Chan v. Severn

Opinion

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA25-567

Filed 1 April 2026

Iredell County, No. 21CVD002358-480

YUET CHAN, Plaintiff,

v.

DANIEL SEVERN, Defendant.

Appeal by Defendant from order and judgment entered 2 October 2024 by

Judge Thomas R. Young in Iredell County District Court. Heard in the Court of

Appeals 25 February 2026.

Ralston Benton Byerley & Moore, PLLC, by Matthew L. Benton, for Defendant-Appellant.

Pope McMillan, P.A., by Christian Kiechel and Clark D. Tew, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

COLLINS, Judge.

Defendant Daniel Severn appeals from order and judgment addressing

financial issues related to his divorce from Plaintiff Yuet Chan and awarding Plaintiff

child support and alimony. Defendant argues that numerous findings of fact are not

supported by the evidence, and that the child support and alimony awards are

erroneous. We agree with Defendant’s arguments for the most part and vacate and

remand. CHAN V. SEVERN

Opinion of the Court

I. Background

The parties married in August 2017 and separated approximately four years

later, in August 2021. The parties share one child, born in May 2018. The trial court

entered a permanent custody order in April 2024, awarding the parties joint physical

custody.

Plaintiff filed a complaint on 25 August 2021, seeking custody, child support,

divorce from bed and board, and attorney’s fees. She filed an amended complaint to

add claims for postseparation support, alimony, and equitable distribution.

Defendant filed an answer and counterclaims, seeking custody, child support, and

attorney’s fees. Both parties submitted affidavits of financial standing addressing

income and expenses, including childcare expenses. The parties were divorced on 14

August 2023. A multi‑day bench trial on equitable distribution, child support,

postseparation support, and alimony was held on various days in May, June, and July

2024.

The trial court entered an order and judgment on 2 October 2024, resolving all

pending claims and awarding Plaintiff child support and arrears in amounts

consistent with the North Carolina Child Support Guidelines and alimony.

Defendant appealed.

-2- CHAN V. SEVERN

II. Discussion

Defendant challenges numerous findings of fact as unsupported by competent

evidence and several conclusions of law and decretal paragraphs as erroneous

regarding child support and alimony.

A. Standard of Review

Generally, the trial court’s decision regarding alimony and child support is “left

to the sound discretion of the trial [court] and will not be disturbed on appeal unless

there has been a manifest abuse of that discretion.” Williamson v. Williamson, 217

N.C. App. 388, 390 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted). A trial court

abuses its discretion when it renders a decision that is “manifestly unsupported by

reason or one so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned

decision.” Briley v. Farabow, 348 N.C. 537, 547 (1998) (citations omitted).

“When the trial court sits without a jury, the standard of review on appeal is

whether there was competent evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact and

whether its conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts.” Williamson, 217

N.C. App. at 390 (quotation marks and citation omitted). A trial court’s findings of

fact are binding on appeal if supported by competent evidence, even where evidence

conflicts. Pulliam v. Smith, 348 N.C. 616, 625 (1998). The trial court’s conclusions

of law are reviewed de novo. Lee v. Lee, 167 N.C. App. 250, 253 (2004).

-3- CHAN V. SEVERN

B. Child Support

1. Plaintiff’s Income – Finding of Fact 30

Defendant first argues that Finding 30 addressing Plaintiff’s income is not

supported by competent evidence.

The trial court found Plaintiff’s income as follows:

2021: $31793.00 year/ $2649.42 month (ILiM)

2022: $31793.00 year/ $2649.42 month (ILiM)

2023: $36473.00 year/ $3039.00 month (ILiM/Keer America)

2024: $26000 year/ $2167.00 month (Kaleidoscope Learning)

The trial court’s finding regarding Plaintiff’s 2021 income is not supported by

competent evidence. Defendant introduced Plaintiff’s W‑2s and tax returns for 2022

and 2023. Plaintiff’s 2022 W-2 shows Plaintiff’s 2021 income as $9,217. Plaintiff

testified that she began working her job in September 2021, giving her three or four

taxable months of income in 2021. Dividing $9,217 by three results in a monthly

income of $3,090.33, and dividing it by four results in a monthly income of $2,304.25.

Neither calculation is $2,649.42, as the trial court found. Plaintiff asserts, “Plaintiff’s

monthly income in 2021 was $2,694.92, reflecting $9,217.00 divided by three in

2021 . . . .” Plaintiff’s calculation is incorrect.

-4- CHAN V. SEVERN

The findings regarding Plaintiff’s 2022 and 2023 income are supported by

competent evidence. Plaintiff’s W‑2s and tax returns for 2022 and 2023 show her

income for those years as follows:

2022: $31,793.08 in wages

2023: $36,473 total from two W‑2s ($5,330.75 from Keer America and $31,141.81 from ILiM)

Although Plaintiff testified that she earned “40k” at the job she secured right

before separation, the trial court reasonably credited the figures on Plaintiff’s W-2s

and tax returns over her colloquial “40k” response. See Grissom v. Cohen, 261 N.C.

App. 576, 587 (2018) (“The trial court has the discretion to determine the credibility

and weight of all the evidence, whether it was a written document or live testimony,

and this Court cannot re-weigh the evidence.”) As Plaintiff notes, Defendant cannot

now complain that the trial court relied upon the documents he presented.

The finding regarding Plaintiff’s 2024 income–“$26000 year/ $2167.00 month

(Kaleidoscope Learning)”–is not supported by competent evidence, as Plaintiff

concedes. From January through April 2024, Plaintiff earned $42,000 per year, or

$3,500 per month, at Keer America. Starting in May 2024, Plaintiff earned $26,000

year, or $2,167 per month, at Kaleidoscope Learning. When the $14,000 she earned

from Keer is added to the $17,336 she earned from Kaleidoscope Learning, Plaintiff

earned $31,336 in 2024. The trial court improperly applied Plaintiff’s post-May

income to the entire year.

-5- CHAN V. SEVERN

Accordingly, the trial court’s findings regarding Plaintiff’s 2022 and 2023

income are supported by competent evidence. However, the trial court’s findings

regarding Plaintiff’s 2021 and 2024 income are not supported by competent evidence.

2. Childcare Expenses – Finding of Fact 37

Defendant next argues that Finding 37 addressing the parties’ childcare

expenses is not supported by the evidence.

The trial court found the parties had the following monthly childcare expenses:

Party Year Expense

Plaintiff 2021 $911.00 (ILiM School)

Plaintiff 2022 $255.00 (Steele Creek)

Plaintiff 2023 $680.00 (Rivergate)

Plaintiff 2024 $680.00 (Rivergate)

Defendant 2021 $0.00

Defendant 2022 $0.00

Defendant 2023 $0.00

Defendant 2024 $0.00

Defendant argues, and Plaintiff concedes, that competent evidence does not

support the finding that Plaintiff’s 2021 childcare expenses were $911 per month.

Defendant also argues, and Plaintiff also concedes, that competent evidence does not

support the finding that Plaintiff paid $255 per month in childcare to Steele Creek in

-6- CHAN V. SEVERN

2022. Competent evidence likewise does not support a finding that Defendant paid

$0 in childcare in 2022.

Regarding 2023 and 2024 childcare expenses, Plaintiff averred in her affidavit

of financial standing that her necessary childcare expenses were $680 per month;

Defendant averred in his affidavit of financial standing that his necessary childcare

expenses were $0 per month. Plaintiff testified on cross examination that, although

weekly childcare expenses at the child’s school would be $110, she could not use that

childcare, so she used a taekwondo school as an alternative. The trial court’s implicit

determination that Plaintiff’s use of the taekwondo school as necessary childcare is

not challenged by Defendant. The trial court’s finding that Plaintiff’s necessary

childcare expenses in 2023 and 2024 were $680 per month while Defendant’s were $0

is supported by competent evidence, even if the record contains conflicting evidence.

Accordingly, the trial court’s findings regarding the parties’ 2023 and 2024

childcare expenses are supported by competent evidence. However, the trial court’s

findings concerning Plaintiff’s 2021 and 2022 childcare expenses and Defendant’s

2022 childcare expenses are not supported by competent evidence.

3. Extraordinary Expenses – Findings of Fact 38 and 40

Defendant next argues, Plaintiff concedes, and we agree that Findings 38 and

40 addressing the parties’ monthly extraordinary costs for the child are not supported

by competent evidence. Competent evidence does not support the finding that

-7- CHAN V. SEVERN

Plaintiff had a monthly extraordinary expense of $170 for the child’s karate in 2023

and 2024.

4. Monthly Child Support Obligations – Findings of Fact 44 and 45

Defendant argues, and we agree, that in light of the income and childcare

expense errors identified above, the child support calculations in Finding 44 and

subsequent arrearages in Finding 45 are not supported by competent evidence.

5. Child Support Order – Conclusion of Law 9

In light of the unsupported findings of fact identified above, the trial court’s

conclusion that “[t]he child support Order in this matter is consistent with the best

interests of the minor children (sic)” is “manifestly unsupported by reason” and thus

an abuse of discretion. Briley, 348 N.C. at 547 (citations omitted).

C. Alimony

1. Plaintiff’s Total Monthly Income – Finding of Fact 63

Defendant argues, and we agree, that in light of the income and childcare

expense miscalculations which resulted in erroneous child support calculations,

Finding 63 that Plaintiff’s monthly income of $2,167, which includes child support

received, is not supported by competent evidence.

2. Inclusion of Child‑Related Expenses – Findings of Fact 64 and 65

Defendant argues that the trial court erred by including the child’s monthly

expenses in Plaintiff’s total monthly expenses to reach the conclusion that Plaintiff is

a dependent spouse for purposes of alimony.

-8- CHAN V. SEVERN

To receive an award of alimony, the party seeking alimony must establish that

they are a dependent spouse, the other party is a supporting spouse, and an award of

alimony is equitable. Barrett v. Barrett, 140 N.C. App. 369, 371 (2000). A “dependent

spouse” is one “who is actually substantially dependent upon the other spouse for . . .

maintenance and support or is substantially in need of maintenance and support from

the other spouse.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.1A(2) (2025). To determine dependency,

the trial court must determine the parties’ income and expenses, standard of living,

present earnings, earning capacity, and any other “condition” at the time of hearing,

including health and child custody. Williams v. Williams, 299 N.C. 174, 182-83

(1980). The parties’ childcare expenses is one of the factors contemplated by Williams

and should be considered when determining dependency. Fink v. Fink, 120 N.C. App.

412, 419 (1995) (custodial parent); Robinson v. Robinson, 210 N.C. App. 319, 332

(2011) (non-custodial parent). A child support amount set consistent with the

Guidelines is conclusively presumed to meet the reasonable needs of the child. Fink,

120 N.C. App. at 423. Accordingly, one spouse may not be found dependent based in

part upon their actual child support expenditures where the other spouse is credited

only with their Guideline proportionate share. Id. at 424.

In Finding 64, the trial court found Plaintiff’s monthly expenses to be

$5,790.77, which included $1,486.97 in actual expenses for the child, as indicated on

Plaintiff’s financial affidavit. In Finding 65, the trial court found that when Plaintiff’s

expenses are deducted from her income, she has a monthly deficit of $1,857.

-9- CHAN V. SEVERN

As to Defendant, the trial court found his monthly income to be $15,116, from

which it deducted his monthly expenses as indicated on his financial affidavit,

including $595.96 in actual expenses for the child, and his monthly child support

obligation of $1,766.77. The trial court thus found Defendant had $9,072.10 to

provide alimony.

The trial court considered the parties’ expenses for the child and added child

support received to Plaintiff’s income and deducted the same from Defendant’s

income. Under Fink and Robinson, when the trial court accounts for guideline

support in this manner, it may consider the custodial parent’s caregiving obligations

in assessing dependency and reasonable needs. Thus, the methodology used in

Findings 64 and 65 was not an abuse of discretion.

However, in light of the income and childcare expense miscalculations which

resulted in erroneous child support calculations, as well as the trial court’s error in

calculating Defendant’s income for purposes of alimony as explained in the next

section, the trial court’s calculation of Plaintiff’s net income in Finding 65 for

purposes of alimony is not supported by competent evidence.

3. Defendant’s Ability to Pay – Findings of Fact 67, 69, and 70

Defendant argues that the trial court erred by using his gross income without

considering mandatory deductions–including taxes and social security–in

determining his available income to pay alimony.

“Alimony is ordinarily determined by a party’s actual income . . . at the time of

- 10 - CHAN V. SEVERN

the order” based on evidence presented at the hearing. Green v. Green, 255 N.C. App.

719, 732 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). A trial court must account

for mandatory deductions in its calculation of a party’s income for purposes of

alimony. Wise v. Wise, 264 N.C. App. 735, 741 (2019). At a minimum, the trial court

must make findings setting forth the reasons why any mandatory deductions were

not factored into its calculations. Id. at 744.

Here, the trial court used Defendant’s gross income, calculated for purposes of

establishing child support, in assessing his ability to pay alimony without considering

any mandatory deductions. The court’s failure to account for any mandatory

deductions was not supported by reason and amounted to an abuse of discretion. Id.

4. Amount and Duration of Alimony – Findings 72, 78,1 and 85

Defendant argues that the trial court’s alimony award of $5,000 per month for

five years exceeds Plaintiff’s needs and places him in a monthly deficit.

Because the child support recalculations and corrected income findings will

materially affect both parties’ financial circumstances, the trial court must reconsider

the alimony amount and duration.

Plaintiff concedes that the amount of the alimony to be paid must be

recalculated in light of the various errors outlined above. We agree with Plaintiff

that her dependency and entitlement to alimony are unchallenged, and the trial

1 Defendant asserts that he challenges Finding 79, but his argument challenges Finding 78.

- 11 - CHAN V. SEVERN

court’s findings regarding such remain undisturbed.

D. Decretal Paragraphs 1, 4, and 5

Defendant argues, and we agree, that in light of the various unsupported

findings and erroneous conclusion, the child support award in decretal paragraph 1,

child support arrearage in decretal paragraph 4, and alimony award in decretal

paragraph 5 are erroneous.

III. Conclusion

The following findings of fact, or portions thereof as detailed above, are not

supported by competent evidence: Findings 30, 37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 63, 65, 67, 69, 70,

72, 78, and 85. Furthermore, Conclusion of Law 9, as well as decretal paragraphs 1,

4, and 5 are erroneous. The trial court’s order and judgment on child support and

alimony is “manifestly unsupported by reason,” Briley, 348 N.C. at 547, and is vacated

and remanded for findings of fact supported by competent evidence, proper

conclusions of law in light of such facts, and correct decretal paragraphs.

VACATED AND REMANDED.

Judges CARPENTER and FREEMAN concur.

- 12 -