NUMBER 13-08-00633-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
CHARLES CLARK CHEVROLET CO., Appellant,
v.
FRANK E. GARCIA, Appellee.
On appeal from County Court at Law No. 2 of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Rodriguez, Garza, and Benavides Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rodriguez
Appellant Charles Clark Chevrolet Co. (Charles Clark) challenges the judgment of
the trial court in favor of appellee Frank E. Garcia. By four issues, Charles Clark argues
that: (1) there was no evidence of damages from the alleged conversion; (2) the trial court
erred in entering judgment for Garcia based on conversion because (a) the parol evidence rule prohibited consideration of certain evidence presented by Garcia, (b) Charles Clark
had a possessory lien on the vehicle in question because Garcia authorized certain repairs,
and/or (c) ratification, quantum meruit, and quantum valebant barred Garcia's recovery; (3)
the trial court erred in denying Charles Clark's counterclaim for breach of contract for
Garcia's failure to pay a service invoice; and (4) the judgment is erroneous because it
awards damages for conversion without disposing of title to the vehicle. We affirm, in part,
and reverse and remand, in part.
I. BACKGROUND
The following facts in this case are undisputed. In late July 2007, a friend of Garcia
took Garcia's 2005 Chevrolet Corvette to Charles Clark, a Chevrolet dealership, for repairs
while Garcia was out of town. The friend reported to Charles Clark's service department
that, among other problems, the engine "wo[uld]n't crank" or "wo[uld]n't fire up." It was
discovered by service technicians that the Corvette had been driven through high water.
After obtaining the authorization of Garcia's insurance carrier, Charles Clark replaced the
Corvette's engine.1 Garcia received a check for approximately $12,000 from his insurance
carrier, which he deposited in his bank account. The total cost of the repairs made by
Charles Clark was $13,743.77; Charles Clark demanded payment of this sum from Garcia,
but Garcia never paid that amount. Instead, Garcia sent Charles Clark a check for
$1,500.00. Charles Clark neither cashed nor deposited that check. Garcia never remitted
any of the money he received from his insurance carrier to Charles Clark. As of the date
1 At som e point after Garcia returned to town, he signed a contract with Charles Clark authorizing the dealership to repair the non-functioning engine. The parties dispute the extent of the repairs Garcia authorized Charles Clark to m ake.
2 of this opinion, the Corvette is still in Charles Clark's possession.2 Moreover, at the time
of trial, Garcia still owed money on the Corvette and was paying a $997 note on the vehicle
every month.3
On November 13, 2007, Garcia filed his original petition in this case, alleging
conversion against Charles Clark. Charles Clark answered; pleaded various affirmative
defenses, including offset, failure to mitigate, quantum meruit and quantum valebant, and
that it held a possessory worker's lien on the Corvette, see TEX . PROP. CODE ANN .
70.001(a) (Vernon 2007); and asserted a counterclaim against Garcia for breach of
contract for his failure to pay for the repairs made to the Corvette. The case proceeded
to trial before the court, which heard testimony from Garcia and a Charles Clark service
manager. The trial court entered judgment in favor of Garcia and awarded the following
damages: a "base amount of $42,000.00 . . . less $12,000.00 Insurance money" for a total
of "$30,000 for [Garcia] against [Charles Clark]."4 The judgment further ordered that
Charles Clark take nothing by its counterclaim. The judgment did not address the state of
title to the Corvette. Charles Clark filed a motion for new trial, which was denied by
operation of law.5 This appeal followed.
2 Prior to the filing of this suit, Garcia filed an application for writ of sequestration in the justice court of Hidalgo County. The Corvette was tem porarily returned to Garcia in connection with that proceeding. However, upon m otion by Charles Clark, the application was dism issed for lack of jurisdiction, and the court ordered the Corvette returned to the possession of Charles Clark. The outcom e of that proceeding is not before this Court.
3 There is no evidence in the record indicating the total am ount Garcia still owes on the Corvette or to whom he owes that am ount.
4 The judgm ent also awarded pre- and post-judgm ent interest.
5 In its m otion for new trial, Charles Clark argued that there was no evidence or insufficient evidence to establish that the repair authorization signed by Garcia was lim ited in any way and that allegations of such lim itations were not perm itted under the parol evidence rule. Charles Clark also argued that the judgm ent allowed double recovery and unjustly enriched Garcia. Finally, Charles Clark contended that the judgm ent was "confusing" in that it did "not dispose of the vehicle itself, [was] not clear on the disposition of prior
3 II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
By its first and second issues, Charles Clark appears to challenge the evidence
supporting the trial court's award of damages and judgment in favor of Garcia's conversion
claim.6
A. Standard of Review
This case is before us on appeal from a bench trial after which the trial court filed
no findings of fact or conclusions of law. The record includes both the clerk’s record and
the full reporter's record of the trial. When a trial court does not issue findings of fact and
conclusions of law, all facts necessary to support the judgment are implied. BMC Software
Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002). The trial court’s judgment must
insurance proceeds, and [did] not address outstanding liens" on the vehicle and that unless the judgm ent was "am ended, clarified, and supplem ented[,] the rights, obligations and duties of the parties will not have been fully adjudicated."
6 In its brief of its second issue, Charles Clark cites partial authority for the parol evidence rule but does not explain the entire principle of law and advances no substantive legal analysis addressing how the parol evidence rule was violated here. Sim ilarly, by its third issue, Charles Clark sum m arily states that the trial court erred in denying its counterclaim but provides no legal authority regarding breach of contract or clear and concise argum ent applying that law to the facts of this case. As such, "[i]t would be inappropriate for this [C]ourt to speculate as to what [Charles Clark] m ay have intended to raise as an error by the trial court on appeal. To do so would force this [C]ourt to stray from our role as a neutral adjudicator and becom e an advocate for [Charles Clark]." Canton-Carter v. Baylor College of Med., 271 S.W .3d 928, 931 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). Therefore, these issues have been inadequately briefed. See T EX . R. A PP . P. 38.1(i) (providing that a brief m ust contain "a clear and concise argum ent that includes appropriate citations to legal authority and to the appellate record"); Valadez v. Avitia, 238 S.W .3d 843, 845 (Tex. App.–El Paso 2007, no pet.). Charles Clark's second issue is overruled insofar as it relies on the parol evidence rule; Charles Clark's third issue regarding its counterclaim is overruled in its entirety.
By its second issue, Charles C lark also appears to argue that the trial court erred in denying its affirm ative defenses of ratification, quantum m eruit, and quantum valebant because Garcia is unjustly enriched if he is allowed to keep the $12,000 he received from his insurance carrier for the repair. The judgm ent does not support C harles Clark's contention that the trial court denied these defenses, however. Because the trial court reduced Garcia's m oney dam ages by "$12,000.00 Insurance m oney" and Garcia does not com plain of that reduction, we are not persuaded by Charles Clark's contention. See W orford v. Stamper, 801 S.W .2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990) (holding that the trial court's judgm ent m ust be affirm ed if it can be upheld on any legal theory that finds support in the evidence); Doe v. Tarrant County D ist. Attorney's Office, 269 S.W .3d 147, 152 (Tex.App.-Fort W orth 2008, no pet.) (sam e). Garcia's second issue is therefore overruled to the extent that it advances these defenses.
4 be affirmed if it can be upheld on any legal theory that finds support in the evidence.
Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990); Doe v. Tarrant County Dist.
Attorney's Office, 269 S.W.3d 147, 152 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).
When, as in this case, the clerk and reporter's records are filed, the trial court's
implied findings are not conclusive and may be challenged for legal and factual sufficiency.
Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 795. Although Charles Clark’s arguments do not clarify whether
it has asserted legal or factual sufficiency challenges, its arguments and the relief
requested by those arguments consistently seek rendition in its favor, on grounds that
either there is no evidence of a particular element of Garcia’s cause of action or that
Charles Clark proved its case or disproved Garcia’s as a matter of law. We therefore
construe Charles Clark's arguments as asserting legal-sufficiency or “no evidence”
challenges. See Vista Chevrolet, Inc. v. Lewis, 709 S.W.2d 176, 176 (Tex. 1986) (stating
the well-settled rule that “no evidence” points require rendition in favor of appealing party).
We conduct our review of sufficiency challenges to implied findings under the same
standards of review that govern sufficiency challenges to jury findings or a trial court's
findings of fact. Roberson v. Roberson, 768 S.W.2d 280, 281 (Tex. 1989). We may
sustain a legal sufficiency challenge only when: (1) the record discloses a complete
absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence
from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence
offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes
conclusively the opposite of a vital fact. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742,
751 (Tex. 2003). In determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the
5 finding under review, we must consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable
fact finder could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a reasonable fact
finder could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807, 827 (Tex. 2005).
Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding.
Cont'l Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. 1996). When the
evidence offered to prove a vital fact is so weak as to do no more than create a mere
surmise or suspicion of its existence, the evidence is no more than a scintilla and, in legal
effect, is no evidence. Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004).
More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence furnishes some reasonable basis
for differing conclusions by reasonable minds about the existence of a vital fact. Rocor
Int'l, Inc. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 77 S.W.3d 253, 262 (Tex. 2002). If an appellant
attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which it had the burden
of proof—such as an affirmative defense—"it must demonstrate on appeal that the
evidence conclusively established all vital facts in support of the issue." Tricon Tool &
Supply, Inc. v. Thumann, 226 S.W.3d 494, (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet.
denied) (citing Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001)).
B. Fair Market Value Damages
By its first issue, Charles Clark argues that there was no evidence of damages from
the alleged conversion. Specifically, Charles Clark appears to challenge the trial court's
implied finding that Garcia suffered damages in the amount of the fair market value of the
Corvette and contends that Garcia's testimony regarding the market value of the vehicle
is insufficient evidence to support the award. See Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 795 (allowing
6 an appellant to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a trial court's implied
finding). We disagree.
"Generally, the proper measure of damages for conversion is the fair market value
of the items converted at the time and place of conversion." Khorshid, Inc. v. Christian,
257 S.W.3d 748, 760 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2008, no pet.). "A property owner is qualified to
testify to the market value of his property." Redman Homes, Inc. v. Ivy, 920 S.W.2d 664,
669 (Tex. 1996). Specifically, a car owner can testify as to the value of his own car. Foxx
v. DeRobbio, 224 S.W.3d 263, 268 (Tex. App.–El Paso 2005, no pet.) (citing Calvert Fire
Ins. Co. v. McClintic, 267 S.W.2d 568, 570 (Tex. Civ. App.–Waco 1954, writ ref'd n.r.e.)).
So long as it is based on the owner's estimate of market value and not some intrinsic or
other value, this evidence is considered probative. Redman Homes, 920 S.W.2d at 669.
In other words, a property owner's testimony regarding the market value of his property is
admissible evidence of damages "if his testimony shows he is familiar with the market
value and his opinion is based on that market value." Khorshid, 257 S.W.3d at 760.
It is undisputed that Garcia was the owner of the Corvette, and at trial, Garcia
testified regarding the market value of the vehicle. He stated that he paid $53,000 for the
Corvette when it was new and that, at the time it was taken to Charles Clark, it had 26,499
miles on it. He testified that he would have asked at least $42,000 for the car if he had
tried to sell it on the open market in July 2007. When asked for the basis of that dollar
figure, Garcia stated that he considered "the equipment that the car has on it and with the
26,000 miles . . . that's the appraised value" that he would have given the car at that time.
7 Charles Clark argues that there is no evidence that Garcia was familiar with the
actual market value of his Corvette. Citing Hanks v. Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railway
Co., 320 S.W.2d 333, 336 (Tex. 1959), Charles Clark also asserts that evidence of
unaccepted offers to buy or sell property is no evidence of fair market value. We are
unpersuaded by Charles Clark's contentions. A plaintiff need not use the exact words
"market value" to demonstrate his familiarity with the market value of his car. See
Mercedes-Benz of N. Am., Inc. v. Dickenson, 720 S.W.2d 844, 848-49 (Tex. App.–Fort
Worth 1986, no writ) (citing Porras v. Craig, 675 S.W.2d 503, 504-05 (Tex. 1984)); see also
Guar. County Mut. Ins. Co. v. Williams, 732 S.W.2d 57, 60 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 1987, no
writ) (holding that "even if the owner is not asked if he is familiar with the market value of
his property, his opinion testimony of value is sufficient if it shows that it refers to market
value" (emphasis added)). Rather, the plaintiff demonstrates his qualification to testify as
to the value of the disputed property if his testimony includes factors relevant to the market
value rather than factors merely relevant to intrinsic or personal value. See First Nat'l Bank
of Mo. City v. Gittelman, 788 S.W.2d 165, 169 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no
writ) (holding that there was some evidence of market value where the property owner
testified that she considered relevant market factors in arriving at her opinion); see also
Redman Homes, 920 S.W.2d at 669. Here, Garcia testified that he based his estimate of
market value on the equipment in the Corvette and the mileage on the vehicle. These are
both objective factors relevant to the market value of the Corvette, not merely the intrinsic
value of the vehicle to Garcia. See Gittelman, 788 S.W.2d at 169; Dickenson, 720 S.W.2d
at 849. Garcia's testimony is, therefore, some evidence—certainly more than a
8 scintilla—of the market value of the Corvette, and we cannot agree with Charles Clark that
no evidence supported the trial court's award of fair market value damages. See Rocor
Int'l, Inc., 77 S.W.3d at 262; Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d at 450. Charles Clark's first issue is
overruled.
C. Authorization for Repair
In its second issue, Charles Clark appears to challenge the trial court's implied
finding that Garcia did not authorize the replacement of the engine in his Corvette and
conclusion that Charles Clark did not prove its affirmative defense that it held a possessory
worker's lien on the vehicle. See Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 795. We construe this issue as
an argument by Charles Clark that the evidence is insufficient to establish conversion—
i.e., that it wrongfully exercised dominion or control over the Corvette inconsistent with
Garcia's rights. See Smith v. Maximum Racing, Inc., 136 S.W.3d 337, 341-42 (Tex.
App.–Austin 2004, no pet.) (reasoning that where a defendant has a lawful worker's lien
on a vehicle, possession cannot be wrongful or unlawful as required to establish
conversion); Hydra-Rig, Inc. v. ETF Corp., 707 S.W.2d 288, 290 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth
1986, writ ref'd n.r.e) (holding that a worker's lien is not valid if the repairs were not
authorized by the owner of the property).
At trial, Garcia testified that a friend took the Corvette to Charles Clark while Garcia
was out of town because, among other reasons, the engine would not start. After Garcia
returned to town, he signed a contract authorizing Charles Clark to make repairs relevant
to the complaints made by his friend when he brought the Corvette to the dealership,
including that the "engine won't crank" and that the "engine won't fire up." That contract
9 appears in the record and includes the following language: "I hereby authorize the above
repair work to be done along with the necessary material . . . " (emphasis added). We
conclude that "the above repair work" includes remedying the complaints made about the
engine.
However, the parties dispute the extent of the repairs that were authorized. A
Charles Clark service manager testified at trial that he informed Garcia that the Corvette's
engine needed to be replaced and that, although Garcia was upset about that diagnosis,
he agreed to the repair. Garcia does not deny he signed the contract but testified that he
never authorized replacement of the engine. He stated that, at some point before the
engine was replaced, he went to the dealership and that the Corvette was running at that
time. Garcia testified that the service manager told him at that meeting that there were still
problems with the engine—a clunking noise that Garcia stated he could not hear—and that
further repairs were needed. In his testimony at trial, Garcia insisted that he was never
informed, prior to the engine being replaced, that engine replacement was the repair
needed. Garcia stated that the only repair he agreed to was a repair to the alternator and
that he tendered payment of $1,500 to Charles Clark to cover that repair.
Because it is within the fact finder's—here, the trial court's—sole province to resolve
conflicting testimony, we must conclude that there was legally sufficient evidence that
Garcia did not authorize the engine replacement in the Corvette. See Ins. Network of Tex.
v. Kloesel, 266 S.W.3d 456, 469 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2008, pet. denied) (citing City
of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819) (holding that the fact finder is the ultimate judge of a
witness's credibility, that it may choose to believe one witness over another, and that we
may not impose our own opinion to the contrary). And having concluded that the evidence
10 supported the trial court's implied finding that the engine replacement was not authorized
by Garcia, we also conclude Charles Clark failed to demonstrate that the evidence
conclusively established its affirmative defense that it held a possessory lien on the
Corvette. See Tricon Tool, 226 S.W.3d at 501; Hydra-Rig, Inc., 707 S.W.2d at 290
(holding that there can be no valid worker's lien if the repairs made to the property were not
authorized by the owner). Therefore, there was more than a scintilla of evidence that
Charles Clark wrongfully exercised dominion or control over the Corvette inconsistent with
Garcia's rights. See Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d at 450; Smith, 136 S.W.3d at 341-42; see also
Worford, 801 S.W.2d at 109 (holding that a trial court's judgment must be affirmed if it can
be upheld on any legal theory that finds support in the evidence). Charles Clark's second
issue is overruled.
III. TITLE TO THE CORVETTE
By its fourth and final issue, Charles Clark argues that the trial court's judgment is
erroneous because it awards damages for conversion without disposing of title to the
Corvette. We agree. A successful suit for conversion amounts to a forced sale, and the
judgment in that case must provide that upon payment of money damages, the ownership
of the property is to vest in the defendant. See Virgil T. Walker Constr. Co., Inc. v. Flores,
710 S.W.2d 159, 161 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1986, no writ) (citing Fox v. Am. Propane,
Inc., 508 S.W.2d 426, 428 (Tex. Civ. App.–Austin 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.)). Here, the
judgment awards money damages to Garcia but fails to vest ownership of the Corvette in
Charles Clark. The trial court erred in entering this judgment without a provision disposing
of title to the Corvette in Charles Clark's favor. See Fox, 508 S.W.2d at 428. Charles
Clark's fourth issue is therefore sustained.
11 IV. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed insofar as it awards damages to Garcia
for the fair market value of the Corvette reduced by the amount of money he received from
his insurance carrier. However, we reverse the judgment to the extent it fails to dispose
of title to the Corvette, and in light of the outstanding debt still owed by Garcia on the
Corvette,7 we remand for further proceedings to dispose of title to the car and, if necessary,
adjust the money damages accordingly.
NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ Justice
Delivered and filed the 8th day of April, 2010.
7 See Fox v. Am. Propane, Inc., 508 S.W .2d 426, 428-29 (Tex. Civ. App.–Austin 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (reasoning that a plaintiff's recovery in conversion could potentially be lim ited by his equity of redem ption because "while [a] wrongdoer is not allowed to profit from his own wrongdoing, the sam e rule should apply to the party allegedly aggrieved.").