. He claimed that he was not told why he was
terminated from drug court; did not receive a formal termination hearing; and was never allowed
to view any of the evidence supporting his termination despite requesting discovery and filing a
motion to compel.
On cross-examination, the appellant admitted that he tested positive for drug use on five
occasions and was repeatedly sanctioned with jail time, some of which included substance abuse
treatment. He also admitted that he was discharged from the drug court program after his fifth
positive drug test. He acknowledged that prior to his discharge from the program, he received
written notice indicating that the Commonwealth sought to revoke his suspended sentence for
“using drugs.”
-3- The appellant’s counsel argued that the appellant was entitled under the Fourteenth
Amendment to “a formal hearing” addressing the “actual reasons” for his removal from drug
court and “any evidence as to what happened.” The prosecutor responded that the appellant “had
all of this opportunity with his other lawyer” in a hearing in the drug court but “didn’t ask for
these things.” She also argued that the appellant had just admitted on cross-examination that he
understood that he had been noncompliant with the drug court’s requirements “at least five
different times” and “had to go to jail” as a result. She represented that the appellant could have
been “kicked . . . out after the second time . . . but they gave him five opportunities, and he just
was not compliant.”
The judge found that the evidence was sufficient to prove that the appellant had failed to
comply with “the terms of the drug court program.” He continued the matter for sentencing and
ordered a presentence report.
2. Sentencing Hearing
On April 8, 2016, the appellant appeared with his attorney “for sentencing” on the
revocation. The prosecutor summarized the prior testimony, including the appellant’s admission
to having been sanctioned several times in the drug treatment court program. He also noted that
the probation officer was present and would testify that the appellant continued using drugs
while participating in the program.
The appellant testified and admitted to “refus[ing] to participate . . . in preparation of the
presentence report,” explaining that he “felt like . . . [it] wasn’t called for” and “was
incriminating.” He continued to argue that his right to due process was violated, alleging that he
filed motions requesting the evidence used against him in the revocation proceeding but never
received it. The appellant suggested that he was entitled to have “this . . . vacated and
dismissed” as a result. He pointed to the things that he was doing right, including maintaining
-4- employment and paying child support, and asked that he be permitted to participate in drug
counseling in lieu of serving the two years.
The prosecutor argued for imposition of the two-year sentence set out in the plea
agreement based on the appellant’s noncompliance with the requirements of the drug treatment
court program. He observed that the appellant had ample opportunity to “explain himself” in
both the drug court and the revocation court. He concluded by arguing that no reason existed for
the court to do anything but enforce the plea agreement.
After hearing the parties’ arguments, the circuit court imposed the two-year suspended
sentence in accordance with the plea agreement. The judge noted that the appellant received a
drug court termination hearing in September 2015 at which he was represented by counsel. The
judge further concluded that the September hearing complied with due process and that the
appellant knew what he was doing when he signed the plea agreement requiring him to serve two
years of incarceration if he did not complete the drug court program. Although
“acknowledg[ing] that [the appellant] made progress” in the program, the judge emphasized that
he did not complete it as required by the agreement.
II. ANALYSIS
The appellant contends that the circuit court failed to consider evidence of the reasons for
his termination from the drug court program in deciding whether to impose the sentence contained
in the plea agreement. He alleges that this failure deprived him of notice and an opportunity to be
heard in violation of his “conditional liberty interest and right to due process under the Fourteenth
Amendment.”
A. Standard of Review and Relevant Statutory Framework
This appeal involves issues of constitutional and statutory interpretation, which are
reviewed de novo. See, e.g., Wallace v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 80, 88, 774 S.E.2d 482,
-5- 486 (2015), aff’d, 798 S.E.2d 595 (Va. 2016). To the extent that the analysis involves the facts
surrounding the revocation, the appellate court considers the evidence in the light most favorable
to the Commonwealth, the party who prevailed below. Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App.
529, 535, 738 S.E.2d 519, 522 (2013). The circuit court’s ruling in a revocation proceeding “will
not be reversed [on appeal absent] a clear showing of abuse of discretion.” Id. at 535, 738
S.E.2d at 521-22 (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81, 86, 402 S.E.2d 684, 687
(1991)).
Code § 19.2-303 permits a circuit court to suspend the imposition or execution of a
sentence, in whole or in part. Under Code § 19.2-306, a court may exercise its discretion to
revoke a suspended sentence for a failure to comply with the conditions of the suspension. See
Clarke v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 190, 196, 725 S.E.2d 158, 161 (2012) (citing Russnak v.
Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 317, 321, 392 S.E.2d 491, 493 (1990)). Because a revocation
hearing is “not a ‘criminal proceeding,’” an individual subject to a revocation hearing is not
entitled to the “full panoply” of constitutional rights that apply at trial. Dickens v.
Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 412, 421-22, 663 S.E.2d 548, 552 (2008) (quoting Morrissey v.
Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 480 (1972)). Nevertheless, he has a “conditional liberty interest” in his
freedom, and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides limited rights to
notice and a hearing. See Harris v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 541, 545, 689 S.E.2d 713, 715
(2010). The minimum due process requirements for a revocation proceeding include:
1) written notice; 2) disclosure of the evidence against the accused; 3) an opportunity to be heard and to present evidence and witnesses; 4) an opportunity to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer finds good cause for not allowing confrontation); 5) a “neutral and detached” hearing body; and 6) a written statement as to the evidence relied on and reasons for revoking . . . .
-6- Saunders v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 793, 808, 753 S.E.2d 602, 609 (2014) (citing
Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489), aff’d by per curiam order, No. 140507, 2015 Va. Unpub. LEXIS 18
(Va. Feb. 26, 2015).
Within certain limits, a circuit court may condition the suspension of a sentence on
participation in or completion of an alternative sentencing or treatment program. See Peyton v.
Commonwealth, 268 Va. 503, 508-09, 604 S.E.2d 17, 19-20 (2004). One such option is the drug
treatment court program pursuant to Code § 18.2-254.1. “[D]rug treatment courts” are
“specialized court dockets” that operate “within the existing structure of Virginia’s court
system.” Code § 18.2-254.1(D). “The Drug Treatment Court Act does not mandate specific
procedures for the operation of the drug treatment court program.” Harris, 279 Va. at 544-45,
689 S.E.2d at 715. Instead, the Act requires local advisory committees, and the applicable
committee “sets policies and procedures for the operation of the program.” Id. at 544, 689
S.E.2d at 715 (citing Code § 18.2-254.1(G) to (I)). When a defendant can no longer participate
in such a program, whether due to either willful noncompliance or unforeseen circumstances
beyond his control, he “necessarily will be subjected to a show cause hearing at which the
[circuit] court has the discretion to revoke all or part of [his] suspended sentence.” Peyton, 268
Va. at 511, 604 S.E.2d at 21. The law makes clear, however, that the revocation hearing is not
an appeal of the drug court program termination and merely includes consideration of the
program termination among “all the circumstances” relevant to the revocation question. See id.
B. Due Process Afforded to the Appellant
The appellant contends that the circuit court failed to consider evidence of the reasons for
his termination from the drug treatment court program before deciding whether to impose the
sentence contained in the plea agreement and that this failure deprived him of his Fourteenth
Amendment due process right to notice and an opportunity to be heard. He argues more
-7- specifically that he was not afforded five of the specific due process rights addressed in
Morrissey, 408 U.S. 471, including written notice and the disclosure of evidence; the opportunity
to present evidence and cross-examine adverse witnesses; and a written statement of reasons
supporting his termination from the drug treatment court program.
The appellant cites the decision in Harris, 279 Va. 541, 689 S.E.2d 713, in support of his
claims. The defendant in Harris, like the appellant, was terminated from the drug treatment court
program. Id. at 543, 689 S.E.2d at 714. At his sentencing hearing in the circuit court on a charge
that had been deferred while he participated in the program, the defendant alleged that he was
terminated not for failing to comply with the program’s requirements but because of his “internet
postings” about “persons working in the . . . program.” Id. at 543-44, 689 S.E.2d at 714. He
contended that he had a right to present this claim to the circuit court. Id. at 543, 689 S.E.2d at
714. The Supreme Court of Virginia agreed, holding that the defendant “had a liberty interest
while he was participating in the drug treatment court program as part of the plea agreement
accepted by the trial court.” Id. at 545, 689 S.E.2d at 715. It reasoned that the drug court
termination decision “itself . . . did not constitute a revocation of the liberty interest” and that the
defendant’s liberty interest “could be revoked only by order of the circuit court.” Id. at 546, 689
S.E.2d at 716. The Court concluded that “because [the defendant] had no opportunity to
participate in the [drug court program] termination decision, the trial court’s refusal to consider
evidence of the reasons for termination from the program when deciding whether to . . . impose
the terms of the plea agreement [erroneously] deprived [him] of the opportunity to be heard
regarding the propriety of the revocation of his liberty interest.” Id.
1. Due Process in the Drug Treatment Court Termination Proceeding
In the instant case, the appellant’s only objections in the circuit court revocation
proceeding were directed at the process to which he claimed he was entitled in the drug court
-8- termination proceeding. However, as the Supreme Court held in Harris, “[t]he drug treatment
court termination decision itself . . . did not constitute a revocation of the liberty interest created
pursuant to acceptance of the plea agreement” and the defendant’s liberty interest “could be
revoked only by order of the circuit court.” Id. Because the liberty interest at issue could be
revoked only by the circuit court in a revocation proceeding, it was the circuit court in which the
appellant was entitled to exercise his due process right to be heard regarding the termination if
not afforded that opportunity in the drug court hearing. See id. Consequently, the appellant’s
reliance on Harris for the proposition that he was entitled to more process in the drug court
proceeding is misplaced, and that decision does not entitle him to relief in this appeal.
2. Due Process in the Circuit Court Revocation Proceeding
Further, the decision in Harris entitled the appellant to certain due process rights in the
circuit court revocation proceeding, and the record establishes that he was afforded those rights.
The appellant exercised the opportunity to present evidence in the circuit court revocation
hearing. He asked to testify in the circuit court and was permitted to do so. In his direct
testimony, he complained that he was never told why he had been terminated from the drug court
program. Although he testified that he had sought discovery regarding his termination from the
drug court program and filed a motion to compel while acting pro se, no such documents are
contained in the circuit court record. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 262 Va. 661, 669, 553
S.E.2d 760, 764 (2001) (noting the appellant’s burden “to present a sufficient record to permit a
determination whether the circuit court committed an alleged error”); Schwartz v.
Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 61, 71, 581 S.E.2d 891, 896 (2003) (recognizing that when a party
fails to obtain a ruling on a matter presented to a trial court, there is “no ruling [for the Court] to
review on appeal”). See generally Justus v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 667, 680, 283 S.E.2d 905,
912 (1981) (observing that “the right of self-representation is not a license . . . not to comply
-9- with the relevant rules of procedural and substantive law” (quoting Faretta v. California, 422
U.S. 806, 834 n.46 (1975))). Additionally, after the appellant obtained new counsel, he did not
seek a ruling on his motion to compel or request a continuance to attempt to obtain the drug court
documentation he sought. Further, on cross-examination during the revocation hearing, the
appellant admitted that he had five positive drug tests while in the drug treatment court program
and that he was sanctioned for four of those violations.
The appellant’s only surviving objections were that he “never [saw] a lab report”; he was
“not privy” to his termination hearing; and he was unfairly terminated because he had made
progress in the program and complied with numerous other conditions of participation.
However, he admitted receiving written notice indicating that the Commonwealth sought to
revoke his suspended sentence for “using drugs.” Additionally, the record contains a transcript
of the drug court termination hearing, which shows that the appellant was present at the
September 15, 2015 hearing with counsel.1 It further reflects that the Commonwealth’s
representative indicated at that hearing that the appellant had a positive test for marijuana on
September 2, 2015. Based on the appellant’s history in the program, which included substance
abuse treatment, the drug court judge said, “[T]his is the end of the line.” The record does not
reflect any objections registered by the appellant in the drug court termination proceeding or any
1 The appellant disputes the circuit court’s finding at the April 8, 2016 sentencing hearing that he was represented by counsel at the September 15, 2015 drug court hearing. The record, viewed under the proper standard, supports the circuit court’s finding. The order memorializing the drug court hearing lists Michele Cavanaugh twice, stating both that she was the “Attorney for the Defendant” and that she was appointed to represent the appellant in his later revocation hearing. See, e.g., Wilson v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 82, 94, 793 S.E.2d 15, 21 (2016) (stating that a court’s “orders are presumed to accurately reflect what transpired” (quoting Hodgins v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 102, 108, 733 S.E.2d 678, 681 (2012))). Additionally, the transcript of the drug court termination hearing lists Cavanaugh as the “Attorney for the Defendant” on its cover page and also states that “[t]he defendant was present in the Courtroom with his attorney.” Consequently, to the extent that whether the appellant had counsel at the drug court hearing may have impacted his due process rights, the record supports the circuit court’s finding that he was represented at that hearing. - 10 - request for the production of evidence or a continuance to review it. Finally, in the sentencing
portion of the revocation proceeding in the circuit court, the prosecutor represented that the
probation officer was present and could testify “that [the appellant] continued using drugs in the
program.” Nevertheless, the appellant did not attempt to call the probation officer to testify in
order to challenge the drug court termination. Consequently, the evidence establishes that the
appellant, unlike the defendant in Harris, received notice and an opportunity to be heard
regarding his termination from the drug treatment court program in the circuit court, prior to the
circuit court’s revocation of his suspended sentence, consistent with the plea agreement.
At the sentencing in the circuit court revocation proceeding, the appellant first raised five
of the specific due process rights articulated in Morrissey and contended that he was deprived of
them “in conjunction with the decision to terminate [him]” from the drug court. However,
Harris directly addresses the adequacy of due process provided in the circuit court; it considers
drug court termination procedures only tangentially. The appellant failed to object
contemporaneously to the procedure followed in the circuit court revocation proceeding or to
request a continuance to counter the substantive evidence supporting the revocation.
Consequently, to the extent that the appellant contends in his assignment of error that he did not
receive any of the specific Morrissey due process rights in the circuit court revocation
proceeding, he has waived anything beyond his challenge to the more general due process
entitlement to notice and a hearing. See Rule 5A:18; Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 258,
264-65, 754 S.E.2d 516, 519 (2014). As the Commonwealth argues, if the appellant had
objected contemporaneously, the prosecutor “would have had the opportunity to develop the
record with details about the . . . drug court program and the process by which the revocation
proceeding was instituted,” including by making the major violation report served on the
appellant part of the record. See Maxwell, 287 Va. at 265, 754 S.E.2d at 519.
- 11 - The appellant additionally contends that he was led to believe at the revocation hearing
on December 15, 2016, that the judge was hearing evidence only on the issue of sentencing. He
suggests that he might have refrained from testifying if he had known in advance that the judge
would use his testimony to find that he had indeed violated the conditions of the plea agreement.
However, the appellant himself chose to testify and offer evidence on the due process issue,
asserting that he was not told why he was being terminated from the drug treatment court
program or allowed to view any evidence supporting his termination. Further, when the circuit
court found that the evidence was sufficient to prove the appellant’s noncompliance with the
drug court program and said that it was entering “a formal finding” of guilt for purposes of the
revocation proceeding, the appellant registered no objection to the court’s action. See Rule
5A:18; Maxwell, 287 Va. at 264-65, 754 S.E.2d at 519. Accordingly, he failed to preserve this
argument for appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
The record establishes that the appellant did not prove a Fourteenth Amendment due process
violation that occurred in the drug treatment court and entitled him to relief in the circuit court
revocation proceeding. Additionally, the appellant received his due process rights to notice and a
hearing in the circuit court revocation proceeding regarding his earlier termination from the drug
treatment court program. Finally, to the extent that the appellant may have been able to assert an
entitlement to more process in the circuit court revocation proceeding, he failed to make a
contemporaneous objection that the level of process he received in that proceeding was insufficient.
Consequently, the Court affirms the revocation of his two-year suspended sentence.
Affirmed.
- 12 -