MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 06 2018, 9:21 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT APPELLEE PRO SE Lisa M. Dillman L.B. Dillman Law Group Connersville, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
C.B., December 6, 2018 Appellant-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-PO-1209 v. Appeal from the Franklin Circuit Court L.B., The Honorable Clay M. Appellee-Petitioner. Kellerman, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 24C02-1802-PO-79
Najam, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 1 of 7 Statement of the Case [1] C.B. appeals the trial court’s entry of an order for protection against him and
for L.B. C.B. raises a single issue for our review, which we restate as whether
the trial court’s order for protection is clearly erroneous.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] In January of 2018, L.B. and C.B. were married and lived together in
Brookville. On January 20, while they were working in the yard, L.B. told C.B.
she wanted to leave him. In response, C.B. “continually harass[ed] and
badger[ed]” L.B. Tr. at 9. He “wanted [L.B.] to kiss him” and “prove that
[she] didn’t love him anymore.” Id. L.B. instead “went in the house.” Id.
[4] In response, C.B. dumped a pickup-truck full of brush in front of the garage
door, which “blocked in” L.B.’s vehicle. Id. L.B. called local law enforcement,
who arrived, “removed [her] from the situation,” and advised C.B. to remove
the brush. Id. at 10. After C.B. had done so and L.B. was returned to the
residence, C.B. twice “pushed” her aside “as he was throwing [her] belongings
out of the door” and “impeded” her ability to “call 9-1-1” by taking her “phone
from [her] twice.” Id.
[5] During the ordeal, LB. was “in fear [for her] safety.” Id. at 10-11. She knew of
a 9-mm handgun and a .44-caliber rifle in C.B.’s possession at the residence,
and she hid them from C.B. because she “was afraid of what he was doing with
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 2 of 7 them.” Id. at 7. She then left the Brookville residence and moved in with her
father in Connersville.
[6] On January 25th, at about 6:15 in the morning, L.B. was returning to her
father’s house from work. She turned off of a state road and drove about one-
half mile down a rural road. There, still about two miles from her father’s
house, C.B. had blocked the road with his truck. When L.B. approached, C.B.
exited his truck and “threw something” at L.B. Id. at 11. L.B. backed up to
turn around, and C.B. returned to his truck and “almost broadsided” L.B. Id.
He then proceeded away from the scene. L.B. feared for her life during the
incident.
[7] On January 28th, C.B. sent L.B. a text message that made clear he had
followed her to her church’s service that day. The next day, C.B. sent another
message to L.B. asking her to come feed the livestock at their residence, but
L.B. had previously learned that C.B. actually had sold that livestock prior to
the message. Both messages caused L.B. distress and fear. In another message,
C.B. sent L.B. a photograph of C.B. with a shotgun in his mouth.
[8] On yet another occasion, C.B. bought L.B. flowers. When he presented them
to her, she told him that she did not love him. C.B. then “smashed the
flowers,” “got a gun,” and “told [L.B.] that he was going to kill
himself . . . right in front of [her]. He proceeded to pull the trigger. There were
no bullets in the gun. He then threw the gun at [L.B.]” Id. at 18. But L.B. did
not know there were no bullets in the gun until after C.B. had pulled the trigger.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 3 of 7 And, after L.B. had moved into her father’s residence, C.B. sent her a voice
message. That message purported to convey that C.B. was shooting himself.
[9] In early February, L.B. petitioned for an order for protection. The trial court
granted a preliminary ex parte order for protection and then held a hearing on
whether to make the ex parte order permanent. C.B. appeared at that hearing
along with counsel. After the hearing, the trial court made the order for
protection a permanent, two-year order. Using a form document, the court
identified certain findings of fact and entered conclusions thereon, which
included the court’s finding that C.B. was “Brady disqualified”; that is, he was
“prohibited from using or possessing a firearm” and was “ordered to surrender”
the firearms he had in his possession.1 Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 9. This
appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision [10] C.B. appeals the trial court’s entry of the order for protection. As we have
explained, orders for protection
are similar to injunctions, and therefore in granting an order the trial court must sua sponte make special findings of fact and conclusions thereon. Hanauer v. Hanauer, 981 N.E.2d 147, 148 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (citing, inter alia, Ind. Trial Rule 52(A) and Ind. Code § 34-26-5-9(a), (f)). We apply a two-tiered standard of review: we first determine whether the evidence supports the
1 Brady disqualification follows the federal Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993. See 18 U.S.C.A. §§ 921-22 (West 2006).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 4 of 7 findings, and then we determine whether the findings support the order. Id. at 149. In deference to the trial court’s proximity to the issues, we disturb the order only where there is no evidence supporting the findings or the findings fail to support the order. Koch Dev. Corp. v. Koch, 996 N.E.2d 358, 369 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied (2014). We do not reweigh evidence or reassess witness credibility, and we consider only the evidence favorable to the trial court’s order. Id. The party appealing the order must establish that the findings are clearly erroneous. Id. “Findings are clearly erroneous when a review of the record leaves us firmly convinced that a mistake has been made. We do not defer to conclusions of law, however, and evaluate them de novo.” Mysliwy v. Mysliwy, 953 N.E.2d 1072, 1076 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citation omitted), trans. denied.
Fox v. Bonam, 45 N.E.3d 794, 798-99 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
[11] On appeal, C.B. first argues that the trial court’s use of a form document for the
order for protection requires reversal. We cannot agree. To be sure, the use of
such form documents is problematic. They are prone to errors and meaningless
“N/A” statements, see Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 8-10, and they “weaken[] our
confidence as an appellate court that the findings are the result of considered
judgment by the trial court,” Cook v.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Dec 06 2018, 9:21 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT APPELLEE PRO SE Lisa M. Dillman L.B. Dillman Law Group Connersville, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
C.B., December 6, 2018 Appellant-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No. 18A-PO-1209 v. Appeal from the Franklin Circuit Court L.B., The Honorable Clay M. Appellee-Petitioner. Kellerman, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 24C02-1802-PO-79
Najam, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 1 of 7 Statement of the Case [1] C.B. appeals the trial court’s entry of an order for protection against him and
for L.B. C.B. raises a single issue for our review, which we restate as whether
the trial court’s order for protection is clearly erroneous.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] In January of 2018, L.B. and C.B. were married and lived together in
Brookville. On January 20, while they were working in the yard, L.B. told C.B.
she wanted to leave him. In response, C.B. “continually harass[ed] and
badger[ed]” L.B. Tr. at 9. He “wanted [L.B.] to kiss him” and “prove that
[she] didn’t love him anymore.” Id. L.B. instead “went in the house.” Id.
[4] In response, C.B. dumped a pickup-truck full of brush in front of the garage
door, which “blocked in” L.B.’s vehicle. Id. L.B. called local law enforcement,
who arrived, “removed [her] from the situation,” and advised C.B. to remove
the brush. Id. at 10. After C.B. had done so and L.B. was returned to the
residence, C.B. twice “pushed” her aside “as he was throwing [her] belongings
out of the door” and “impeded” her ability to “call 9-1-1” by taking her “phone
from [her] twice.” Id.
[5] During the ordeal, LB. was “in fear [for her] safety.” Id. at 10-11. She knew of
a 9-mm handgun and a .44-caliber rifle in C.B.’s possession at the residence,
and she hid them from C.B. because she “was afraid of what he was doing with
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 2 of 7 them.” Id. at 7. She then left the Brookville residence and moved in with her
father in Connersville.
[6] On January 25th, at about 6:15 in the morning, L.B. was returning to her
father’s house from work. She turned off of a state road and drove about one-
half mile down a rural road. There, still about two miles from her father’s
house, C.B. had blocked the road with his truck. When L.B. approached, C.B.
exited his truck and “threw something” at L.B. Id. at 11. L.B. backed up to
turn around, and C.B. returned to his truck and “almost broadsided” L.B. Id.
He then proceeded away from the scene. L.B. feared for her life during the
incident.
[7] On January 28th, C.B. sent L.B. a text message that made clear he had
followed her to her church’s service that day. The next day, C.B. sent another
message to L.B. asking her to come feed the livestock at their residence, but
L.B. had previously learned that C.B. actually had sold that livestock prior to
the message. Both messages caused L.B. distress and fear. In another message,
C.B. sent L.B. a photograph of C.B. with a shotgun in his mouth.
[8] On yet another occasion, C.B. bought L.B. flowers. When he presented them
to her, she told him that she did not love him. C.B. then “smashed the
flowers,” “got a gun,” and “told [L.B.] that he was going to kill
himself . . . right in front of [her]. He proceeded to pull the trigger. There were
no bullets in the gun. He then threw the gun at [L.B.]” Id. at 18. But L.B. did
not know there were no bullets in the gun until after C.B. had pulled the trigger.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 3 of 7 And, after L.B. had moved into her father’s residence, C.B. sent her a voice
message. That message purported to convey that C.B. was shooting himself.
[9] In early February, L.B. petitioned for an order for protection. The trial court
granted a preliminary ex parte order for protection and then held a hearing on
whether to make the ex parte order permanent. C.B. appeared at that hearing
along with counsel. After the hearing, the trial court made the order for
protection a permanent, two-year order. Using a form document, the court
identified certain findings of fact and entered conclusions thereon, which
included the court’s finding that C.B. was “Brady disqualified”; that is, he was
“prohibited from using or possessing a firearm” and was “ordered to surrender”
the firearms he had in his possession.1 Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 9. This
appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision [10] C.B. appeals the trial court’s entry of the order for protection. As we have
explained, orders for protection
are similar to injunctions, and therefore in granting an order the trial court must sua sponte make special findings of fact and conclusions thereon. Hanauer v. Hanauer, 981 N.E.2d 147, 148 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (citing, inter alia, Ind. Trial Rule 52(A) and Ind. Code § 34-26-5-9(a), (f)). We apply a two-tiered standard of review: we first determine whether the evidence supports the
1 Brady disqualification follows the federal Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993. See 18 U.S.C.A. §§ 921-22 (West 2006).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 4 of 7 findings, and then we determine whether the findings support the order. Id. at 149. In deference to the trial court’s proximity to the issues, we disturb the order only where there is no evidence supporting the findings or the findings fail to support the order. Koch Dev. Corp. v. Koch, 996 N.E.2d 358, 369 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied (2014). We do not reweigh evidence or reassess witness credibility, and we consider only the evidence favorable to the trial court’s order. Id. The party appealing the order must establish that the findings are clearly erroneous. Id. “Findings are clearly erroneous when a review of the record leaves us firmly convinced that a mistake has been made. We do not defer to conclusions of law, however, and evaluate them de novo.” Mysliwy v. Mysliwy, 953 N.E.2d 1072, 1076 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citation omitted), trans. denied.
Fox v. Bonam, 45 N.E.3d 794, 798-99 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
[11] On appeal, C.B. first argues that the trial court’s use of a form document for the
order for protection requires reversal. We cannot agree. To be sure, the use of
such form documents is problematic. They are prone to errors and meaningless
“N/A” statements, see Appellant’s App. Vol. 2 at 8-10, and they “weaken[] our
confidence as an appellate court that the findings are the result of considered
judgment by the trial court,” Cook v. Whitesell-Sherman, 796 N.E.2d 271, 273 n.1
(Ind. 2003). Indeed, the trial court’s order for protection here is clearly
erroneous in two respects: the trial court, contrary to the evidence before it,
erroneously found that C.B. was “not present” at the hearing and also
erroneously found that L.B. was not an “intimate partner” of C.B. Appellant’s
App. Vol. 2 at 8.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 5 of 7 [12] Nonetheless, those two errors demonstrate only that, as C.B. states, “the trial
court may have been distracted or in a hurry in making its decision.”
Appellant’s Br. at 8. We decline to hold that the court’s errors suggest more;
indeed, the court could not have found C.B. to be Brady disqualified without
having determined that the order for protection was necessary to protect an
intimate partner. See 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(8). Thus, it is clear that the court’s
errors are in the nature of scrivener’s errors rather than substantive ones.
Moreover, we are not persuaded by C.B.’s argument on appeal that those
scrivener’s errors, when coupled with how the court managed the proceedings,
so undermines our confidence in the court’s judgment as to require reversal.
The evidence presented to the court supports the court’s otherwise clear
judgment for L.B.
[13] C.B. also asserts that the trial court’s order for C.B. to be Brady disqualified is
clearly erroneous because “the evidence does not demonstrate that C.B.
represents a credible threat” to the physical safety of L.B. Appellant’s Br. at 10;
see 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(8)(C)(i). We cannot agree. In her testimony to the
court, L.B. described numerous credible threats to her physical safety
perpetrated by C.B. He blocked her vehicle in the garage of the marital
residence; that same day, he “pushed” her aside as he threw her personal
belongings out of the house, and while doing so he hid her phone from her so
she would not be able to call 9-1-1. Tr. at 10. On a second occasion, he
isolated her on a rural road, blocking her ability to pass, threw something at
her, and then nearly “broadsided” her as he fled the scene. Id. at 11. On a third
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 6 of 7 occasion, he threatened violence with a firearm, namely, to shoot himself in
front of her by pulling the trigger of an unloaded gun, and he then threw the
gun at her. On a fourth occasion, he again threatened violence with a firearm
when he sent her a voice mail that purported to be of him shooting himself. On
a fifth occasion, he sent her a picture of him with a shotgun in his mouth. On
still other occasions, he sent her messages that made it clear he was following
her or attempting to lure her back to the marital residence.
[14] The evidence most favorable to the trial court’s judgment readily supports the
court’s finding that C.B. represented a credible threat to the physical safety of
L.B. such that he should be Brady disqualified, and C.B.’s argument to the
contrary on appeal merely seeks to have this Court reweigh the evidence, which
we cannot do. Further, insofar as C.B. suggests that the trial court was not
required to find C.B. to be Brady disqualified, we conclude that the court did
not abuse its discretion when it did so. Thus, we affirm the trial court’s entry of
the order for protection.
[15] Affirmed.
Pyle, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PO-1209 | December 6, 2018 Page 7 of 7