OetoN, J.
The defenses to this action on the policy of insurance, set up in the answer, are as follows: (1) That the fire and loss occurred or were caused by the wilful act and procurement of the plaintiff; (2) that the plaintiff fraudulently concealed the fact that the building or dwelling-house to be insured was and had been used as a cooper-shop; (3) that the plaintiff in his proofs of loss fraudulently overestimated the value of the property insured; and (4) that there was not annexed to the proofs of loss the certificate ■of a magistrate nearest to said fire, as required by the policy. The first and second defenses were negatived by the findings of the jury, and such findings were clearly warranted by the evidence.
As to the third defense, the jury found that the plaintiff [515]*515“knowingly and intentionally stated in the proofs of loss the amount of loss and damage greater than it actually was,” but “ not with intent to deceive or defraud the defendant.” It is ingenipusly argued by the learned counsel of the appellant that, these findings -being contradictory, the first shall prevail and the second b'e rejected. Why not reverse the proposition, and reject the' first, by the rule that a later statute repeals an earlier one, or the last judgment reconsiders and reverses or overrules a former one ? But are these two findings repugnant- to eacb other? . It is plausibly argued by the learned counsel that knowingly and intentionally stating the amount of the loss greater than it actually was must have been with intent to deceive or defraud. The jury may have thought that the first finding (which was previously prepared for'them by the court or counsel) meant that the plaintiff knowingly and intentionally ^stated the amount of the loss, which they now found, tó be greater than it actually was; in other words, that such statement of the amount was his best and honest judgment, but it was greater than: it actually was. The language is peculiar. It would not seem to mean that the plaintiff knowingly and intentionally overestimated the value of the property or the amount of the loss. But be this as it may, the first finding on this question comes short of such a fraud as affected the validity of the policy, or the plaintiff’s right to the stipulated amount to be paid in case of total loss. The policy covered the building and its contents, and the controversy is mainly) concerning the building alone, which was totally destroyed by the fire. In such a casé the actual amount of the loss was immaterial, by virtue of the statute (sec. 1943, E. S.), which provides that the amount of insurance written in the policy on the real property destroyed “ shall be taken conclusively to be the true value of the property when insured, and the true amouñt of loss and measure of damages when destroyed.” [516]*516In view of this statute (ch. 341, Laws of 1874) it was held in Thompson v. St. Louis Ins. Co. 43 Wis. 462, that the complaint need not state the value of the property When it was destroyed; and in Reilly v. Franklin Ins. Co. 43 Wis. 449, that a defense in the answer that the value of the property destroyed was less than that stated in the policy could not prevail against this statute; and in Bammessel v. B. F. Ins. Co. 43 Wis. 463, where the policy contained a provision that “all fraud, or attempt at fraud, by false swearing or otherwise,” should cause a forfeiture of all claim under the policy, that such a defense, in respect to the value of the property when destroyed, could not be made. In these cases, the chief justice, in his opinions, considered every view which could even plausibly be taken against the full effect of the statute, and reviewed the authorities claimed to have force against its application, and the question should have been taken as settled and disposed of during the existence of the statute.
It is not perceived how the company could have been influenced by any such over-estimate to settle or compromise, or not to settle or compromise, the claim for the insurance so fixed coneluswely by the statute; for in no case could the company be compelled to pay more, or could the insured be induced thereby to receive less, than the amount so fixed by law. In this case the agent of the company required of the insured no statement whatever previous to the issuing of the policy, and he made his own examination of the property and his estimate of its value. The authorities cited by the learned counsel of the appellant do not seem to have any application to this case under our statute; and the circumstances in which such an issue might be claimed to be sometimes material, notwithstanding the statute, are not present in this case. This defense, therefore, cannot prevail under any construction of the finding of an overestimate of the value or loss.
[517]*517But, within this defense, it is'contended that the evidence 'showed the existence of a $50 mortgage upon the property when insured and when destroyed, and that such mortgage was not mentioned in the proofs of loss, but fraudulently concealed. The only proof of the existence of any such mortgage, or the particulars thereof, "appears to have been as follows: The plaintiff was asked on cross-examination as a witness whether “ there was a mortgage on his house at the time of the insurance and of the fire.” This question was objected to by plaintiff’s counsel, and the judge said-: “ I don’t think it would cut any figure in the case.” The counsel of the plaintiff then said: “ I will withdraw the objection to its not being cross-examination, if it is simply to be admitted as to the motive this man had.” The plaintiff as a witness thereupon answered, “Yes, sir.” It was then stipulated that the amount of the mortgage was $50, dated April 3, 1884, from T. Gayón to Manuel Brunette; and the witness then said: “ There was a mortgage on the house for $50, with ten per cent, interest from the date of the note. The agreement between [him] and Mr. Brunette was that the interest was due when the. mortgage was due, and that was two years.” It is contended by the learned counsel of the respondent that this evidence of the mortgage was limited in its effect to the motive of the plaintiff on the charge of his having burned the building, and that the evidence, having been received for this specific purpose, cannot be used for any other purpose in the case. It would seem, from the strong intimation„ of the court that the evidence was immaterial, that it would have been rejected for all purposes had not the plaintiff’s counsel withdrawn his objection to it upon the condition that it should be used only as to the plaintiff’s motive to burn the building. When the evidence was received, therefore, it was received for that purpose only. In such case the rule established in Hiles v. Hanover F. Ins. Co. 65 Wis. 585, would [518]*518seem to limit the use of this evidence to such purpose. This was an affirmative defense that ought to have been set out in the answer as notice to the plaintiff. It not having been disclosed by the answer or otherwise, neither the court nor the counsel of the plaintiff could know the object of the evidence or its materiality, and it would be an unwarrantable surprise to now treat it as in the case generally and for all purposes.
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OetoN, J.
The defenses to this action on the policy of insurance, set up in the answer, are as follows: (1) That the fire and loss occurred or were caused by the wilful act and procurement of the plaintiff; (2) that the plaintiff fraudulently concealed the fact that the building or dwelling-house to be insured was and had been used as a cooper-shop; (3) that the plaintiff in his proofs of loss fraudulently overestimated the value of the property insured; and (4) that there was not annexed to the proofs of loss the certificate ■of a magistrate nearest to said fire, as required by the policy. The first and second defenses were negatived by the findings of the jury, and such findings were clearly warranted by the evidence.
As to the third defense, the jury found that the plaintiff [515]*515“knowingly and intentionally stated in the proofs of loss the amount of loss and damage greater than it actually was,” but “ not with intent to deceive or defraud the defendant.” It is ingenipusly argued by the learned counsel of the appellant that, these findings -being contradictory, the first shall prevail and the second b'e rejected. Why not reverse the proposition, and reject the' first, by the rule that a later statute repeals an earlier one, or the last judgment reconsiders and reverses or overrules a former one ? But are these two findings repugnant- to eacb other? . It is plausibly argued by the learned counsel that knowingly and intentionally stating the amount of the loss greater than it actually was must have been with intent to deceive or defraud. The jury may have thought that the first finding (which was previously prepared for'them by the court or counsel) meant that the plaintiff knowingly and intentionally ^stated the amount of the loss, which they now found, tó be greater than it actually was; in other words, that such statement of the amount was his best and honest judgment, but it was greater than: it actually was. The language is peculiar. It would not seem to mean that the plaintiff knowingly and intentionally overestimated the value of the property or the amount of the loss. But be this as it may, the first finding on this question comes short of such a fraud as affected the validity of the policy, or the plaintiff’s right to the stipulated amount to be paid in case of total loss. The policy covered the building and its contents, and the controversy is mainly) concerning the building alone, which was totally destroyed by the fire. In such a casé the actual amount of the loss was immaterial, by virtue of the statute (sec. 1943, E. S.), which provides that the amount of insurance written in the policy on the real property destroyed “ shall be taken conclusively to be the true value of the property when insured, and the true amouñt of loss and measure of damages when destroyed.” [516]*516In view of this statute (ch. 341, Laws of 1874) it was held in Thompson v. St. Louis Ins. Co. 43 Wis. 462, that the complaint need not state the value of the property When it was destroyed; and in Reilly v. Franklin Ins. Co. 43 Wis. 449, that a defense in the answer that the value of the property destroyed was less than that stated in the policy could not prevail against this statute; and in Bammessel v. B. F. Ins. Co. 43 Wis. 463, where the policy contained a provision that “all fraud, or attempt at fraud, by false swearing or otherwise,” should cause a forfeiture of all claim under the policy, that such a defense, in respect to the value of the property when destroyed, could not be made. In these cases, the chief justice, in his opinions, considered every view which could even plausibly be taken against the full effect of the statute, and reviewed the authorities claimed to have force against its application, and the question should have been taken as settled and disposed of during the existence of the statute.
It is not perceived how the company could have been influenced by any such over-estimate to settle or compromise, or not to settle or compromise, the claim for the insurance so fixed coneluswely by the statute; for in no case could the company be compelled to pay more, or could the insured be induced thereby to receive less, than the amount so fixed by law. In this case the agent of the company required of the insured no statement whatever previous to the issuing of the policy, and he made his own examination of the property and his estimate of its value. The authorities cited by the learned counsel of the appellant do not seem to have any application to this case under our statute; and the circumstances in which such an issue might be claimed to be sometimes material, notwithstanding the statute, are not present in this case. This defense, therefore, cannot prevail under any construction of the finding of an overestimate of the value or loss.
[517]*517But, within this defense, it is'contended that the evidence 'showed the existence of a $50 mortgage upon the property when insured and when destroyed, and that such mortgage was not mentioned in the proofs of loss, but fraudulently concealed. The only proof of the existence of any such mortgage, or the particulars thereof, "appears to have been as follows: The plaintiff was asked on cross-examination as a witness whether “ there was a mortgage on his house at the time of the insurance and of the fire.” This question was objected to by plaintiff’s counsel, and the judge said-: “ I don’t think it would cut any figure in the case.” The counsel of the plaintiff then said: “ I will withdraw the objection to its not being cross-examination, if it is simply to be admitted as to the motive this man had.” The plaintiff as a witness thereupon answered, “Yes, sir.” It was then stipulated that the amount of the mortgage was $50, dated April 3, 1884, from T. Gayón to Manuel Brunette; and the witness then said: “ There was a mortgage on the house for $50, with ten per cent, interest from the date of the note. The agreement between [him] and Mr. Brunette was that the interest was due when the. mortgage was due, and that was two years.” It is contended by the learned counsel of the respondent that this evidence of the mortgage was limited in its effect to the motive of the plaintiff on the charge of his having burned the building, and that the evidence, having been received for this specific purpose, cannot be used for any other purpose in the case. It would seem, from the strong intimation„ of the court that the evidence was immaterial, that it would have been rejected for all purposes had not the plaintiff’s counsel withdrawn his objection to it upon the condition that it should be used only as to the plaintiff’s motive to burn the building. When the evidence was received, therefore, it was received for that purpose only. In such case the rule established in Hiles v. Hanover F. Ins. Co. 65 Wis. 585, would [518]*518seem to limit the use of this evidence to such purpose. This was an affirmative defense that ought to have been set out in the answer as notice to the plaintiff. It not having been disclosed by the answer or otherwise, neither the court nor the counsel of the plaintiff could know the object of the evidence or its materiality, and it would be an unwarrantable surprise to now treat it as in the case generally and for all purposes. Had not the fact of the existence of this mortgage been so limited as evidence, and had the plaintiff’s counsel known that it would be used to diminish the loss or to show a fraudulent concealment of an incum-brance, perhaps it might have been shown that the agent of the company knew of its existence before the insurance, or some other rebutting evidence might have been given to render the fact harmless to the plaintiff. But it is sufficient to answer the rule that this evidence was so conditionally received. The plaintiff, as the insured, had made no statements of representations whatever as to incumbrances on the property, and was not questioned concerning any, before the policy was issued, and it is not perceived how this $50 mortgage could “ cut any figure in the case,” as stated by the learned judge before whom the case was tried. The plaintiff, as mortgagor, in this state was the absolute owner of the property, and had an insurable interest to the extent of its value, notwithstanding the mortgage, as we understand the law. Flay, Ins. §§ 82, 285, and case cited in note 4 But this we do not positively decide, for we do not think the question properly in this case from the evidence as received.
The fourth defense consists in the failure of the plaintiff to furnish proofs of loss with the proper certificate of a magistrate annexed, as a condition precedent to a recovery ^ or of any claim due or payable. The policy required the assured to “ furnish and annex to the proofs a certificate of a magistrate nearest the place of fire, who is not a creditor [519]*519or relative of the assured, that he'has investigated the facts of the case and that the claim is just and honest,” and provided that “until such . . . certificate shall be furnished . . . the claim shall not be due or payable.” The certificate annexed to the proofs of loss was that of L. B. Sale, Esq., notary public. There was proof that L. B. Sale, Esq., was not the nearest magistrate to the fife, and there was no proof that he was. 'But the first and paramount objection to the certificate consists in the fact that he was not a magistrate. In the narrower sense in which the term is used, and in which it must have been used in the policy, it means “an inferior judicial officer, asa justice of the peace.” The fact that the officer must be a magistrate nearest the place of the fire would seem to indicate that a justice of the peace was the officer intended; for his office and place of business are local and fixed, and he is one of a class of magistrates. In common parlance a justice of the peace is a magistrate and is.of ten called by that name. Bouvier’s and Rapalje & Lawrence’s Law Dictionaries and Webster’s Dictionary agree upon this limited use of the term. The president of the United States and governors of the states are called magistrates, but they are chief magistrates, and of course not -intended. One thing is very certain, a notary public is not a magistrate and is never called a magistrate. It follows, therefore, that the proofs of loss in this case had not the proper certificate of a magistrate annexed to them, as required by the policy. The proofs of loss, otherwise proper, were furnished to the company in proper time, and were kept by the company without objection until the trial. If they were defective for want of a proper certificate, they should have been returned for that reason at once, so that the proper certificate could be obtained. Retaining them without objection constitutes a waiver of any such objectionable defects. This has been so often decided by this court that we need not [520]*520took elsewhere for authority. Warner v. Peoria M. & F. Ins. Co. 14 Wis. 318; Fillips v. Putnam F. Ins. Co. 28 Wis. 480; O’Conner v. Hartford F. Ins. Co. 31 Wis. 165; Badger v. Glens Falls Ins. Co. 49 Wis. 389; Badger v. Phœnix Ins. Co. 49 Wis. 396. The learned counsel of the appellant seems to have relied upon other defects in the certificate which were not known to the company. But this defect, which is paramount and palpable, the company are presumed to have known. It would be quite immaterial whether Mr. Sale, the notary, was nearest the fire or not, for he was not a magistrate.
We can find no errors in the record which ought to reverse the judgment.
By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.