Mr. Chief Justice Breese
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This was an action for an unlawful arrest and malicious prosecution, brought to the McLean Circuit Court, by John Cawrey, against David W. Chapman, and a verdict for the plaintiff. ‘A motion for a new trial was overruled, and also a motion.in arrest of judgment, and judgment rendered on the verdict.
To reverse this judgment the defendant has appealed to this court, and makes the point, that the evidence does not show the prosecution was malicious, and that it does show there was probable cause.
It is well settled, if there be probable cause for the prosecution, it is immaterial that the prosecutor was actuated Joy; malice, and it is also held that malice may be. inferred ií¡|jrhei’e be no probable cause.
Probable cause is defined, by this court, to be a reasonable'''-' ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sujÉreiáítíy §• strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in tlie Belief] that the person accused is guilty of the offense charged. Ross v. Innis, 35 Ill. 487.
In examining the testimony on this point, no reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by any circumstances, existed, at the time of this transaction, or linked with it, to warrant a cautious and prudent man to believe that appellee was guilty of any criminal offense in entering the premises in the manner he did. They had been rented to him at a stipulated rent, which he had paid, and if he was holding over after the expiration of his term, that did not warrant appellant in the course he took to regain possession of them. The lessee had left them for a temporary purpose merely, leaving all he had, in them, including the bed on which he slept, and when he' returned at night, finding the entrance closed, he had a right to force the obstruction and enter. Such an entry could hardly be deemed burglarious, nor, indeed, did appellant, in his complaint to the magistrate, charge, in terms, the breaking to be felonious. The most that can be inferred from the complaint was a breach of the peace, accompanied by a threat of homicide. But this threat to kill was conditional—if appellant interfered with him—and that was made after appellee had got into possession of the shop. Such a threat is no ground for a criminal prosecution; on the contrary, it might prevent a violation of law by the party threatened. If a person, in the exercise of a right, is approached by another in a menacing manner, and is told, if he does the act his menaces indicated, he would kill him, such a declaration, instead of a threat to kill, should be rather regarded as a warning to the other party not to do violence. Admitting the breaking and entering the shop of appellee was, under the circumstances, a technical breach of the peace, did it justify appellant in arresting him, in the manner he was arrested, at midnight, asleep in his bed on the premises, and conveyed two miles to a prison, there confined thirty-six hours, and on a hearing discharged, and an opportunity refused him, before he was taken off, to go a few rods to obtain bail ?
Why these harsh and hasty proceedings against him at that unusual hour of the night, of all which appellant was the causeless instigator, and in all which he was such an active participant? It is not pretended there was any danger plaintiff would escape, and thus avoid the punishment due him for taking possession of premises he had rented, if any could be inflicted for such an act. Malice, on the part of appellant, crops out in every part of this transaction—a wicked desire to subject the appellee, not only to great annoyance, but to the disgrace of being taken to the county jail, a place not usually a fit receptacle for a convicted criminal, is very manifest. Appellant well knew there was no necessity for such harsh proceedings. He knew he could recover possession of the premises, if unlawfully withheld, by a civil action and in due course of law. Why, then, at such an hour of the night of Saturday, resort to this criminal proceeding, deny him an opportunity to get bail for his appearance on Monday, if it was not from a wicked desire to jail him, and in this way punish him for his supposed wrong and aggression ?
We fail to see one single circumstance in the case tending to exonerate appellant from the imputation of malice, they all conspiring to fix that charge upon him most unmistakably.
Were, then, the damages excessive ? One thousand dollars in a case like this, so far from being outrageously excessive, as claimed by appellant, are moderate. In the case of Reno v. Wilson, 49 Ill. 95, in a case for a causeless arrest on a charge of larceny, on which the plaintiff had been arrested and imprisoned some twenty-four hours, this court refused to set aside a verdict according the plaintiff seventeen hundred dollars damages. The circumstances attending the arrest and prosecution in that case, saving and excepting the nature of the charge, were not so aggravated as in this case, but we put the case on the high ground of the inviolability of personal rights; on the enormity of resorting to criminal process when no crime was committed and no just suspicion of one; on the right which every man has, no matter how humble, to the protection of the laws, and to invoke them when they are violated in his person.
Appellant makes the further point, that plaintiff’s instructions should not have been given. They are as follows, and embody the law of the case on the point contained in them:
“ The court instructs the jury, on behalf of the plaintiff, that if they believe, on the evidence, that the defendant maliciously caused the arrest and imprisonment of the plaintiff without a probable cause, as alleged in the declaration, they will find for the plaintiff, and may assess his damages at what they may think proper from the circumstances of the case, not exceeding the sum of $5,000.
“ The court further instructs the jury, that if they believe, from the facts and circumstances as given in evidence, that the defendant had not a probable cause for the prosecution, they may infer malice from such want of probable cause.
“The court further instructs the jury, that to constitute a prohahle cause for a criminal prosecution there must be a reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in the belief that the person accused is guilty of the offense charged.”
The court gave seven instructions for the defendant, which fully embodied the law on his side of the case, the fourth of which was as follows:
“ If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the defendant honestly believed that the plaintiff had committed a crime, breach of the peace, or misdemeanor, or had threatened to commit a crime, misdemeanor, or breach of the peace, and if defendant’s belief was founded on circumstances tending to show that he had committed, or was about to commit, such offense, such belief, so founded, negatives the idea of want of probable cause for the prosecution, and the jury will find for the defendant.”
The court then refused the following, of which refusal appellant complains:
“ 8.
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Mr. Chief Justice Breese
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This was an action for an unlawful arrest and malicious prosecution, brought to the McLean Circuit Court, by John Cawrey, against David W. Chapman, and a verdict for the plaintiff. ‘A motion for a new trial was overruled, and also a motion.in arrest of judgment, and judgment rendered on the verdict.
To reverse this judgment the defendant has appealed to this court, and makes the point, that the evidence does not show the prosecution was malicious, and that it does show there was probable cause.
It is well settled, if there be probable cause for the prosecution, it is immaterial that the prosecutor was actuated Joy; malice, and it is also held that malice may be. inferred ií¡|jrhei’e be no probable cause.
Probable cause is defined, by this court, to be a reasonable'''-' ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sujÉreiáítíy §• strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in tlie Belief] that the person accused is guilty of the offense charged. Ross v. Innis, 35 Ill. 487.
In examining the testimony on this point, no reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by any circumstances, existed, at the time of this transaction, or linked with it, to warrant a cautious and prudent man to believe that appellee was guilty of any criminal offense in entering the premises in the manner he did. They had been rented to him at a stipulated rent, which he had paid, and if he was holding over after the expiration of his term, that did not warrant appellant in the course he took to regain possession of them. The lessee had left them for a temporary purpose merely, leaving all he had, in them, including the bed on which he slept, and when he' returned at night, finding the entrance closed, he had a right to force the obstruction and enter. Such an entry could hardly be deemed burglarious, nor, indeed, did appellant, in his complaint to the magistrate, charge, in terms, the breaking to be felonious. The most that can be inferred from the complaint was a breach of the peace, accompanied by a threat of homicide. But this threat to kill was conditional—if appellant interfered with him—and that was made after appellee had got into possession of the shop. Such a threat is no ground for a criminal prosecution; on the contrary, it might prevent a violation of law by the party threatened. If a person, in the exercise of a right, is approached by another in a menacing manner, and is told, if he does the act his menaces indicated, he would kill him, such a declaration, instead of a threat to kill, should be rather regarded as a warning to the other party not to do violence. Admitting the breaking and entering the shop of appellee was, under the circumstances, a technical breach of the peace, did it justify appellant in arresting him, in the manner he was arrested, at midnight, asleep in his bed on the premises, and conveyed two miles to a prison, there confined thirty-six hours, and on a hearing discharged, and an opportunity refused him, before he was taken off, to go a few rods to obtain bail ?
Why these harsh and hasty proceedings against him at that unusual hour of the night, of all which appellant was the causeless instigator, and in all which he was such an active participant? It is not pretended there was any danger plaintiff would escape, and thus avoid the punishment due him for taking possession of premises he had rented, if any could be inflicted for such an act. Malice, on the part of appellant, crops out in every part of this transaction—a wicked desire to subject the appellee, not only to great annoyance, but to the disgrace of being taken to the county jail, a place not usually a fit receptacle for a convicted criminal, is very manifest. Appellant well knew there was no necessity for such harsh proceedings. He knew he could recover possession of the premises, if unlawfully withheld, by a civil action and in due course of law. Why, then, at such an hour of the night of Saturday, resort to this criminal proceeding, deny him an opportunity to get bail for his appearance on Monday, if it was not from a wicked desire to jail him, and in this way punish him for his supposed wrong and aggression ?
We fail to see one single circumstance in the case tending to exonerate appellant from the imputation of malice, they all conspiring to fix that charge upon him most unmistakably.
Were, then, the damages excessive ? One thousand dollars in a case like this, so far from being outrageously excessive, as claimed by appellant, are moderate. In the case of Reno v. Wilson, 49 Ill. 95, in a case for a causeless arrest on a charge of larceny, on which the plaintiff had been arrested and imprisoned some twenty-four hours, this court refused to set aside a verdict according the plaintiff seventeen hundred dollars damages. The circumstances attending the arrest and prosecution in that case, saving and excepting the nature of the charge, were not so aggravated as in this case, but we put the case on the high ground of the inviolability of personal rights; on the enormity of resorting to criminal process when no crime was committed and no just suspicion of one; on the right which every man has, no matter how humble, to the protection of the laws, and to invoke them when they are violated in his person.
Appellant makes the further point, that plaintiff’s instructions should not have been given. They are as follows, and embody the law of the case on the point contained in them:
“ The court instructs the jury, on behalf of the plaintiff, that if they believe, on the evidence, that the defendant maliciously caused the arrest and imprisonment of the plaintiff without a probable cause, as alleged in the declaration, they will find for the plaintiff, and may assess his damages at what they may think proper from the circumstances of the case, not exceeding the sum of $5,000.
“ The court further instructs the jury, that if they believe, from the facts and circumstances as given in evidence, that the defendant had not a probable cause for the prosecution, they may infer malice from such want of probable cause.
“The court further instructs the jury, that to constitute a prohahle cause for a criminal prosecution there must be a reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in the belief that the person accused is guilty of the offense charged.”
The court gave seven instructions for the defendant, which fully embodied the law on his side of the case, the fourth of which was as follows:
“ If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the defendant honestly believed that the plaintiff had committed a crime, breach of the peace, or misdemeanor, or had threatened to commit a crime, misdemeanor, or breach of the peace, and if defendant’s belief was founded on circumstances tending to show that he had committed, or was about to commit, such offense, such belief, so founded, negatives the idea of want of probable cause for the prosecution, and the jury will find for the defendant.”
The court then refused the following, of which refusal appellant complains:
“ 8. If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the plaintiff violently broke and entered the defendant’s storehouse, where he had no rights, that was a breach of the peace for which he was liable to arrest and punishment; and if the jury find, from the evidence, that defendant honestly believed that plaintiff had no right to so break and enter said storehouse, and that his said belief was founded on circumstances tending to show a reasonably prudent man that plaintiff had committed such offense, this constituted probable cause, and the jury will find for the defendant.
“ 9. If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the plaintiff’s character for sobriety, respect for law, and propriety of conduct as a citizen, is bad; and, if they further believe, that defendant sustains a good character in those respects, this is evidence tending to show that defendant had probable cause for making the affidavit.
“ 10. The court further instructs the jury, that it is the duty of every citizen to aid in bringing criminals to justice by giving information and testifying before the proper magistrate relative to any crime or misdemeanor that may have been, or is about to be, committed; and it is not the policy of the law to subject persons who have in good faith, without malice and with probable cause, entered complaint against a supposed criminal, to inconvenience and expense of defending suits for malicious prosecution, because of such legitimate discharge of their legal obligations and duties.
“11. If the jury believe, from the evidence, that the plaintiff threatened to kill the defendant, or do him some serious bodily harm, if he interfered with plaintiff while he was making violent entry into defendant’s storehouse, or after plaintiff had made such entry, and the defendant had previously taken peaceable possession of such storehouse and closed it; and if it appear, from the evidence, that the defendant honestly believed that plaintiff had no right to enter such storehouse, and if such belief was founded on such facts or circumstances tending to show that such belief was correct; and if the jury believe, from the evidence, that the threats so made by.plaintiff were such, considering all the circumstances and the character and condition of the plaintiff, as would naturally excite the fear of an ordinary man, and lead him to fear that plaintiff would do him some bodily harm, this is probable cause, and the jury will find for the defendant.”
The objections to these instructions are quite obvious, and, moreover, so far as the eighth is concerned, the court, in the fourth instruction, as above, had given the law on the point, more favorably than the defendant claims in this instruction. As to the ninth, there was no evidence before the jury of defendant’s character in any respect.
The tenth instruction contains merely an abstract legal proposition, which, as we have often held, there could be no error in refusing.
As to the eleventh instruction, the point of it was contained in the fourth, and the court was not required to state it again, and in such a manner as to draw the attention of the jury to particular facts, nor is it proper to inject into it an argument, as this seems to do, and the court properly refused it.
Upon the whole record, we are of opinion substantial justice has been done, and no such errors have occurred in the rulings of the court, on the evidence or otherwise, as would justify the interference of this court.
The judgment must be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.