LURTON, Circuit Judge.
The possession of property in the hands of a receiver, appointed in the exercise of a general equity jurisdiction, is the possession of the court. The receiver is but the agent of the court, appointed to hold the property until the court, shall determine ownership, or how the proceeds of its sale shall be [524]*524divided among those interested therein. The general doctrine is thus stated in 2 Story, Eq. Jur. (13 th Ed.) 833a, where it is said, speaking of a receiver:
“For his possession is deemed the possession of the court, and the court will not permit itself to be made a suitor in a court of law. The proper and usual mode adopted under such circumstances is for the party claiming an adverse interest to apply to the court to be permitted to come in, and be examined pro interesse suo.- He is then allowed to go before the master, and to state his title, upon which he may, in the first instance, have the judgment of the master, and ultimately, if necessary, that of the court. And where the question to be tried is a pure matter of title, which can be tried in an ejectment, the court, from a sense of convenience and justice, will generally authorize such a suit to be brought, taking care, however,' to protect the possession by giving proper directions.”
In Davis v. Gray, 16 Wall. 218, the supreme court of the United States, on this subject, said:
“Money, or property in his hands is in custodia'legis. He has only such power and authority as are given to him by the court, and must not exceed the prescribed limit. The court will- not allow him to be sued touching the property in his charge, nor for any malfeasance as to the parties, or otherwise, without its consent; nor will he permit his possession to be disturbed by force, nor violence to be offered to his person, while in the discharge of his official duties. In such cases, the court will vindicate its authority, and, if need be, will punish the offender by fine and imprisonment, for contempt. Where property in the hands of a receiver is claimed by another, the right •may be tried by proper issues at law, by reference to a master, or otherwise, as the court, in its discretion, may see fit to direct”
In Barton v. Barbour, 104 U. S. 126, tbe whole question of the effect of a judgment against a receiver, obtained in a suit prosecuted without leave of the court appointing him, was elaborately discussed, and a judgment thus obtained held to be absolutely void, for want of jurisdiction in the court rendering it. Leave of the court having custody of the property operated by the receiver was held essential to jurisdiction. The fact that the liability arose from the negligence of the servants of a receiver, while operating a railway as receiver, was held in no way to take the case out of the general rule. On this subject that court said:
“We do not perceive how the fact that the receiver, under the orders of the court, is doing the business usually done by. a common carrier makes his case any exception to the rule under consideration. It was said by this court in Cowdrey v. Railroad Co., 93 U. S. 352, that ‘the allowance for goods lost in transportation,, and for damages done to property whilst the road was in the hands of the receiver, was properly made.’ ‘The earnings received were as much chargeable with such loss and damage as they were chargeable with the ordinary expenses of managing the road. The bondholders were only entitled to what remained after charges of this kind, as well as the expenses incurred in their behalf, were paid.’ This puts claims against the receiver, in his capacity as a common carrier, on the same footing, precisely as the salaries of his subordinates, or as claims for labor and material used in carrying on the business. If a passenger on the railroad, who is injured, in person or property, by the negligence of the servants of the receiver, can, without leave, sue him to recover his damages, then every conductor, engineer, brakeman, or track hand can also sue for his wages without leave. To admit such a practice would be to allow the charges and expenses of the administration, of a trust property, in the hands of a court of equity, to be controlled by other courts, at the instance of impatient siiitors, without regard to the1 equities of other claimants, and to permit the trust property to be. wasted in the costs of unnecessary litigation.
[525]*525“Such is not tlie course and practice of courts of equity in administering a trust estate. The costs and expenses of a trust are allowed by the court, upon a reference to Its own master. If the adjustment of 1lie claim involves any dispute in regard to tlie alleged negligence of the receiver, ,or any oilier fact upon which his liability depends, or in regard to the amount of the damages sustained hy a party, the court, in a proper case', in tlie exercise of its legal discretion, either of its own motion, or on the demand) of the party injured, may allow him to sue the receiver in a court of law, or direct the trial of a feigned issue, to settle the contested facts. The claim of the plaintiff, which is against the receiver for a personal injury sustained by her while traveling on the railroad managed by him, stands on precisely the same footing as any of the expenses incurred in the execution of the'trust, and must he adjusted and satisfied in the same way. We therefore think that the demand of the plaintiff is not of such a nature that it may be prosecuted by suit, without leave of the court.” 104 U. S. 130, 131.
This same general principle has been frequently announced in the highest courts of most of the states of this Union. Some of these cases we cite: Robinson v. Railway Co., 66 Pa. St. 160; Skinner v. Maxwell, 68 N. C. 400; Railway Co. v. Smith, 19 Kan. 229; Hazelrigg v. Bronaugh, 78 Ky. 62; Chafee v. Quidnick Co., 13 R. I. 442; Payne v. Baxter, 2 Tenn. Ch. 517; Olds v. Tucker, 35 Ohio St. 584.
Such was the state of the law when congress passed the act of March 3, 1887, corrected by the act of August 13, 1888, and known as the “Judiciary Act.” The third section of that act is as follows:
“That every receiver or manager of any property appointed hy any court of the United States may be sued in respect of any act or transaction of his in carrying on the business connected with such i>roperty, without the previous leave of the court in which such receiver’ or manager was appointed; hut such suit shall he subject to the general equity jurisdiction of the court in which such receiver or manager was appointed, so far as the same shall be necessary to the ends of justice.”
Whether it was the intention of congress to permit receivers, appointed by, and accountable to, United States courts, to be sued with respect to acts and transactions as such receivers in courts of other jurisdictions, is by no means clear. Under the law as it stood, the court having custody of the property, pendente lite, had exclusive jurisdiction of all suits affecting such property, and drew to itself complete jurisdiction with respect to all tlie acts and transactions of its receiver, in maintaining' or operating property so sequestrated. It was just as much a contempt of court to institute a suit affecting such property, or its custodian as such, in the court of his appointment, without previous leave of court, as it was to bring such suit in another jurisdiction. A judgment against the receiver is a judgment against the receivership. It is a judgment affecting tlie property, and to be paid therefrom. To properly administer a sequestrated property, the liabilities should be determined in one cause, and the claims ranked, and the property marshaled and distributed according to legal or equitable priorities.
The act might well have been construed as only permitting suits in the court having jurisdiction of the property and the receiver. This would havé secured to the suitor the right of jury trial, according to the usual course of the court, where the demand was of legal character. At the same time, such judgment would have been [526]*526subject to the equitable jurisdiction of the court, and be given its proper rank in the distribution of the property. There is much force in the argument that, in view of the previous exclusive jurisdiction of the court appointing the receiver over him and over the sequestrated property, a construction ought to be given this act which would have preserved the equitable jurisdiction of the circuit courts over property in custodia legis, and over suits affecting it. We, however, feel precluded from now placing such a construe-, tion upon the act, in consequence of the decisions of the supreme court of the United States in McNulta v. Lochridge, 141 U. S. 327, 12 Sup. Ct. 11; Railway Co. v. Johnson, (decided Jan. 3, 1894, and not yet officially reported,) 14 Sup. Ct. 250.
It is true, as contended, that the construction now insisted upon does not seem to have been presented or passed upon in either of the opinions of that learned court. The fact, however, remains that, in the first case, a judgment against the receiver, obtained in a suit in a state court, brought without leave of the court appointing the receiver, was recognized as valid. A similar judgment was held void, before the passage of the act of 1887, in Barton v. Barbour, supra.
The case of Railroad Co. v. Cox, 145 U. S. 603, 12 Sup. Ct. 905, has no bearing on this point. The suit was at law, and was brought without leave of the court, but it was brought in the court which, under ancillary proceedings, had appointed the receiver sued, and which had jurisdiction over the property.
In the case of Railway Co. v. Johnson, supra, the suit was commenced in a state court, against a receiver appointed by a circuit court of the United States. Subsequently, the railroad company was joined as a defendant; the receiver in the meantime having been discharged, and the property of the company restored to its possession. There was a judgment against the receiver and the company, affirmed on appeal by the supreme court of Texas. 13 S. W. 463. Among other questions decided, the court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Fuller, said,
“By section ,3 of the act of March 3, 1887. c. 373. (24 Stat. 552.) as corrected by the act of August 13, 1888, c. 866, (25 Stat. 433,) every receiver appointed by a court of the United States may be sued, in respect of any act or transaction of his in carrying on the business connected with the property, without the previous leave of the court by winch such receiver was appointed. Necessarily, such a suit may be brought in any court of competent jurisdiction, and proceed to judgment accordingly. This suit was so brought.”
Assuming, therefore, that, under the act of 1887, it was permissible to sue the receivers in any court having jurisdiction of the person of the receiver and of the subject-matter, we are brought to the consideration of the question as to whether such liability to suit could be limited or controlled by the injunctive process of the circuit court appointing the receiver.
The writer of this opinion entertained, originally, the view that the intent of congress was only to permit suit in the court where the property sought to be affected by the suit was sequestrated. This view was entertained upon two grounds:
[527]*5271. By the construction above referred to as to the purpose of congress, os indicated in the affirmative portions of section 3.
2. By reason of the effect to be given to the proviso of that section, which is in these words:
“But such suit shall bo subject to the general equity jurisdiction of the court in which such receiver or manager was appointed, so far as the same shall be necessary to the ends of justice.”
It seems that if such suits, so brought without leave, were to be, and remain, “subject to the general equity jurisdiction of the court in which such receiver or manager was appointed, so far as the same shall be necessary to the ends of justice,” they should be brought within the court having the right to exercise such equitaoie jurisdiction over the suit. Without elaborating these views, it is sufficient to say that they were deemed to justify an injunction against suits in courts of other jurisdictions. Like views were entertained by Judge Taft, who now joins in this opinion; he having made an order of like character in the case of Thomas v. Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Railway Co.
Upon full consideration, we are now led to the conclusion that the injunction was improvidently granted in so far as it may be, and has been, construed as restraining suits in any court having jurisdiction of the parties and of the subject-matter, where the action originates in an “act or transaction” of the receiver “in carrying on the business connected with such property.”
If that act authorized a suit against a receiver in a state court, without leave of the court appointing the receiver, in respect to a liability incurred while carrying on the operation of a railroad as a receiver under a decree of a United States circuit court, as was held in McNulta v. Lochridge, supra, then a right of suit thus conferred by congress cannot be restrained in advance of its exercise. This would be, in effect, to nullify the act of congress, and, therefore, in excess of jurisdiction. The power given by the proviso must not be so construed as to authorize the courts to prevent that which congress has expressly provided may be done. That it was intended by congress that some meaning should be attached to the very significant proviso contained in section 3 is most obvious. It was not intended that the right to litigate with the receiver in any court should be an unrestrained right. Whether the proviso should be limited so as to give the court appointing the receiver power upon equitable grounds, and upon special application, to restrain proceedings in a pending suit, brought without leave of the court, or whether, after judgment, the court should exercise its equitable jurisdiction by inquiry into the judgment, in order to determine its justice, or its place and rank in the distribution of the property out of which it is to be paid, are questions which need not now be settled.
A wide difference of opinion has been entertained as to the power of the court over judgments obtained against the receiver in courts other than that appointing the receiver. Central Trust Co. v. St. Louis, etc., Ry. Co., 40 Fed. 426; Eddy v. Wallace, 1 C. C. A. 435, 49 [528]*528Fed. 801; Missouri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Texas Pac. R. Co., 41 Fed. 311. In tire two cases first cited it was field tfiat sucfi judgments were conclusive. In tfie case reported in 41 Fed. it was field tfiat it was witfiin tfie power of tfie court, wfien sucfi judgments were filed in tfie case in wfiicfi tfie fund was being distributed, to look into tfiem, and allow tfie whole, or half, or any part, as justice might require. Tfie latter view seems to fiave been entertained by Mr. Justice Jackson, for, wfiile judge of this circuit, fie made an order in this cause, wfiicfi has not been revoked, requiring all judgments in otfier courts, obtained in suits prosecuted without leave of tfie court, to be filed by intervening petition in the main cause, together with a full bill of exceptions; showing tfie evidence upon wfiicfi tfie judgment rested. Tfiat the judgment is conclusive, so far as to be regarded as a judicial ascertainment of liability, and of tfie amount, is probabty the better view. Speaking of the effect of tfie proviso, tfie learned chief justice, in tfie case of Railway Co. v. Johnson, supra, said tfiat “tfie right to sue without, resorting to tfie appointing court, wfiicfi involves tfie right to obtain judgment, cannot be assumed to fiave been rendered practically valueless by this further provision in the same section of tfie statute wfiicfi granted it.”
It is enough, for a decision of the question now before us, to say tfiat‘we are of opinion tfiat the injunction against bringing suits without leave of tfie court should be modified, so as not to restrain suits growing out of acts and transactions in respect to tfie carrying on- of the operations of tfie railroad. Tfie act does not affect suits not having their origin in tfie operation of tfie railroad by tfie receiver. With respect to all contracts and causes of action originating before tfie receivership, and all not arising out of an alleged liability of tfie receiver to the suitor, for some act or transaction of tfie receiver wfiile carrying on the business of a common carrier, tfie injunction will stand.
Garnishment proceedings are not suits against tfie receiver, for any act or transaction of fiis, and sucfi claims must be prosecuted in tfie manner heretofore settled by order in this cause. Sucfi claims, filed with tfie commissioner appointed to hear tfiem, can be thus more speedily and economically determined than by tfie institution of regular suits. A proceeding for garnishment purposes is an equitable seizure of tfie funds and property witfiin tfie custody of tfie court. Tfie principle governing sucfi seizure is clearly settled by tfie decision in Ex parte Tyler, 149 U. S. 182, 13 Sup. Ct. 785.
The right of the receivers to remove any suit, brought in a state court, where tfie sum involved is $2,000, seems to be unaffected by tfie act of 1887. Tfie right of removal, in such cases, rests upon the fact tfiat the suit is one against a receiver appointed by a court of the United States, and is therefore one arising under the constitution and laws of tfie United States. Railroad Co. v. Cox, 145 U. S. 603, 12 Sup. Ct. 905; Buck v. Colbath, 3 Wall. 334.
Tfie pending applications for leave to bring suits in otfier courts aré refused. Tfie parties so applying will not be affected by the injunction as modified'^ and they can exercise their statutory right of suit if they-see fit.
[529]*529A decree1 will be drawn up in accordance with this opinion, and tbe rule discharged. Tbe costs will be paid by tbe receivers, out of the funds in their hands.