UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) CENTOCOR ORTHO BIOTECH, INC., ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) Civil Action No. 09-1653 (EGS) v. ) ) ABBOTT GMBH & CO., KG, ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
On August 28, 2009, plaintiff Centocor Ortho Biotech, Inc.
(“Centocor”), filed two related patent actions in this Court.
Civil action number 09-1653 seeks review of the United States
Patent and Trademark Office’s decision regarding Patent Number
6,914,128 (the “’128 patent”) pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 146
(hereinafter, “Civil Action 09-1653” or “Section 146 Action”).
Civil action number 09-1654 seeks a declaratory judgment of non-
infringement and invalidity of the ’128 patent and Patent Number
7,504,485 (the “’485 patent”) (hereinafter, “Civil Action 09-
1654” or “Declaratory Judgment Action”). Pending before the
Court is a motion to transfer venue filed by Defendant Abbot GmbH
& Co., KG (“Abbott GmbH”). Upon consideration of the motion, the
response and reply thereto, the applicable law, and for the
reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS defendant’s motion to
transfer venue. Accordingly, Civil Action 09-1653 and Civil Action 09-1654, shall be transferred to the United States
District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Central
Division (the “District of Massachusetts”) where Abbott GmbH’s
first-filed action is pending.
I. BACKGROUND
On December 12, 2007, the United States Patent and Trademark
Office Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (“USPTO Board”)
declared an interference between Abbott GmbH’s ’128 patent and
Centocor’s 10/912,994 patent application (the “’994
application”), both of which cover antibodies that bind to the
interleukin-12 (“IL-12”). See Section 146 Action Complaint (“146
Compl.”) ¶ 7; Declaratory Judgment Action Complaint (“DJ Compl.”)
¶ 11. Antibodies that bind to IL-12 are used to treat, among
other things, psoriasis. DJ Compl. ¶ 12. Interference
proceedings were instituted by the USPTO Board to determine which
group of inventors was the first to invent the overlapping
subject matter, as well as the obviousness of the ’128 patent.
Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 2-3. On August 6, 2009, the USPTO Board ruled
in favor of Abbott GmbH on these issues.
Four days after receiving this ruling, on August 10, 2009,
defendant Abbott GmbH and Abbott Bioresearch Center (“ABC”), a
Massachusetts-based sister company of Abbott GmbH, filed suit
against Centocor in the District of Massachusetts (hereinafter,
the “Massachusetts Litigation”). See Abbott GmbH & Co., KG v.
2 Centocor Ortho Biotech, Inc., No. 09-cv-11340-FDS (D. Mass.)
(Saylor, J.). In the Massachusetts Litigation, Abbott GmbH and
ABC allege that Centocor infringed the ’128 patent and ’428
patent by making, using, selling, or offering for sale STELARA.
Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 3. STELARA is an antibody product that was
developed by Centocor for the treatment of psoriasis. Pl.’s
Opp’n Br. at 3. STELARA is now approved for sale nationwide,
including in the District of Columbia and Massachusetts. Pl.’s
Opp’n Br. at 10.
On August 28, 2009, after being served with the complaint in
the Massachusetts Litigation, Centocor instituted the Section 146
Action and Declaratory Judgment Action in this Court
(collectively, the “D.C. Litigation”). Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 3-4.
The Section 146 Action challenges the USPTO Board’s rulings, and
the Declaratory Judgment Action requests declarations of non-
infringement and invalidity of the ’128 and ’485 patents.1
Concluding that its Declaratory Judgment Action would
dispose of all issues pleaded in the Massachusetts Litigation,
1 ABC is not a party to the D.C. Litigation. Centocor explains that it did not name ABC in its Section 146 Action because ABC was not a party to the interference proceedings; similarly, it did not name ABC in its Declaratory Judgment Action because ABC was not an assignee of the ’128 patent or the ’485 patent. Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 4. Although not relevant to this action, Centocor argues that ABC lacks standing to participate in the Massachusetts Litigation and intends to move to have ABC dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c). See Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 8 n.1.
3 see Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 4, Centocor filed a motion to transfer
venue in the District of Massachusetts, seeking transfer of the
Massachusetts Litigation to this Court. See Abbott GmbH & Co.,
KG v. Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc., No. 09-cv-11340-FDS, Docket
No. 11 (D. Mass.) (requesting that the action be transferred to
the District of Columbia “for reasons of efficiency and judicial
economy”);2 see also Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 1 (“Centocor recognizes
that significant efficiency and economy would flow from having
these actions litigated in the same forum as Abbott GmbH’s claims
in the Massachusetts Litigation, but in view of all the factors
of justice and convenience, this district, not Massachusetts,
should be the forum where all three actions are heard.”). Abbott
GmbH opposes transfer of the Massachusetts Litigation to this
forum. Indeed, on the same day that it filed its opposition
brief in the Massachusetts Litigation, Abbott GmbH filed a motion
in this Court seeking transfer of the D.C. Litigation to the
District of Massachusetts based on the “first-filed rule” and 28
U.S.C. § 1404(a). See infra Part II.
This case, therefore, presents a unique circumstance in
which all parties agree that the pending litigation should be
resolved by one court – either this Court or the District of
Massachusetts. For the reasons discussed below, the Court
2 This motion has not yet been resolved by the District of Massachusetts.
4 determines that it is appropriate to transfer the D.C. Litigation
to the District of Massachusetts.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“The first-to-file rule dictates that when two actions
involving the same subject matter are pending, the first-filed
action should proceed to the exclusion of the later-filed
action.” Intervet, Inc. v. Merial Ltd., 535 F. Supp. 2d 112, 114
(D.D.C. 2008); see also Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth. v.
Ragarose, 617 F.2d 828, 830 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (“For more than
three decades the rule in this circuit has been that [w]here two
cases between the same parties on the same cause of action are
commenced in two different Federal courts, the one which is
commenced first is to be allowed to proceed to its conclusion
first . . . .” (internal quotation marks omitted)). The forum of
the first-filed case is generally favored, “unless considerations
of judicial and litigant economy, and the just and effective
disposition of disputes, requires otherwise.” Elecs. for
Imaging, Inc. v. Coyle, 394 F.3d 1341, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2005)
(internal quotation marks omitted); see generally Columbia Plaza
Corp. v. Sec. Nat’l Bank, 525 F.2d 620, 627 (D.C. Cir. 1975)
(recognizing the general rule favoring the earlier-filed action,
but emphasizing that it should not be mechanically applied in
cases where “countervailing equitable considerations” counsel
against it). Relevant equitable considerations include “the
5 convenience and availability of the witnesses, or absence of
jurisdiction over all necessary or desirable parties, or the
possibility of consolidation with related litigation, or
considerations relating to the real party in interest.”
Intervet, Inc. v. Merial, Ltd. (“Intervet II”), No. 08-2162, 2009
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 84028, at *8 (D.D.C. Sept. 15, 2009).
The federal venue transfer statute - § 1404(a) - provides
that “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the
interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil
action to any other district or division where it might have been
brought.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). The district court has
discretion to adjudicate motions to transfer according to an
“‘individualized case-by-case consideration of convenience and
fairness.’” Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29
(1988) (quoting Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 622 (1964)).
The moving party - in this case, Abbott GmbH - bears the burden
of establishing that transfer of the action is proper. Devaughn
v. Inphonic, Inc., 403 F. Supp. 2d 68, 71 (D.D.C. 2005).
The defendant must make two showings to justify transfer.
First, the defendant must establish that the plaintiff could have
brought suit in the proposed transferee district. Id. at 71-72;
Trout Unlimited v. United States Dep’t of Agric., 944 F. Supp.
13, 16 (D.D.C. 1996). Second, the defendant must demonstrate
that considerations of convenience and the interests of justice
6 weigh in favor of the transfer. Devaughn, 403 F. Supp. 2d at 72;
Trout Unlimited, 944 F. Supp. at 16.
III. ANALYSIS
A. The First-Filed Rule
Because the Massachusetts Litigation was filed on August 10,
2009 – nearly three weeks before Centocor filed the D.C.
Litigation – Abbott GmbH argues that the “first-filed rule”
counsels in favor of transferring the Declaratory Judgment Action
to the District of Massachusetts. The parties agree that the
issues in the Declaratory Judgement Action pending in this Court
are identical to the issues presented in the Massachusetts
Litigation. See Def.’s Br. at 5-6 (explaining that the
compulsory counterclaims that Centocor filed in the Massachusetts
Litigation are identical to the claims presented in the
Declaratory Judgment Action); Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 4 (acknowledging
that the parties and subject matter of the Declaratory Judgment
Action and the Massachusetts Litigation “overlap entirely”).3
Finding no “countervailing equitable considerations” that counsel 3 With regard to plaintiff’s argument that this Court should disregard the first-filed rule because Abbott GmbH has no connection to Massachusetts, see Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 9-11, the Court finds this argument both unsupported and unpersuasive substantially for the reasons articulated in defendant’s reply brief. See Def.’s Reply Br. at 4 (“Abbott GmbH filed [suit] in the District of Massachusetts because it is the most convenient forum for its witnesses (both party and third-party witnesses) that are currently identifiable, a significant amount of the documentary evidence is located there, Abbott’s competing product is being developed there, and Centocor’s infringement is taking place there.”).
7 against application of the first-filed rule,4 the Court concludes
that this factor weighs heavily in favor of transfer. Columbia
Plaza Corp., 525 F.2d at 627; see also, e.g., Biochem Pharma,
Inc. v. Emory Univ., 148 F. Supp. 2d 11, 14 (D.D.C. 2001)
(“Transfer under § 1404(a) is appropriate where there is an
ongoing related case in another jurisdiction. Piecemeal
litigation in the complex and technical area of patent and
trademark law is especially undesirable. Rather, all of the
parties’ related patent and trademark infringement claims should
be decided in the same court.” (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted)).
B. Where the Cases Might Have Been Brought
Before the Court transfers an action to another venue
pursuant to § 1404(a), the defendant must show that the plaintiff
could have brought the action in the proposed transferee
district. Devaughn, 403 F. Supp. 2d at 72 (citing Van Dusen, 376
U.S. at 622). In this case, the Court concludes that the D.C.
Litigation could have been brought in the District of
Massachusetts.
4 The Court discusses the relevant equitable considerations in its § 1404(a) analysis, below. Far from counseling against transfer, the balance of the equities favors transfer of the D.C. Litigation to the District of Massachusetts.
8 1. The Section 146 Action
35 U.S.C. § 146 permits any party to an interference
proceeding that is dissatisfied with a decision of the USPTO
Board to “have remedy by civil action.” 35 U.S.C. § 146. The
statute also provides that “[i]f there be . . . an adverse party
residing in a foreign country, the United States District Court
for the District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction . . . .”
Id. Centocor argues that because Abbott GmbH is a German
corporation “with no apparent significant contacts with any
United States forum,” § 146’s special jurisdictional grant to the
District of Columbia was the only way that it could ensure that
its suit was properly filed. See Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 1, 6-9
(“Centocor’s choice of forum is legitimate and appropriate
because Centocor could be assured of personal jurisdiction over
Abbott GmbH in only this forum.”).
While it is undoubtedly true that actions involving foreign
defendants may be brought in the District of Columbia, § 146 does
not limit the ability of other district courts to hear these
actions. Instead, § 146 simply provides a mechanism to ensure
that a plaintiff can obtain personal jurisdiction over a foreign
defendant. See, e.g., Cell Genesys, Inc. v. Applied Research
Sys., No. 04-1407, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10152, at *10 (D.D.C.
Jan. 18, 2005) (“[S]ection 146 does not require that [an action
against a foreign entity] be filed in the District of Columbia,
9 but rather simply ensures that a forum is available for a civil
action relating to an interference where one party is a resident
of a foreign country.”); Standard Oil Co. v. Montecatini Edison
S.p.A., 342 F. Supp. 125, 131 (D. Del. 1972) (“[T]he purpose of §
146, relating to the District Court for the District of Columbia,
was merely to provide for long arm service of process in order to
obtain in personam jurisdiction in cases where the adverse
parties do not reside in the same state or where a party is an
alien. § 146 was never intended to constrict the grant of subject
matter jurisdiction of district courts over civil actions arising
under the patent laws[.]”).5
In this case, because Abbott GmbH submitted itself to the
jurisdiction of the Massachusetts district court when it sued
Centocor in the Massachusetts Litigation, the District of
Massachusetts also has personal jurisdiction over Abbott GmbH
with respect to any disputes between Abbott GmbH and Centocor
related to the ’128 and ’485 patents. See, e.g., Gen. Contracting
& Trading Co. v. Interpole, Inc., 940 F.2d 20, 22 (1st Cir. 1991)
5 See also Jean Patou v. Societe Anonyme Societe Technique, 124 F. Supp. 145, 146 (S.D.N.Y. 1955)(rejecting the contention that because the defendant was a foreign corporation, § 146 gave the District Court of the District of Columbia exclusive jurisdiction; emphasizing that “[i]t seems obvious that Section 146 gives the right to bring a civil action in any court of competent jurisdiction and that therefore any District Court has jurisdiction of the subject matter,” and explaining that Section 146 confers jurisdiction on the District of Columbia jurisdiction in those cases where “personal jurisdiction would otherwise be difficult or impossible to obtain”).
10 (“Trastco elected to avail itself of the benefits of the New
Hampshire courts as a plaintiff, starting a suit against
Interpole. By so doing, we think it is inevitable that Trastco
surrendered any jurisdictional objections to claims that
Interpole wished to assert against it in consequence of the same
transaction or arising out of the same nucleus of operative
facts.”); Neuralstem, Inc. v. StemCells, Inc., 573 F. Supp. 2d
888, 897 (D. Md. 2008) (“[P]ersonal jurisdiction may be based
upon implied consent or waiver when a non-resident files a claim
in the forum state that involves the same transaction.”); Foster
Wheeler Energy Corp. v. Metallgesellschaft AG, No. 91-214-SLR,
1993 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20450, at *4 (D. Del. Jan. 4, 1993) (“A
court may assert personal jurisdiction over a party on the ground
that the party consented to jurisdiction by submitting itself to
a court’s jurisdiction by instituting another, related suit.”).
Because the Section 146 Action is substantially related to the
Massachusetts Litigation, see Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 4 (“The parties
and subject matter in the Massachusetts Litigation overlap
substantially with the Section 146 Action . . . .”), the Court
concludes that Centocor could have brought its Section 146 Action
in the District of Massachusetts.6
6 While not relevant to the Court’s § 1404(a) analysis, it should be noted that Abbott GmbH has also expressly waived any objection to personal jurisdiction regarding adjudication of the § 146 action by the District of Massachusetts. See Def.’s Mot. at 7 n.2 (“Abbott GmbH expressly waives any objection it could
11 2. The Declaratory Judgment Action
Likewise, Centocor’s Declaratory Judgement Action also could
have been brought in the District of Massachusetts, as there is
complete overlap in the parties and subject matter of the
actions. See Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 4 (acknowledging the actions
“overlap entirely”).
Accordingly, the D.C. Litigation could have been filed in
the District of Massachusetts.
C. The Balance of Private and Public Interests
Next, in determining whether considerations of convenience
and the interests of justice support transfer, the Court weighs a
number of private-interest and public-interest factors. See
Devaughn, 403 F. Supp. 2d at 72. In this case, those factors
weigh in favor of transfer.
1. Private-Interest Factors
The private-interest considerations the Court looks to when
deciding whether to transfer a case include: “‘(1) the
plaintiff’s choice of forum; (2) the defendant’s choice of forum;
(3) where the claim arose; (4) the convenience of the parties;
(5) the convenience of witnesses, particularly if important
witnesses may actually be unavailable to give live trial
testimony in one of the districts; and (6) the ease of access to
sources of proof.’” Greene v. Nat’l Head Start Assoc., 610 F.
exercise to the District of Massachusetts exercising personal jurisdiction to adjudicate Centocor’s Section 146 action.”).
12 Supp. 2d 72, 74-75 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Demery v. Montgomery
County, 602 F. Supp. 2d 206, 210 (D.D.C. 2009)).
With regard to the first factor, the Court typically accords
“substantial deference” to a plaintiff’s choice of forum.
Reiffin v. Microsoft Corp., 104 F. Supp. 2d 48, 52 (D.D.C. 2000).
“However, when a plaintiff is not a resident of the forum and
‘most of the relevant events occurred elsewhere,’ this deference
is weakened.” Greene, 610 F. Supp. 2d at 75 (quoting Aftab v.
Gonzalez, 597 F. Supp. 2d 76, 80 (D.D.C. 2009)); see, e.g.,
Hunter v. Johanns, 517 F. Supp. 2d 340, 344 (D.D.C. 2007)
(explaining that the “strong presumption” against disturbing a
plaintiff’s choice of forum is diminished “when the forum is not
plaintiff’s home forum” and “the relevant events occurred
elsewhere”). Plaintiff in this case is not a resident of the
District of Columbia; nor did the operative events underlying the
complaints occur in the District of Columbia. Nevertheless,
plaintiff argues that its choice of forum should be given
deference because the District of Columbia was the only forum
where it “could be assured of personal jurisdiction over Abbott
GmbH.” Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 6. As discussed above, while the
Court concludes that the lawsuit need not have been brought in
the District of Columbia – and indeed, could have been brought in
the forum of the first-filed lawsuit - the Court is still
sympathetic to plaintiff’s argument. Accordingly, the Court
13 affords some, but not substantial, deference to plaintiff’s
choice of forum. See Cell Genesys, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10152,
at *10 (concluding that plaintiff’s decision to sue a foreign
defendant in the District of Columbia pursuant to § 146 “was
reasonable and [was] entitled to some consideration even though
the District of Columbia ha[d] no meaningful ties to the parties
or controversies”).
Next, the Court considers the defendant’s choice of forum.
Defendant’s choice of forum is imminently reasonable in light of
the fact that it filed a related action in the District of
Massachusetts nearly three weeks prior to Centocor’s commencement
of litigation in this forum. As discussed above, the first-filed
rule weighs heavily in favor of transfer. Moreover, unlike this
forum, the District of Massachusetts has at least some ties to
the subject matter of this litigation. Indeed, “much of the
development of the intellectual property covered by the patents-
in-suit took place at ABC in Massachusetts,” and many of
defendant’s party and non-party witnesses live or work in
Massachusetts. Def.’s Opp’n Br. at 1; see also Decl. of Paul B.
Keller (listing numerous co-inventors of the patents-in-suit that
work or reside in Massachusetts). Defendant’s choice of forum
therefore favors transfer.
14 With regard to the third factor - where the claims arose –
this factor is treated as neutral in the Court’s analysis because
it was not directly addressed by either party.
As to the fourth factor, the convenience of the parties,
neither plaintiff nor defendant resides in the District of
Columbia or Massachusetts. While defendant’s sister company and
co-defendant in the Massachusetts Litigation - ABC - has its
principal place of business in Massachusetts, ABC is not a party
to this litigation. Accordingly, the Court finds this factor to
be neutral.
Fifth, with regard to the convenience of the witnesses, the
Court considers “the availability of compulsory process to
command the attendance of unwilling witnesses, and the cost of
obtaining the attendance of willing witnesses.” Reiffin, 104 F.
Supp. 2d at 53. As a threshold matter, neither party has
identified any potential witnesses that reside in the District of
Columbia. Defendant, however, has identified numerous, potential
witnesses that live in Massachusetts, including some non-party
patent co-inventors over whom compulsory process may be
necessary. See Decl. of Paul B. Keller; see also Def.’s Br. at
10-11. While plaintiff argues that the District of Columbia is
more convenient for its Pennsylvania-based witnesses, plaintiff
has submitted no evidence indicating that obtaining the
attendance of these witnesses would be substantially more
15 expensive if the D.C. Litigation was transferred. See Pl.’s Ex.
B, Decl. of Matthew A. Pearson ¶ 4 (explaining that this Court is
approximately 140 miles closer than the District of
Massachusetts). Therefore, because many of defendant’s potential
witnesses - including third-party witnesses - work or reside in
Massachusetts, and no potential witnesses work or reside in the
District of Columbia, the convenience of the witnesses weighs in
favor of transfer.
The final private-interest factor that the Court considers
is access to proof. Defendant argues that access to proof would
be easier if the case were transferred to the District of
Massachusetts because “a substantial number of Abbott’s
documents, including the documents and things relating to the
conception, reduction to practice, and the filing and prosecution
of the ‘485 patents, are located in Massachusetts.” Def.’s Mot.
at 11-12. While plaintiff asserts that “relevant records are
also likely to be found in many locations outside Massachusetts,”
Centocor does not dispute that many relevant records are indeed
located in Massachusetts. Nor does plaintiff argue that relevant
records are located in the District of Columbia. Accordingly,
this factor also weighs in favor of transfer.
2. Public-Interest Factors
Having concluded that plaintiff’s choice of forum is
entitled to less deference and that other private-interest
16 factors are neutral or favor transfer to the District of
Massachusetts, the Court now turns to the public-interest
factors. The public-interest considerations include: (1) the
transferee’s familiarity with the governing laws; (2) the
relative congestion of the calendars of the potential transferee
and transferor courts; and (3) the local interest in deciding
local controversies at home. Devaughn, 403 F. Supp. 2d at 72.
With regard to the familiarity of governing law, defendant
argues that Judge Saylor, who is presiding over the Massachusetts
Litigation, has experience with the human antibody technology
implicated by the ’128 and ’485 patents, and will therefore be
able to more efficiently and effectively resolve the pending
cases. See Def.’s Mot. at 13-14. But see Pl.’s Br. at 13
(explaining that while two of Judge Saylor’s cases “involve
patents relating to human antibodies to the target TNF-alpha,”
“the patents involved in the Massachusetts Litigation and the
D.C. Litigations relate to human antibodies to a very different
target, IL-12”). Plaintiff counters that the D.C. District Court
is “uniquely familiar” with § 146 actions, by virtue of its
special jurisdictional grant. See Pl.’s Opp’n Br. at 13. As a
threshold matter, the Court notes that these cases involve the
application of federal law, with which all district court judges
are generally familiar. See, e.g., Cell Genesys, 2005 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 10152, at *14-15 (“[T]his factor in its original design had
17 more to do with familiarity with the governing body of law,
particularly state law, than with the specific applications of
federal law . . . .”). Nevertheless, while this Court is
certainly capable of resolving the pending disputes, the Court
recognizes that Judge Saylor’s previous experience with human
antibody patents would be a valuable asset in the resolution of
these cases, and indeed, would likely outweigh this Court’s
general familiarity with § 146 actions. The Court therefore
concludes that this factor also favors transfer. See id.
(concluding that the transferee judge’s familiarity with
biotechnology patent issues weighed in favor of transfer).
In terms of the relative congestion of the calendars of the
potential transferee and transferor courts, neither party puts
forth any evidence on this issue. Accordingly, this factor is
neutral with respect to transfer.
Finally, with regard to the local interest in deciding
local controversies, the Court concludes that this factor is also
neutral. While defendant argues that Massachusetts has a
particularized interest in the resolution of this dispute due to
the fact that its sister-company ABC is a domiciliary of
Massachusetts, see Def.’s Br. at 12, the Court finds this
argument unpersuasive in light of the fact that ABC is not a
party to the D.C. Litigation.
18 In sum, having given due consideration to the fact that the
Massachusetts Litigation was first-filed, and having balanced
plaintiff’s choice of forum in the District of Columbia against
the relevant private-interest and public-interest factors,
including the general public interest in having the related
litigation resolved by one court, this Court concludes that the
balance of private and public interests counsels in favor of
transferring the D.C. Litigation to the District of
IV. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS
defendant’s motion to transfer venue to the District of
Massachusetts. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum
Opinion.
Signed: EMMET G. SULLIVAN United States District Court Judge December 18, 2009