Chaidez v. Santa Rita Jail

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: October 3, 2023
• Docket: 3:21-cv-04240
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 JUAN JESUS CHAIDEZ, 10 Case No. 21-cv-04240-RS Plaintiff, 11 v. ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 12 DENYING IN PART MOTIONS TO ALAMEDA COUNTY, et al., DISMISS WITH LEAVE TO AMEND 13 Defendants. 14

15 I. INTRODUCTION 16 On September 2, 2020, Juan Chaidez was shot eleven times, including in his stomach.1 17 This stomach injury necessitated surgery that left Chaidez with a stoma and accompanying 18 colostomy bag. Chaidez was brought to Santa Rita Jail directly from the hospital that had been 19 treating him for his injuries and booked for violating the terms of his probation. Months later, he 20 was found unconscious in his cell and brought to the hospital, where he was diagnosed with 21 sepsis, a 102-degree fever, irregular “colonic wall thickening,” and colitis. Chaidez now brings a 22 claim under 43 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs in 23 violation of the Fourteenth Amendment against (1) Dr. Maria Magat and (2) Does 1–50 (“Does”), 24 unnamed employees of Alameda County and California Forensic Medical Group (“CFMG”).2 He 25

26 1 All facts in this Order are drawn from the Second Amended Complaint and must be taken as true for the purpose of resolving Defendants’ respective motions to dismiss. See Knievel v. ESPN, 393 27 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005). 1 also brings a Monell claim against Alameda County and the County Does.3 Defendants have 2 moved to dismiss the claims asserted in Chaidez’s Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”).4 For the 3 reasons discussed below, the motions to dismiss are granted in part and denied in part. 4 II. BACKGROUND 5 When Chaidez arrived at Santa Rita Jail as a pretrial detainee around October 21, 2020, 6 medical and other personnel were made aware of Chaidez’s stoma, colostomy bag, and the risk 7 that the stoma might become infected absent consistent medical care. On November 5, 2020, 8 approximately two weeks after arriving at the jail, Chaidez submitted a medical request form 9 alerting jail personnel that although he was supposed to receive two colostomy bags per day, those 10 bags had been arriving late or not at all. Nine days later, Chaidez submitted a second medical 11 request form, this time alerting staff that insufficient medical attention was creating unsanitary 12 conditions for his stoma. After another eight days passed, Chaidez submitted a third medical 13 request form in which he asked to be examined by medical staff for his gunshot injuries, including 14 his stoma. As a general matter, the colostomy bags Chaidez received over the course of his 15 detention were inadequate. The adhesives on the bags would often come undone, exposing 16 Chaidez’s stoma to infection and allowing fecal matter to leak out. This leakage caused rashes on 17 Chaidez’s stomach around his stoma. 18 By December 2020, Chaidez’s stoma was producing a foul-smelling pus. He notified 19 CFMG medical staff and jail personnel of this discharge and made several requests for medical 20 care. These requests for care were ignored for weeks. Finally, in January 2021, Chaidez was seen 21 by Dr. Maria Magat, a CFMG employee. Dr. Magat observed whitish-yellowish discharge issuing 22

23 services at Santa Rita Jail. 24 3 Despite naming CFMG as a Defendant, Chaidez does not appear to assert any claims against 25 CFMG in his Second Amended Complaint. CFMG will be dismissed with leave to amend. 26 4 Defendants filed two motions to dismiss according to their respective groupings: (1) Defendants Dr. Maria Magat and CFMG; and (2) Defendants Alameda County and Does 1-50, to the extent 27 Does are County Employees (the “County Defendants”). 1 from the stoma but declined (1) to prescribe Chaidez any medication or (2) to provide further 2 instructions regarding how Chaidez should address the discharge from or the rashes around his 3 stoma. Chaidez’s condition continued to worsen following Dr. Magat’s visit. More and more 4 discharge issued from his stoma, “to the point that Chaidez collected it in cups and [gave] it to 5 Defendant Doe Nurses.” SAC ¶ 22. Chaidez still did not receive appropriate care. He decided to 6 file a grievance, which produced an investigation within the jail but did not lead to improved 7 medical treatment. 8 Matters came to a head on March 10, 2021, when Chaidez developed a high fever, intense 9 stomach pains, and found himself unable to eat. Dr. Magat saw him that day, elected to treat his 10 fever only, and declined to send him to the hospital. Chaidez’s fever continued to worsen, and the 11 very next day—March 11—he was rushed to Highland Hospital after being found unconscious in 12 his cell by Alameda County Sheriff’s Deputies. At the hospital, Chaidez was diagnosed with 13 sepsis, a 102-degree fever, colitis, and a “concerning irregular masslike colonic wall thickening,” 14 and was treated for infectious colitis. SAC ¶ 26. Chaidez suffered extreme emotional stress and 15 painful physical symptoms due to the lack of medical care he received at Santa Rita Jail, including 16 stomach and pelvic pain, significant discharge from his stoma, sepsis, colitis, and bleeding around 17 his stoma. He was initially expected to need a colostomy bag for only three to six months 18 following his fall 2020 surgery, but because his stoma became infected, he ended up needing the 19 colostomy bag for nearly three years. 20 The parties agree Chaidez’s claim accrued on or about March 11, 2021. Chaidez filed his 21 initial complaint alleging constitutional violations on June 3, 2021, several months after 22 developing an infection in Santa Rita Jail and being hospitalized. Though that complaint was 23 dismissed for failure to prosecute six months later, Chaidez obtained counsel and filed a motion to 24 reopen his case on February 23, 2023. The motion to reopen was granted by this Court on March 25 30, 2023, and Chaidez was given until May 8, 2023, to file an amended complaint. Chaidez met 26 this deadline. 27 1 III. LEGAL STANDARD 2 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) governs motions to dismiss for failure to state a 3 claim. A complaint must include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader 4 is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). While “detailed factual allegations” are not required, a 5 complaint must have sufficient factual allegations to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 6 face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 7 544, 570 (2007)). When evaluating such a motion, courts generally “accept all factual allegations 8 in the complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 9 party.” Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005). However, “[t]hreadbare recitals of 10 the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 11 556 U.S. at 678. 12 IV. DISCUSSION 13 A. Timeliness 14 As a threshold matter, the County Defendants argue Chaidez’s claims against them are time- 15 barred under (1) Rule 60(c)(1) and (2) the relevant statute of limitations for Section 1983 claims 16 brought in California. As explained below, neither presents a legal impediment. 17 i. Rule 60(c)(1) 18 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60 governs motions for relief from judgment. A court may 19 offer relief from judgment and allow a party to reopen a case under any of the following grounds: 20 (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not have been 21 discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b); (3) fraud (whether previously called intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or 22 misconduct by an opposing party; (4) the judgment is void; 23 (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged; it is based on an earlier 24 judgment that has been reversed or vacated; or applying it prospectively is no longer equitable; or 25 (6) any other reason that justifies relief. 26 Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(1)-(6). Such a motion must be made within a “reasonable time,” and “for 27 reasons (1), (2), and (3) no more than year after the entry of the judgment or order.” Fed. R. Civ. 1 P. 60(c)(1). The County Defendants incorrectly argue this “one-year” requirement applies to all 2 motions for relief from judgment filed under Rule 60(b). The Ninth Circuit has held Rule 60(b) 3 imposes a one-year requirement for motions brought under Rule 60(b)(1), (2), or (3), but that a 4 party seeking relief under Rule 60(b)(6) need not file their motion within one year—just within a 5 “reasonable time.” Bynoe v. Baca, 966 F.3d 972, 980 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 6 60(c)(1)). This is so—as least for Rule 60(b)(6)—in order to preserve the provision’s utility as a 7 “grand reservoir of equitable power.” Id. (quoting Hall v. Haws, 861 F.3d 977, 987 (9th Cir. 8 2017)). 9 Chaidez’s motion to reopen was brought slightly more than one year after his initial case 10 was dismissed—apparently after Chaidez obtained counsel. The motion to reopen was granted 11 under Rule 60(b)(6) under this Court’s inherent “discretion and power to vacate judgments 12 whenever such action is appropriate to accomplish justice.” Hall, 861 F.3d at 987 (citation 13 omitted). Under the circumstances, the motion was brought within a reasonable time and, 14 therefore, was timely under Rule 60(b)(6). 15 ii. Statute of Limitations 16 Second, the County Defendants contend the applicable two-year statute of limitations for a 17 Section 1983 claim in California bars Chaidez’s claims as against them. Section 1983 does not 18 contain a federal statute of limitations, so courts apply the forum State’s statute of limitations for 19 personal injury claims. The relevant statute of limitations in California is two years. See Cal. Civ. 20 Proc. Code § 335.1; Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 927 (9th Cir. 2004) (“For actions under 42 21 U.S.C. § 1983, courts apply the forum state's statute of limitations for personal injury actions, 22 along with the forum state's law regarding tolling, including equitable tolling, except to the extent 23 any of these laws is inconsistent with federal law.”).5 24

25 5 Potentially dispositive of the statute of limitations issue (but not briefed by the parties) is the fact that the two-year statute of limitations for Section 1983 claims is tolled for two years if the 26 plaintiff is imprisoned and serving a term for less than life. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 352.1(a). In Elliott v. City of Union City, the Ninth Circuit concluded § 352.1(a) applies to pretrial detainees 27 in addition to individuals serving terms of imprisonment. 25 F.3d 800, 802–03 (9th Cir. 1994). It reasoned that “actual, uninterrupted incarceration is the touchstone” in making the determination 1 Courts have held that where a plaintiff files a petition seeking leave to file an amended 2 complaint and, while that petition is pending, the statute of limitations expires, the amended 3 complaint may be deemed filed within the limitations period. See, e.g., Beech v. San Joaquin 4 County, No. 15-cv-268, 2017 WL 5177654, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2017) (citing Moore v. State 5 of Indiana, 999 F.2d 1125 (7th Cir. 1993)). The County Defendants contend this precedent is 6 inapposite because Chaidez did not file his motion to reopen against the County Defendants. 7 Chaidez, however, was given leave to file an amended complaint without any limitations 8 regarding which defendants might be sued. Second, unlike in the cases Chaidez cites where the 9 relevant plaintiffs attached copies of their respective proposed amended pleadings to their petitions 10 for leave to amend, Chaidez did not attach a copy of his proposed amended complaint to his 11 motion to reopen. That said, it is not clear that whether the fact plaintiffs’ proposed filings were 12 attached to their timely-filed motions was dispositive, as opposed to merely persuasive, in Beech 13 or Moore. Despite this case’s slightly different factual posture, the principle outlined in Beech and 14 Moore applies with equal force. Chaidez filed his motion to reopen on February 23, 2023 (before 15 the statute of limitations expired on March 11, 2023) and then filed his First Amended Complaint 16 within the time period specified by this Court. Chaidez’s claims against the County Defendants are 17 deemed, therefore, to have been timely filed. 18 Even if it were inappropriate to apply the principle espoused in Beech and Moore, 19 equitable tolling would be appropriate. In California, equitable tolling is a “judicially created, 20 nonstatutory doctrine” that will “suspend or extend a statute of limitations as necessary to ensure 21 fundamental practicality and fairness.” McDonald v. Antelope Valley Comm. Coll. Dist., 194 P.3d 22

23 for whether § 352.1(a) applies to pretrial detainees. Id. at 803. The California Court of Appeal, on 24 the other hand, found more recently that § 352.1 does not apply to pretrial detainees. See Austin v. Medicis, 230 Cal. Rptr. 3d 528, 531 (Ct. App. 2018). There is now a split within this Circuit 25 regarding whether to follow Elliott or Austin. See, e.g., Alexander v. County of Los Angeles, No. 18-cv-8873, 2021 WL 2407703, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2021) (“Some district courts in this 26 circuit have applied Austin, while others have continued to apply Elliot.”). Given this Court’s conclusion that the statute of limitations does not bar Chaidez’s claims on other grounds, it need 27 not be decided whether to follow Elliot or Austin in this instance. 1 1026, 1031 (Cal. 2008) (citation omitted). Equitable tolling applies where there is (1) timely 2 notice, (2) lack of prejudice to the defendant, and (3) reasonable and good faith conduct by the 3 plaintiff. St. Francis Mem. Hosp. v. State Dep’t of Pub. Health, 467 P.3d 1033, 1041 (Cal. 2020); 4 see also Pearson v. California, No. 20-cv-5726, 2022 WL 377012, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 8, 2022) 5 (applying factors and finding equitable tolling appropriate). Each of these factors is present. 6 The County Defendants do not claim that they lacked notice of Chaidez’s initial suit (filed 7 in 2021) or of his plans to file an amended complaint. Indeed, it appears the Alameda County 8 Counsel’s Office was served with a copy of Chaidez’s initial complaint as far back as January 9 2022. Nor do the County Defendants argue they will be prejudiced by the two-month delay 10 between the expiration of the statute of limitation on March 11, 2023, and the filing of Chaidez’s 11 First Amended Complaint on May 8, 2023. On the other hand, Chaidez, newly represented by 12 counsel, appears to have made good-faith efforts to file his motion to reopen before the statute of 13 limitations expired in March 2023. Those efforts were reasonable. 14 For these reasons, Chaidez’s claims against the County Defendants are not time-barred. 15 B. Deliberate Indifference Claim 16 Moving to the merits, Chaidez’s first avers that Defendants Dr. Magat and Does 1-50 17 (various unnamed CFMG employees and jail officials) violated his Fourteenth Amendment right 18 to be free from deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs. The Due Process Clause of the 19 Fourteenth Amendment governs claims for injuries suffered by pretrial detainees. See Castro v. 20 County of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1067–68 (9th Cir. 2016). A claim for a violation of a 21 pretrial detainee’s right to adequate medical care under the Fourteenth Amendment is evaluated 22 under an objective deliberate indifference standard. Gordon v. County of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 23 1124–25 (9th Cir. 2018). The elements of such a claim are: (i) the defendant made an intentional decision with respect to the conditions under 24 which the plaintiff was confined; (ii) those conditions put the plaintiff at 25 substantial risk of suffering serious harm; (iii) the defendant did not take reasonable available measures to abate that risk, even though a reasonable official 26 in the circumstances would have appreciated the high degree of risk involved— making the consequences of the defendant’s conduct obvious; and (iv) by not 27 taking such measures, the defendant caused the plaintiff’s injuries. 1 Id. at 1125 (adopting an objective reasonableness standard with respect to the third prong). For the 2 third element, proof is required of “something more than negligence but less than subjective 3 intent—something akin to reckless disregard.” Id. (citation omitted). At this stage, Chaidez’s 4 deliberate indifference claim is sufficiently pled to survive against Dr. Magat and Does 1–50 5 (unnamed employees of Alameda County and CFMG). 6 i. Dr. Magat 7 Dr. Magat does not dispute that Chaidez’s stoma and colostomy bag presented a serious 8 medical need. See Dkt. 42, at 4. Rather, Dr. Magat contends Chaidez fails to “allege any facts 9 establishing that Dr. Magat acted with reckless disregard to his needs.” Id. at 5. The SAC asserts 10 Dr. Magat was deliberately indifferent to (1) Chaidez’s months-long issues with his stoma to the 11 extent that the stoma produced large quantities of pus and the stoma’s leakage caused rashes on 12 Chaidez’s skin when she saw him in January 2021 and (2) Chaidez’s acute fever and symptoms of 13 infection when she saw him in March 2021. This second visit, of course, culminated in an 14 emergency hospital stay when jail personnel found Chaidez unconscious in his cell the day after 15 Dr. Magat saw him. 16 Contrary to Dr. Magat’s contentions, see, e.g., id., Chaidez avers Dr. Magat ignored his 17 medical needs. When Chaidez first saw Dr. Magat in January 2021, he argues he was “refused any 18 prescribed sort of medication or given any instructions on how to deal with this discharge and the 19 rashes around the stoma.” SAC ¶ 21. Chaidez next saw Dr. Magat on March 10, 2021, while in the 20 throes of a “high fever and intense stomach pains.” Id. ¶ 24. Chaidez claims that Dr. Magat 21 refused to send him to the hospital on March 10 despite his condition and “only provided 22 treatment for his fever.” Id. These allegations appear to contradict Dr. Magat’s claim that Chaidez 23 “makes no allegations that Dr. Magat ignored his medical requests.” Dkt. 42, at 5–6. Chaidez’s 24 averments go beyond “merely a disagreement with doctors’ testing, diagnoses, and treatment 25 decisions.” Pries v. Contra Costa County, No. 21-cv-4890, 2023 WL 1928216, at *3 (N.D. Cal. 26 Feb. 10, 2023). 27 At this juncture, accepting the SAC’s allegations as true, Chaidez plausibly establishes a 1 claim for deliberate indifference against Dr. Magat. Chaidez’s averments that Dr. Magat did not 2 offer treatment options when she saw him in January to deal with his ailing stoma, as well as that 3 Dr. Magat failed to take steps beyond treating Chaidez’s fever on March 10 such that Chaidez 4 collapsed the following day and was rushed to the hospital, are sufficient to plead that Dr. Magat 5 acted with reckless disregard to Chaidez’s serious medical needs. Chaidez plausibly alleges that a 6 reasonable official would have treated Chaidez’s stoma-related issues, as well as the underlying 7 infection that brought him to the hospital on March 11, 2023. 8 ii. Does 1–50 9 Chaidez further avers that various unnamed CFMG employees and Alameda County prison 10 officials were deliberately indifferent to his stoma-related needs by failing to provide him with 11 colostomy bags in adequate quantities and condition and by failing to address the substantial 12 quantities of foul-smelling pus his stoma produced over the course of months. While the use of 13 “Doe” defendants is not favored in the Ninth Circuit. Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 642 (9th 14 Cir. 1980), where a complaint alleges “the identity of alleged defendants will not be known prior 15 to the filing of a complaint . . . the plaintiff should be given an opportunity through discovery to 16 identify the unknown defendants, unless it is clear that discovery would not uncover the identities, 17 or that the complaint would be dismissed on other grounds.” Id.; see also Miles v. County of 18 Alameda, No. 22-cv-6707, 2023 WL 2766663, at *6–7 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 3, 2023) (directing parties 19 to engage in initial discovery to learn identities of individual Doe defendants). 20 Chaidez avers that County and CFMG personnel failed, over the course of months, to 21 respond to his requests for medical treatment for his stoma-related issues. These averments 22 contradict the County Defendants’ argument (to the extent Does 1-50 are County employees) that 23 Chaidez’s complaint lacks “any specific factual allegations against them.” Dkt. 43, at 17. Chaidez 24 claims he submitted at least three medical requests to address unsanitary conditions around his 25 stoma and “showed the discharge leaking from his stoma” to County and CFMG personnel several 26 times, even collecting it in “cups” and “giving it to Defendant Doe Nurses.” See, e.g., SAC ¶¶ 20, 27 22. Further, personnel at Santa Rita Jail had been made aware when Chaidez originally arrived 1 that special care would be required to maintain sanitary conditions for his stoma. Chaidez avers 2 this inattention to his serious medical needs led him to develop infection. 3 These averments against Does 1-50 are also sufficient at this stage to show objective 4 deliberate indifference to Chaidez’s serious medical needs. The parties should conduct initial 5 discovery aimed at determining the identity of Does 1-50 and developing relevant facts that would 6 support Chaidez’s claims against them. Chaidez must file any amended complaint by January 15, 7 2024. 8 C. Monell Claim 9 i. Individual Alameda County Employees 10 As an initial matter, Chaidez appears to bring his Monell claim against individual 11 defendants (Does 1–50). A claim for municipal liability cannot be brought against individual 12 defendants. See, e.g., Magdaleno v. County of Riverside, 21-cv-2027, 2022 WL 1843977, at *3 13 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 14, 2022). Thus, Chaidez’s Monell claim against individual defendants is 14 dismissed without leave to amend because any amendment would be futile. 15 ii. Alameda County 16 A municipality, on the other hand, may be liable under Section 1983 if the municipality 17 subjects a person to a deprivation of rights or causes a person to be subjected to such a 18 deprivation. Monell v. N.Y. City Dep't of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691–92 (1978). Because 19 municipalities cannot be held vicariously liable under Section 1983, a Monell claim ordinarily 20 requires the existence of municipal policies, customs, practices and/or procedures that violate 21 constitutionally protected rights. Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60–61 (2011). “[I]t is when 22 execution of a government’s policy or custom . . . inflicts the injury that the government as an 23 entity is responsible under § 1983.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 694. A plaintiff may demonstrate the 24 existence of a policy through a pattern of deliberate omission, such as a failure to train, or a final 25 policy-maker's involvement in, or ratification of, the conduct underlying the violation of rights. 26 Clouthier v. County of Contra Costa, 591 F.3d 1232, 1249–1250 (9th Cir. 2010), overruled on 27 other grounds by Castro, 833 F.3d 1060. 1 Municipal entities can be liable for policies of inaction if they fail to “implement 2 procedural safeguards to prevent constitutional violations.” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 3 1128, 1144 (9th Cir. 2012). “To impose liability against a county for its failure to act, a plaintiff 4 must show: (1) that a county employee violated the plaintiff's constitutional rights; (2) that the 5 county has customs or policies that amount to deliberate indifference; and (3) that these customs 6 or policies were the moving force behind the employee's violation of constitutional rights.” Long 7 v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1186 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Gibson v. County of 8 Washoe, 290 F.3d 1175, 1193–94 (9th Cir. 2002)). The plaintiff bears the burden of showing “the 9 injury would have been avoided” had proper policies been implemented. Gibson, 290 F.3d at 1196 10 (quoting Oviatt ex rel. Waugh v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1478 (9th Cir. 1992)). 11 First, Chaidez has plausibly pled that at least one as-yet-unnamed County employee 12 violated his Fourteenth Amendment right to adequate medical care. As explained above, Chaidez 13 showed “Defendant Doe Deputies”—who Chaidez believes to be County employees—his leaking 14 stoma and requested medical care. SAC ¶ 20. Chaidez avers that he made multiple requests for 15 care without a timely response from those employees. Similarly, Chaidez has plausibly pled that 16 CFMG nurses denied him his right to adequate medical care given his averment that he “collected 17 [his pus] in cups” and showed it to the nurses. Id. ¶ 22. Alameda County, of course, cannot escape 18 Monell liability by contracting out medical care for pretrial detainees—it still has a constitutional 19 responsibility to provide “adequate medical treatment to those in its custody.” West v. Atkins, 487 20 U.S. 42, 56 (1988). 21 Second, Chaidez’s failure-to-train theory of municipal liability is sufficient at this stage to 22 make out a claim of deliberate indifference on the part of Alameda County.6 “[A] local 23

24 6 To the extent Chaidez premises his Monell claim on alternative theories (such as ratification), it 25 is not necessary to evaluate those theories at this stage. See, e.g., Quinto-Collins v. Antioch, No. 21-cv-06094, 2022 WL 18574, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 2022) (explaining that Monell theories 26 of liability are “best understood . . . as different arguments in support of a single claim”). Chaidez has adequately pled a failure-to-train theory, and thus may pursue his Monell claim “and different 27 theories in support of it.” Id. 1 government's decision not to train certain employees about their legal duty to avoid violating 2 citizens’ rights may rise to the level of an official government policy for purposes of § 1983.” 3 Connick, 563 U.S. at 61. Success on this Monell theory requires a plaintiff to show a pattern of 4 similar constitutional violations by untrained employees, such that decisionmakers were on notice 5 a course of training was deficient. See, e.g., Long, 442 F.3d at 1186. Deliberate indifference is 6 established where “the need for more or different training is so obvious, and the inadequacy so 7 likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the policymakers of the city can 8 reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.” City of Canton v. Harris, 489 9 U.S. 378, 390 (1989). Where a policy is not obviously facially deficient, a plaintiff must “point to 10 a pattern of prior, similar violations of federally protected rights, of which the relevant 11 policymakers had actual or constructive notice.” Hyun Ju Park v. City & County of Honolulu, 952 12 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2020). 13 Chaidez avers that since 2013, there have been at least nine instances resulting in lawsuits 14 (including his own) where pretrial detainees at Santa Rita Jail have not received adequate medical 15 care. He provides facts supporting each example, including the name of the detainee and the 16 circumstances of inadequate medical care.7 These supportive facts are analogous to Chaidez’s 17 factual averments regarding his own experience at Santa Rita Jail, including “ignored” medical 18 requests, denials of necessary medication, and insufficient medical treatment. The County 19 Defendants are incorrect, therefore, in asserting Chaidez offers no factual claims in support of a 20 failure-to-train theory.8 Chaidez also avers that 66 pretrial detainees have died at Santa Rita Jail 21 since 2014. Chaidez plausibly pleads that Alameda County has failed to train personnel at Santa 22 Rita Jail to provide detainees with necessary medical treatment, and that this failure to train 23

24 7 These instances are supported with sufficient detail to put the County Defendants on notice of the alleged policy connecting them. 25 8 To the extent the County Defendants suggest this Court can “swiftly disregard” previous claims 26 of unconstitutional conduct against them, they are mistaken. Dkt. 43, at 18. Such claims are necessary, in the ordinary case, to show a “pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained 27 employees” as part of a failure-to-train theory. Connick, 563 U.S. at 62. 1 constitutes deliberate indifference. Further, Alameda County can be held liable for constitutionally 2 inadequate care rendered by CFMG nurses under the same Monell theory. See, e.g., Pajas v. 3 County of Monterey, No. 16-cv-945, 2018 WL 5819674, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 2018) (finding a 4 municipality’s custom or policy of failing to ensure health care contractor provided 5 constitutionally adequate care to inmates could give rise to liability under a Monell theory). 6 Third, Chaidez has adequately averred Alameda County’s failure to train its employees 7 how to respond to detainees’ serious medical needs was the moving force behind the violation of 8 right (and the right of other pretrial detainees at Santa Rita Jail) to adequate medical care. He 9 successfully identifies a nexus between Alameda County’s failure to train employees how to 10 handle detainees’ serious medical needs in a timely manner and the resulting pattern of failure to 11 provide adequate medical care that has resulted in nine separate lawsuits. Thus, Chaidez has 12 adequately pled a Monell claim against Alameda County under a failure-to-train theory of 13 municipal liability. 14 V. CONCLUSION 15 For the aforementioned reasons, Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment claim against 16 Defendants Dr. Maria Magat and Does 1-50 (unnamed employees of Alameda County and 17 CFMG) survives, as does Plaintiff’s Monell claim against Alameda County. Defendant’s Monell 18 claim as against individual employees of Alameda County, however, is dismissed without leave to 19 amend. Any claims against CFMG are dismissed with leave to amend. The Clerk shall terminate 20 this Defendant. 21 If Plaintiff intends to name Doe defendants, he must do so by way of an amended 22 complaint, filed no later than January 15, 2024, which includes specific facts against the named 23 defendants. Otherwise, the Doe defendants will be dismissed. 24 25 26 27 1 IT IS SO ORDERED. 2 3 Dated: October 3, 2023 4 PAN Shang 5 RICHARD SEEBORG 6 Chief United States District Judge 7 8 9 10 11 a 12

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Z 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART MOTIONS TO DISMISS CASE No. 21-cv-04240-RS