Mr. Justice Duncan
delivered the opinion of the court :
This appeal is prosecuted by Katherine Fisher to reverse the order and judgment of the circuit court of Henderson county admitting the will of David Bryans, deceased, to probate. The cause was heretofore before this court for review of an order dismissing the appeal in this case from the county court to the circuit court of said county. The decision of this court reversing the former judgment of the circuit court and remanding the cause for hearing upon the merits is reported in Chandler v. Fisher, 285 Ill. 57, reference to which is made for a more complete statement of the case.
It is first alleged by appellant that there is no proof in the record of the mental capacity of the testator to make a will at the time it was executed. At the time the testator executed his will, July 27, 1909, he was near eighty years of age. On that date he went to the home of his neighbor, George A. Riley, with the instrument in question already prepared by himself or by another for him and signed by himself, and stated to Riley that it was his will and asked him to sign it as a witness. He then went to the home of another neighbor, Archie L. Welch, and made the same statement to Welch and asked him to sign the instrument as a witness. He then went to the home of a third neighbor, Gus A. Johnson, and made the same statement and request, in substance, to Johnson. All three of his neighbors signed the will in the presence of the testator, as requested by him, and there is no question as to the fact that the will was thus witnessed in the presence of the testator and that the testator saw them write their names as such witnesses. The witnesses did not sign the will in the presence of each other, but each one of them attested the will out of the presence of both the other two attesting witnesses.
Gus A. Johnson testified that he had known the testator about seven years prior to 1909 and lived one-half mile from him; that the testator came to his house and said he had a will that he wanted him to sign as a witness; that the testator laid it on the table and witness signed it in his presence and noticed the signature of the testator to the will at the time he signed as a witness. He was then asked if he believed that David Bryans was then of sound mind and memory, and replied, “No; he was getting pretty old.”
The testimony of George A. Riley on the question of the mental capacity of the testator is, in substance, that he had known him about forty-seven years, never lived farther than ten or twelve miles from him, and had lived on a farm adjoining that of the testator for six years just preceding the signing of the will; that when the testator drove up to his house on that day he asked him to come in, and the testator replied that he didn’t have time; that he laid the will on his lap or knee and asked witness to sign it, and he signed it; that he said he wanted to fix his property SO' his sons-in-law couldn’t spend it away from his daughters, and that that was about all he said about it. He further testified that he didn’t consider that the testator’s memory was in very good condition, and that he was mad and “out of sorts” and very nervous.
The other attesting witness, Welch, testified that Bryans asked him to sign the instrument as his last will and testament as a witness, and that he had known Bryans as long as he could remember. When interrogated as to his belief on the question of soundness of mind and memory of Bryans, he answered that he could not swear exactly; that he did not think he was of sound mind and memory but was more or less childish; that it was hard for him to say whether Bryans knew what property he had and what he wanted to do with it, but that Bryans certainly thought he knew; that Bryans was not one he would call of unsound mind but was what he would call childish. He further testified that he saw Bryans generally as often as once a week and sometimes oftener and talked to him frequently; that at the time he witnessed the will Bryans was doing truck work on his farm, and that he was in about his usual condition, mentally, on the day he signed his will; that he was about as childish as the average man at his age and that he wouldn’t consider him capable of making a deed or knowing of his property at that time; that he does not consider a childish person capable of transacting ordinary affairs of life at all times, and that he did not consider Bryans capable of transacting the ordinary affairs of life at all times.
The attestation clause of the will is, in substance, that it was subscribed by David" Bryans, the testator, in the presence of the attesting witnesses, and was at the same time declared by him to be his last will and testament, and that the attesting witnesses at his request signed their names thereto in his presence as attesting witnesses.
Nine other witnesses were called by the proponents of the will who had known the testator intimately for a number o'f years. Two of them were bankers with whom the testator did banking business, and they testified that he had deposits with them and transacted his banking business with them during the years 1908, 1909 and 1910. . Another was a grain dealer, who testified that the testator did business with him during the years 1908, 1909 and 1910. Another was a lawyer in active practice, who testified that the testator was a client of his and that he frequently visited his office in the years 1908 and 1909, and that in the latter year, both before and after July, he consulted witness on legal matters in which he was interested. The other five witnesses were farmers and near neighbors who saw the testator often, and some of them visited him often. Several of them had transacted business with him and had talked with him about various matters connected with farming and truck raising. From the testimony of these witnesses it appears clearly that the deceased had transacted his own business with his banks, with his lawyer, with his grain dealer, and with various other parties to whom he had sold hogs, cattle, apples and other farm produce. Many of these witnesses knew him continuously until his death, in February, 1917. All of these witnesses testified that .the testator was a very bright and clear-minded man until his death, was well posted on the current topics of the day and talked politics and other matters a great deal. -They are positive in o their testimony that while he grew weaker, physically, as he grew "older-, his mind remained unusually clear until his death, and that they never noticed any change in his mind or any loss of memory at any time during their acquaintance. While no one of these witnesses was able to state from memory that he saw the testator on the day he executed his will, yet several of them are able to state that' they saw him and talked.with him in the months of May and June, and probably in July, of that year, and in the months following July, in which months he was shown to be transacting his usual business. They all testified positively that the testator was of sound mind, and memory and mentally competent to transact, and did transact, his ordinary and usual business affairs.
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Mr. Justice Duncan
delivered the opinion of the court :
This appeal is prosecuted by Katherine Fisher to reverse the order and judgment of the circuit court of Henderson county admitting the will of David Bryans, deceased, to probate. The cause was heretofore before this court for review of an order dismissing the appeal in this case from the county court to the circuit court of said county. The decision of this court reversing the former judgment of the circuit court and remanding the cause for hearing upon the merits is reported in Chandler v. Fisher, 285 Ill. 57, reference to which is made for a more complete statement of the case.
It is first alleged by appellant that there is no proof in the record of the mental capacity of the testator to make a will at the time it was executed. At the time the testator executed his will, July 27, 1909, he was near eighty years of age. On that date he went to the home of his neighbor, George A. Riley, with the instrument in question already prepared by himself or by another for him and signed by himself, and stated to Riley that it was his will and asked him to sign it as a witness. He then went to the home of another neighbor, Archie L. Welch, and made the same statement to Welch and asked him to sign the instrument as a witness. He then went to the home of a third neighbor, Gus A. Johnson, and made the same statement and request, in substance, to Johnson. All three of his neighbors signed the will in the presence of the testator, as requested by him, and there is no question as to the fact that the will was thus witnessed in the presence of the testator and that the testator saw them write their names as such witnesses. The witnesses did not sign the will in the presence of each other, but each one of them attested the will out of the presence of both the other two attesting witnesses.
Gus A. Johnson testified that he had known the testator about seven years prior to 1909 and lived one-half mile from him; that the testator came to his house and said he had a will that he wanted him to sign as a witness; that the testator laid it on the table and witness signed it in his presence and noticed the signature of the testator to the will at the time he signed as a witness. He was then asked if he believed that David Bryans was then of sound mind and memory, and replied, “No; he was getting pretty old.”
The testimony of George A. Riley on the question of the mental capacity of the testator is, in substance, that he had known him about forty-seven years, never lived farther than ten or twelve miles from him, and had lived on a farm adjoining that of the testator for six years just preceding the signing of the will; that when the testator drove up to his house on that day he asked him to come in, and the testator replied that he didn’t have time; that he laid the will on his lap or knee and asked witness to sign it, and he signed it; that he said he wanted to fix his property SO' his sons-in-law couldn’t spend it away from his daughters, and that that was about all he said about it. He further testified that he didn’t consider that the testator’s memory was in very good condition, and that he was mad and “out of sorts” and very nervous.
The other attesting witness, Welch, testified that Bryans asked him to sign the instrument as his last will and testament as a witness, and that he had known Bryans as long as he could remember. When interrogated as to his belief on the question of soundness of mind and memory of Bryans, he answered that he could not swear exactly; that he did not think he was of sound mind and memory but was more or less childish; that it was hard for him to say whether Bryans knew what property he had and what he wanted to do with it, but that Bryans certainly thought he knew; that Bryans was not one he would call of unsound mind but was what he would call childish. He further testified that he saw Bryans generally as often as once a week and sometimes oftener and talked to him frequently; that at the time he witnessed the will Bryans was doing truck work on his farm, and that he was in about his usual condition, mentally, on the day he signed his will; that he was about as childish as the average man at his age and that he wouldn’t consider him capable of making a deed or knowing of his property at that time; that he does not consider a childish person capable of transacting ordinary affairs of life at all times, and that he did not consider Bryans capable of transacting the ordinary affairs of life at all times.
The attestation clause of the will is, in substance, that it was subscribed by David" Bryans, the testator, in the presence of the attesting witnesses, and was at the same time declared by him to be his last will and testament, and that the attesting witnesses at his request signed their names thereto in his presence as attesting witnesses.
Nine other witnesses were called by the proponents of the will who had known the testator intimately for a number o'f years. Two of them were bankers with whom the testator did banking business, and they testified that he had deposits with them and transacted his banking business with them during the years 1908, 1909 and 1910. . Another was a grain dealer, who testified that the testator did business with him during the years 1908, 1909 and 1910. Another was a lawyer in active practice, who testified that the testator was a client of his and that he frequently visited his office in the years 1908 and 1909, and that in the latter year, both before and after July, he consulted witness on legal matters in which he was interested. The other five witnesses were farmers and near neighbors who saw the testator often, and some of them visited him often. Several of them had transacted business with him and had talked with him about various matters connected with farming and truck raising. From the testimony of these witnesses it appears clearly that the deceased had transacted his own business with his banks, with his lawyer, with his grain dealer, and with various other parties to whom he had sold hogs, cattle, apples and other farm produce. Many of these witnesses knew him continuously until his death, in February, 1917. All of these witnesses testified that .the testator was a very bright and clear-minded man until his death, was well posted on the current topics of the day and talked politics and other matters a great deal. -They are positive in o their testimony that while he grew weaker, physically, as he grew "older-, his mind remained unusually clear until his death, and that they never noticed any change in his mind or any loss of memory at any time during their acquaintance. While no one of these witnesses was able to state from memory that he saw the testator on the day he executed his will, yet several of them are able to state that' they saw him and talked.with him in the months of May and June, and probably in July, of that year, and in the months following July, in which months he was shown to be transacting his usual business. They all testified positively that the testator was of sound mind, and memory and mentally competent to transact, and did transact, his ordinary and usual business affairs.
Since the amendment of 1909 to section 13 of the act on wills it is lawful for the party seeking to probate a will to support the same, on hearing in the circuit court, by any evidence competent to establish a will in chancery, if the probate of such will has either been allowed or refused by the county or probate court and an appeal taken to the circuit court from such order. By section 2 of the same statute the proponents of a will in the county or circuit court are required to present the testimony of at least two attesting witnesses that the requirements of the statute were complied with in executing the will, and also to present their testimony as to whether or not they believed the testator was of sound mind and memory. The contestants of the will on an appeal to the circuit court in such probate proceedings are confined to the testimony of the subscribing witnesses and to the cross-examination of the other witnesses offered by the proponents on the question of the mental condition of the testator. (Mayer v. Schrenkler, 286 Ill. 324.) The rule is now clearly established in this State that on an appeal from the county court to the circuit court in a proceeding to probate a will the proponents are neither limited nor bound by the testimony of the subscribing witnesses. In re Will of Barry, 219 Ill. 391; In re Will of Simon, 266 id. 304.
We have given the testimony of the three subscribing witnesses in full so far as it related to the question of mental soundness of the testator. No one of them testified to a single act of the testator, or to a single expression of any kind by him that indicated insanity. The conversations with the testator and these witnesses on that day are given in full. Without any apparent reason for the conclusion that the testator was not of sound mind and memory except the fact that he was old and somewhat childish or out of humor, these witnesses have expressed the opinion, in substance, that he was not able to transact ordinary business and that he was of unsound mind and memory, — or at least two of them have. They are not expert witnesses but are mere lay witnesses, and are not entitled to any more consideration than other lay witnesses by reason of the fact that they are attesting witnesses. We are disposed to consider these witnesses as absolutely honest and truthful and that they expressed their best judgment on the question of the mental capacity of the testator, but appellees are entitled to have the testimony of the other nine witnesses considered, and when that is done we have no hesitancy in saying that the judgment of the circuit court must be affirmed. They knew the testator no better than the attesting witnesses, but they relate facts upon which they base their judgments and opinions, and their testimony is absolutely convincing that the testator was of sound mind and memory and executed his will while in that condition. The best evidence of a person’s soundness of mind and memory is positive testimony that he can and does transact ordinary business, and that he transacts it intelligently and has continuously done so for years, both before and at the time his mental soundness is questioned. The record warrants the conclusion that the nine witnesses based their judgment that the testator was of sound mind and memory upon such evidence, and upon the further fact that they had never at any time discovered any evidence or circumstances indicating unsoundness of mind or memory. They make out a strong case in favor of the proposition that the testator was sound in mind and memory. To entitle the will to probate it was only necessary for appellees to prove that the testator, at the time he executed the will, had sufficient mind and memory to enable him to understand the particular business in which he was then engaged, and that he was able to remember the natural objects of his bounty, recall to mind his property and to make disposition of it understandingly, according to some purpose or plan in his mind. The will itself and the testimony in the record clearly show that the testator was competent to make the will and that it was properly admitted to probate.
Proof of mental condition of the testator prior and subsequent to the time of the making of the will is competent for the purpose of establishing mental capacity at the time the will was executed. ( Craig v. Southard, 148 Ill. 37; Nieman v. Schnitker, 181 id. 400.) Proof that the testator was enfeebled by the usual infirmities of old age and that he was childish does not establish a want of testamentary capacity. A witness who is not an expert may detail facts and circumstances upon which he bases an opinion of unsoundness of mind, but the mere opinion of such witness not based upon facts or circumstances which would induce a reasonable belief of insanity is entitled to but slight or no weight upon such question. Graham v. Deuterman, 244 Ill. 124; Brainard v. Brainard, 259 id. 613.
As it appears from the record that the wife of Gus A. Johnson and the father and mother of Archie L. Welch were present at the time the testator acknowledged the will it is argued that appellees were required to produce these witnesses in the circuit court, and having failed to do so the presumption should be indulged that their testimony would have been corroborative of that of those two subscribing witnesses. If that be true it could not be presumed that such witnesses could have testified to more facts, upon which to base a judgment of unsoundness of mind of the testator than did the subscribing witnesses themselves. The mere opinions of the three proposed witnesses as to mental unsoundness, based on such facts, would hot have availed to change the result had they so testified. As a .matter of fact, those witnesses were not shown to be within the jurisdiction of the court and able to testify on the trial, and if they had been, we know of no rule that would compel appellees to produce such witnesses, whether favorable or unfavorable. The statute only compels the attendance and testimony of the subscribing witnesses, and gives the proponents the privilege of introducing such other witnesses as they may choose, to establish the will.
The second ground urged by appellant for a reversal of the judgment is not tenable. The attesting witnesses did not sign as witnesses in the presence of each other at the time the will was acknowledged, but that is not necessary under our statute on wills. This court has twice considered that question and has as many times declared that it is not necessary that the two attesting witnesses should witness the will in the presence of each other and that the. statute contains no such requirement. (Flinn v. Owen, 58 Ill. 111; Rupp v. Jones, 289 id. 596.) Similar statutes have been construed in the same manner by the other courts of this country who have passed on this question. 1 Underhill on Wills, sec. 197; 40 Cyc. 1125.
The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.