GILBERT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). [1] It the of the .plaintiffs that it was error to overrule the demurrer, and error to admit in evidence the correspondence other than the letter of January 27, 1916, and the reply thereto, that those two letters comprised the whole of the contract, and that the legal effect thereof could not be varied by proof of other correspondence or conversations between the plaintiffs and the defendants and the officers of. the Pacific Coast Steel Company; and the plaintiffs invoke the rule that all letters and conversations leading up to a written contract are merged therein, and that the terms of the contract, where they are clear and unambiguous, cannot be varied by proof of prior communications. The plaintiffs were the traffic managers of the Pacific Coast Steel Company. It is not denied that in that capacity they acted in all the negotiations with the defendants prior to the letter of January 27, 1916. This is not disproved by the fact that on January 22, 1916, in a letter introduced by the plaintiffs, the defendants wrote to the plaintiffs stating that the space is reserved “in your name.” The fact that the space was reserved in the name of the plaintiffs is not inconsistent with the ■evidence that .they were acting as the traffic agents of the Steel Company. In Ford v. Williams, 21 How. 287, 16 L. Ed. 36, it was said:
[853] “Notwithstanding the rule of law that an agreement reduced to writing may not be contradicted or varied by parol, it is well settled that the principal may show that the agent who made the contract in his own name was acting for' him. This proof does not contradict the writing; it only explains the transaction.”
But the plaintiffs contend that such evidence is admissible only where the principal was undisclosed, and not in cases where, as here, the principal was known. It is true that some of the state courts have so held, as in Ferguson v. McBean, 91 Cal. 63, 27 Pac. 518, 14 L. R. A. 65, a case relied upon by the plaintiffs. This illogical rule, however, never obtained in the federal courts, and the state courts have generally yielded to the more just and equitable doctrine that the principal may he disclosed whether the contract purports to be that of the agent, or is made in the name of the agent as principal, and that it is immaterial whether or not the principal was undisclosed. In Byington v. Simpson, 134 Mass. 169, 45 Am. Rep. 314, Judge Holmes, answering the argument that inasmuch as the plaintiffs knew of the existence of a principal before the contract was made, and were contented to accept a written agreement which, on its face bound the agent, they must be taken to have dealt with, and to have given credit to the agent alone, said:
"We are of opinion that the plaintiffs’ knowledge does not make their case any weaker than it would have been without it.”
And in Curran v. Holland, 141 Cal. 437, 75 Pac. 46, the Supreme Court of California in effect overruled Ferguson v. McBean, citing Reinhard on Agency, § 223, as follows:
“While extrinsic evidence, except in the instances heretofore pointed out, will not generally be received to vary or contradict the contents of a written instrument, such evidence is always admissible to charge with liability an undisclosed principal, or one who, though disclosed is not named in the instrument.”
In Exchange Bank v. Hubbard, 62 Fed. 112, 10 C. C. A. 295, the court said:
“In order to charge the real principal, it is always competent, in whatever form a parol or written contract is executed by an agent, to ascertain by evidence dehors the instrument who is the principal, whether it purports to be the contract of an agent, or is made in the name of the agent as principal; and the real principal may be held, although the other party knew that the person who executed as principal was in fact the agent of another.”
Among th¿ cases so holding are Nicoll v. Burke, 78 N. Y. 583; Edwards v. Gildemeister, 61 Kan. 141, 59 Pac. 259; Kelly v. Thuey, 143 Mo. 422, 45 S. W. 300; Stowell v. Eldred, 39 Wis. 626; Barbre v. Goodale, 28 Or. 465, 38 Pac. 67, 43 Pac. 378; Mitchell v. Land Co., 19 N. D. 736, 124 N. W. 946; Shenners v. Adams, 46 Okl. 368, 148 Pac. 1023; Flower v. Commercial Trust Co., 223 Fed. 318, 138 C. C. A. 580.
[2] The evidence to which the plaintiffs excepted shows that the letters on which the plaintiffs based their cause of action were two of a series of letters that passed between the plaintiffs and the defendants, and between the steel company and the defendants, beginning with December 2, 1915, all relating to shipments by the Pacific Coast Steel [854] Company of their bar iron and steel on the defendants’ vessels, and all naming the steel company as the party in interest in_the reservations for space made and sought to be made. The earlier letters refer to shipments to be made in February, 1916. On ’December 24th four letters were written by the plaintiffs to the defendants. They all contained the heading “Subject: Booking and Request for Option fot Space Account Pacific Coast Steel Company.” The first letter was for space for a shipment by the steel company to be made on March 23d. The second and third were for shipments to be made on April 22d. The fourth was for a shipment to be made on May 22d. On December 30, 1915, the plaintiffs wrote the defendants a letter with the heading “Subject: April Space on Account Pacific Coast Steel Company,” and confirming a conversation whereby space had been booked for shipment on April 22d, and on the same date they wrote a letter with the heading “Subject: May Option on Account Pacific Coast Steel Company,” confirming an agreement to ship 1,000 tons of bar iron on May 22d. The letter of January 10, 1916, is in line with the previous letters, and confirms the plaintiffs’ conversation with defendants concerning a shipment of 1,000 tons of bar steel on May 22d. On January 28, 1916, the Pacific Coast Steel Company wrote to the defendants confirming the booking of 1,110 tons of bar iron and steel for shipment on a vessel to sail February 19th, “in accordance with the booking made by Chápman '& Thompson.”
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GILBERT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). [1] It the of the .plaintiffs that it was error to overrule the demurrer, and error to admit in evidence the correspondence other than the letter of January 27, 1916, and the reply thereto, that those two letters comprised the whole of the contract, and that the legal effect thereof could not be varied by proof of other correspondence or conversations between the plaintiffs and the defendants and the officers of. the Pacific Coast Steel Company; and the plaintiffs invoke the rule that all letters and conversations leading up to a written contract are merged therein, and that the terms of the contract, where they are clear and unambiguous, cannot be varied by proof of prior communications. The plaintiffs were the traffic managers of the Pacific Coast Steel Company. It is not denied that in that capacity they acted in all the negotiations with the defendants prior to the letter of January 27, 1916. This is not disproved by the fact that on January 22, 1916, in a letter introduced by the plaintiffs, the defendants wrote to the plaintiffs stating that the space is reserved “in your name.” The fact that the space was reserved in the name of the plaintiffs is not inconsistent with the ■evidence that .they were acting as the traffic agents of the Steel Company. In Ford v. Williams, 21 How. 287, 16 L. Ed. 36, it was said:
[853] “Notwithstanding the rule of law that an agreement reduced to writing may not be contradicted or varied by parol, it is well settled that the principal may show that the agent who made the contract in his own name was acting for' him. This proof does not contradict the writing; it only explains the transaction.”
But the plaintiffs contend that such evidence is admissible only where the principal was undisclosed, and not in cases where, as here, the principal was known. It is true that some of the state courts have so held, as in Ferguson v. McBean, 91 Cal. 63, 27 Pac. 518, 14 L. R. A. 65, a case relied upon by the plaintiffs. This illogical rule, however, never obtained in the federal courts, and the state courts have generally yielded to the more just and equitable doctrine that the principal may he disclosed whether the contract purports to be that of the agent, or is made in the name of the agent as principal, and that it is immaterial whether or not the principal was undisclosed. In Byington v. Simpson, 134 Mass. 169, 45 Am. Rep. 314, Judge Holmes, answering the argument that inasmuch as the plaintiffs knew of the existence of a principal before the contract was made, and were contented to accept a written agreement which, on its face bound the agent, they must be taken to have dealt with, and to have given credit to the agent alone, said:
"We are of opinion that the plaintiffs’ knowledge does not make their case any weaker than it would have been without it.”
And in Curran v. Holland, 141 Cal. 437, 75 Pac. 46, the Supreme Court of California in effect overruled Ferguson v. McBean, citing Reinhard on Agency, § 223, as follows:
“While extrinsic evidence, except in the instances heretofore pointed out, will not generally be received to vary or contradict the contents of a written instrument, such evidence is always admissible to charge with liability an undisclosed principal, or one who, though disclosed is not named in the instrument.”
In Exchange Bank v. Hubbard, 62 Fed. 112, 10 C. C. A. 295, the court said:
“In order to charge the real principal, it is always competent, in whatever form a parol or written contract is executed by an agent, to ascertain by evidence dehors the instrument who is the principal, whether it purports to be the contract of an agent, or is made in the name of the agent as principal; and the real principal may be held, although the other party knew that the person who executed as principal was in fact the agent of another.”
Among th¿ cases so holding are Nicoll v. Burke, 78 N. Y. 583; Edwards v. Gildemeister, 61 Kan. 141, 59 Pac. 259; Kelly v. Thuey, 143 Mo. 422, 45 S. W. 300; Stowell v. Eldred, 39 Wis. 626; Barbre v. Goodale, 28 Or. 465, 38 Pac. 67, 43 Pac. 378; Mitchell v. Land Co., 19 N. D. 736, 124 N. W. 946; Shenners v. Adams, 46 Okl. 368, 148 Pac. 1023; Flower v. Commercial Trust Co., 223 Fed. 318, 138 C. C. A. 580.
[2] The evidence to which the plaintiffs excepted shows that the letters on which the plaintiffs based their cause of action were two of a series of letters that passed between the plaintiffs and the defendants, and between the steel company and the defendants, beginning with December 2, 1915, all relating to shipments by the Pacific Coast Steel [854] Company of their bar iron and steel on the defendants’ vessels, and all naming the steel company as the party in interest in_the reservations for space made and sought to be made. The earlier letters refer to shipments to be made in February, 1916. On ’December 24th four letters were written by the plaintiffs to the defendants. They all contained the heading “Subject: Booking and Request for Option fot Space Account Pacific Coast Steel Company.” The first letter was for space for a shipment by the steel company to be made on March 23d. The second and third were for shipments to be made on April 22d. The fourth was for a shipment to be made on May 22d. On December 30, 1915, the plaintiffs wrote the defendants a letter with the heading “Subject: April Space on Account Pacific Coast Steel Company,” and confirming a conversation whereby space had been booked for shipment on April 22d, and on the same date they wrote a letter with the heading “Subject: May Option on Account Pacific Coast Steel Company,” confirming an agreement to ship 1,000 tons of bar iron on May 22d. The letter of January 10, 1916, is in line with the previous letters, and confirms the plaintiffs’ conversation with defendants concerning a shipment of 1,000 tons of bar steel on May 22d. On January 28, 1916, the Pacific Coast Steel Company wrote to the defendants confirming the booking of 1,110 tons of bar iron and steel for shipment on a vessel to sail February 19th, “in accordance with the booking made by Chápman '& Thompson.”
The letter of January 27, 1916, sent by the plaintiffs to the defendants, and which the plaintiffs say is a part of their contract, contains no mention of the Pacific Coast Steel Company by name. It presents, however, a résumé of previous arrangements, as evidenced by the preceding correspondence, and aside from its contents it is identified with the prior correspondence by the allegation of the complaint that prior to January 27, 1916, the plaintiffs had requested the defendants to reserve for them space in the steamers of defendants sailing from San Francisco to Hong Kong and Manila during the months of February, March, April, May, and June, 1916. It first speaks of the February shipment of 1,110 tons, evidently referring to the 360 tons and 750 tons mentioned in the letters from December 2 to December 10, 1915. It next speaks of the March shipment of 1,000 tons, referring thereby to the booking made by letter of December 24th, reserving space for 300 tons and asking for space up to' 1,000 tons. Then follows the reference to “April shipment 1,000 tons.” This is explained by the previous bookings made by two letters of December 24th for 750 and 250 tons, confirmed by the letter of December 30th. It is unnecessary to consider the further contents of the letter of January 27th, for the plaintiffs admit that their cause of action is limited .to the alleged breaches of contract as to the March and April shipments. In brief, the whole correspondence shows that from first to last the plaintiffs were acting as the traffic managers of the Pacific Coast Steel Company, and that they had no interest in the contracts. In one of their letters of December 24, 1915, they claimed that preference should be given the Steel Company oyer Eastern manufacturers, for the reason that:
. “Our steel is 'manufactured, at San Francisco, and our only opportunity of shipping it is via the lines sailing from this port”
[855] The plaintiffs base their claim for damages, not on the refusal of the defendants to ship goods for the Pacific Coast Steel Company, or goods of their own. They admit that they had no goods to ship. They claim damages only for the loss of profits which they might have made by selling space to other shippers at greatly advanced freight rates. If by their letter of January 27th they intended to reserve space, not for their principal, but in their individual capacity, and for speculation on their own account, they never disclosed that fact to the defendants, and the minds of the contracting parties never met upon such an understanding. We are of the opinion that the court below committed no error in overruling the demurrer to the answer, in admitting evidence, or in directing the jury to return a verdict for the defendants.
The judgment is affirmed.