Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11287 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:16-cv-00097-WTM-GRS
CEDRIC JAMES BELL,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
DEPUTY WARDEN VICKIE BROWN, C.O. DICKIE PENN,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia ________________________
(September 19, 2018)
Before BRANCH, FAY, and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 2 of 7
Appellant/Plaintiff, Cedric Bell (“Bell”), appeals the district court’s order
granting summary judgment to Warden Vickie Brown 1 and Correctional Officer
Dickie Penn (“Officer Penn”) on his Eighth Amendment claim for alleged
deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of harm. Bell filed his complaint after
he was attacked by fellow inmates. The district court granted summary judgment
to Officer Penn, finding that Bell had not demonstrated that Officer Penn
subjectively knew that Bell faced a substantial risk of serious harm and that Officer
Penn failed to address that risk in an objectively reasonable manner. Finding that
Bell failed to establish a constitutional violation, the district court granted
summary judgment to Officer Penn. After a review of the record and the parties’
briefs, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
In May 2014, Bell was an inmate at Effingham County Correctional
Institution, serving a felony sentence. Bell worked in the kitchen during his
incarceration cleaning dishes, preparing food, and serving the prepared food.
Because of his kitchen duty, Bell was able to sneak food from the kitchen into his
room, and this caused friction with his fellow inmates. Moreover, as Bell stated,
his fellow inmates did not like him because he would beat them in checkers and
1 Bell conceded in the district court that he had no claims against Warden Brown. Thus, as did the district court, we will consider only the claims alleged against Officer Penn. 2 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 3 of 7
chess, talking “to them while I beat them, like Ali did.” (R. Doc. 19-3, Bell Dep.
p. 39:5–10.) Unlike his negative rapport with his fellow inmates, Bell had a good
relationship with the staff and knew Warden Brown and Officer Penn.
The morning of the incident in question, Bell was at work in the kitchen
when a new food service vendor employee opened the door to the kitchen’s storage
room. A number of his fellow inmates rushed into the storage room and started
taking unauthorized items. An inmate unknown to Bell grabbed a large jar of
peanut butter and placed it under one of the cooking pots and told the cooks not to
use that particular pot. The next day, the kitchen manager noticed that a five-
pound jar of peanut butter was missing from the kitchen, and he reported the
missing peanut butter to prison staff. A correctional officer entered Dorm A and
announced that a large jar of peanut butter was missing from the kitchen and
whoever took the peanut butter should return it. The officer informed the inmates
that if the inmate who stole the peanut butter did not return it forthwith, the officers
would conduct a shakedown of the dorm and confiscate all the inmates’
contraband, such as cell phones, cigarettes, and drugs.
When the inmates heard that they might lose their contraband, they told all
the others in the dorm that whoever took the peanut butter should return it or they
would “beat the brains off of” anyone who stole the peanut butter and caused them
3 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 4 of 7
to lose their cell phones, cigarettes, and drugs. (R. Id. at 54:15–21.) According to
Bell, this created a conundrum for the peanut butter thief because:
he had already traded the peanut butter from––for somebody else for some store items, and he had already ate some of the store items, so now he got to turn the peanut butter in plus he got to pay the guy for the store items that he already ate because he can’t sell them the peanut butter anymore.
(R. Id. at 55:7–13.)
In order to resolve his predicament, the peanut butter thief announced to the Dorm
A inmates that Bell was the snitch who informed corrections officials that the thief
resided in Dorm A. The thief and other inmates verbally threatened Bell, and Bell
told them to “come up here and get some.” (R. Id. at 58:12–15.) There is no
record evidence that either Warden Brown or Officer Penn saw or heard this
altercation.
Bell attempted to inform Warden Brown of the situation, but was
unsuccessful. Officers took Bell, and other prisoners, outside for recreation. Bell
claims that another inmate, he cannot identify, told Bell that Officer Penn named
Bell as the snitch. (R. Id. at 60:2–8.) Bell confronted Officer Penn about this
information, and Officer Penn denied any involvement. (R. Id. at 60:11–21 (“I
ain’t got nothing to do with none of that.”)) Bell returned to his dorm, and while
4 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 5 of 7
napping, approximately ten inmates attacked him. Prison officials did not witness
the attack but found Bell semi-conscious and suffering from various injuries.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
This court reviews de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
Rioux v. City of Atlanta, 520 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2008).
III. DISCUSSION
Bell contends that the district court erred in its determination that Officer
Penn was entitled to summary judgment because Bell did not establish that Officer
Penn violated a constitutional right under the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth
Amendment places an obligation on prison officials to take reasonable measures to
guarantee the safety of the inmates. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832, 114 S.
Ct. 1970, 1976 (1994). To prove such a violation, Bell must “produce sufficient
evidence of (1) a substantial risk of serious harm; (2) the defendants’ deliberate
indifference to that risk; and (3) causation.” Caldwell v. Warden, FCI Talladega,
748 F.3d 1090, 1099 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Goodman v. Kimbrough, 718 F.3d
1325, 1331 (11th Cir. 2013)). The court utilizes an objective standard to determine
whether a plaintiff faced a substantial risk of serious harm. Id. A defendant’s
deliberate indifference contains both a subjective and an objective component. Id.
To succeed, a plaintiff must show that the defendant subjectively knew that the
5 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 6 of 7
plaintiff faced a substantial risk of serious harm, and that the defendant ignored
that risk by failing to address it in an objectively reasonable manner. Id. Our court
has held that a prison official violates the Eighth Amendment when he labels an
inmate a snitch and exposes him to retaliation. See Harmon v. Berry, 728 F.2d
1407, 1409 (11th Cir. 1984).
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Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-11287 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:16-cv-00097-WTM-GRS
CEDRIC JAMES BELL,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
DEPUTY WARDEN VICKIE BROWN, C.O. DICKIE PENN,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia ________________________
(September 19, 2018)
Before BRANCH, FAY, and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 2 of 7
Appellant/Plaintiff, Cedric Bell (“Bell”), appeals the district court’s order
granting summary judgment to Warden Vickie Brown 1 and Correctional Officer
Dickie Penn (“Officer Penn”) on his Eighth Amendment claim for alleged
deliberate indifference to a substantial risk of harm. Bell filed his complaint after
he was attacked by fellow inmates. The district court granted summary judgment
to Officer Penn, finding that Bell had not demonstrated that Officer Penn
subjectively knew that Bell faced a substantial risk of serious harm and that Officer
Penn failed to address that risk in an objectively reasonable manner. Finding that
Bell failed to establish a constitutional violation, the district court granted
summary judgment to Officer Penn. After a review of the record and the parties’
briefs, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
In May 2014, Bell was an inmate at Effingham County Correctional
Institution, serving a felony sentence. Bell worked in the kitchen during his
incarceration cleaning dishes, preparing food, and serving the prepared food.
Because of his kitchen duty, Bell was able to sneak food from the kitchen into his
room, and this caused friction with his fellow inmates. Moreover, as Bell stated,
his fellow inmates did not like him because he would beat them in checkers and
1 Bell conceded in the district court that he had no claims against Warden Brown. Thus, as did the district court, we will consider only the claims alleged against Officer Penn. 2 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 3 of 7
chess, talking “to them while I beat them, like Ali did.” (R. Doc. 19-3, Bell Dep.
p. 39:5–10.) Unlike his negative rapport with his fellow inmates, Bell had a good
relationship with the staff and knew Warden Brown and Officer Penn.
The morning of the incident in question, Bell was at work in the kitchen
when a new food service vendor employee opened the door to the kitchen’s storage
room. A number of his fellow inmates rushed into the storage room and started
taking unauthorized items. An inmate unknown to Bell grabbed a large jar of
peanut butter and placed it under one of the cooking pots and told the cooks not to
use that particular pot. The next day, the kitchen manager noticed that a five-
pound jar of peanut butter was missing from the kitchen, and he reported the
missing peanut butter to prison staff. A correctional officer entered Dorm A and
announced that a large jar of peanut butter was missing from the kitchen and
whoever took the peanut butter should return it. The officer informed the inmates
that if the inmate who stole the peanut butter did not return it forthwith, the officers
would conduct a shakedown of the dorm and confiscate all the inmates’
contraband, such as cell phones, cigarettes, and drugs.
When the inmates heard that they might lose their contraband, they told all
the others in the dorm that whoever took the peanut butter should return it or they
would “beat the brains off of” anyone who stole the peanut butter and caused them
3 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 4 of 7
to lose their cell phones, cigarettes, and drugs. (R. Id. at 54:15–21.) According to
Bell, this created a conundrum for the peanut butter thief because:
he had already traded the peanut butter from––for somebody else for some store items, and he had already ate some of the store items, so now he got to turn the peanut butter in plus he got to pay the guy for the store items that he already ate because he can’t sell them the peanut butter anymore.
(R. Id. at 55:7–13.)
In order to resolve his predicament, the peanut butter thief announced to the Dorm
A inmates that Bell was the snitch who informed corrections officials that the thief
resided in Dorm A. The thief and other inmates verbally threatened Bell, and Bell
told them to “come up here and get some.” (R. Id. at 58:12–15.) There is no
record evidence that either Warden Brown or Officer Penn saw or heard this
altercation.
Bell attempted to inform Warden Brown of the situation, but was
unsuccessful. Officers took Bell, and other prisoners, outside for recreation. Bell
claims that another inmate, he cannot identify, told Bell that Officer Penn named
Bell as the snitch. (R. Id. at 60:2–8.) Bell confronted Officer Penn about this
information, and Officer Penn denied any involvement. (R. Id. at 60:11–21 (“I
ain’t got nothing to do with none of that.”)) Bell returned to his dorm, and while
4 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 5 of 7
napping, approximately ten inmates attacked him. Prison officials did not witness
the attack but found Bell semi-conscious and suffering from various injuries.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
This court reviews de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
Rioux v. City of Atlanta, 520 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2008).
III. DISCUSSION
Bell contends that the district court erred in its determination that Officer
Penn was entitled to summary judgment because Bell did not establish that Officer
Penn violated a constitutional right under the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth
Amendment places an obligation on prison officials to take reasonable measures to
guarantee the safety of the inmates. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832, 114 S.
Ct. 1970, 1976 (1994). To prove such a violation, Bell must “produce sufficient
evidence of (1) a substantial risk of serious harm; (2) the defendants’ deliberate
indifference to that risk; and (3) causation.” Caldwell v. Warden, FCI Talladega,
748 F.3d 1090, 1099 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Goodman v. Kimbrough, 718 F.3d
1325, 1331 (11th Cir. 2013)). The court utilizes an objective standard to determine
whether a plaintiff faced a substantial risk of serious harm. Id. A defendant’s
deliberate indifference contains both a subjective and an objective component. Id.
To succeed, a plaintiff must show that the defendant subjectively knew that the
5 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 6 of 7
plaintiff faced a substantial risk of serious harm, and that the defendant ignored
that risk by failing to address it in an objectively reasonable manner. Id. Our court
has held that a prison official violates the Eighth Amendment when he labels an
inmate a snitch and exposes him to retaliation. See Harmon v. Berry, 728 F.2d
1407, 1409 (11th Cir. 1984).
Government officials performing discretionary functions are entitled to
qualified immunity from being sued in their individual capacity unless their
conduct “violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a
reasonable person would have known.” Gonzalez v. Reno, 325 F.3d 1228, 1233
(11th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). The official invoking a
qualified immunity defense must first establish that he was acting within his
discretionary authority when the alleged constitutional violation occurred. Id. at
1234. Once that is established, the plaintiff bears the burden of showing that the
defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity by proving that “(1) the officer’s
conduct violated a constitutional right,” and “(2) the right was clearly established”
at the time of the alleged violation. Id. (citing Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201,
121 S. Ct. 2151, 2156 (2001)).
There is no dispute that Officer Penn was acting in his discretionary
authority at the time of the alleged constitutional violation. However, Bell cannot
6 Case: 18-11287 Date Filed: 09/19/2018 Page: 7 of 7
show that Officer Penn violated his Eighth Amendment right because Bell does not
support his claim with any evidence that Officer Penn actually labeled him as a
snitch. In his own deposition, Bell states that the inmate thief was the one who
told the Dorm A inmates that Bell was the snitch. (R. Doc. 19-3, 33:20–25.) Bell
has not identified any inmate who heard Officer Penn label Bell as the snitch,
instead relying on his own assertions that Officer Penn told the other inmates that
Bell was the snitch. Bell cannot rely on his own conclusory allegations and
conjecture to create a genuine issue of material fact. See Cordoba v. Dillard’s,
Inc., 419 F.3d 1169, 1181 (11th Cir. 2005). Bell fails to identify evidence in the
record that would permit a reasonable finder of fact to conclude that Officer Penn
subjectively knew that Bell faced a substantial risk of serious harm and that Officer
Penn failed to address that risk in an objectively reasonable manner. Caldwell, 748
F.3d at 1099. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court properly granted
summary judgment to Officer Penn, and we affirm the judgment.
AFFIRMED.