COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, McClanahan and Senior Judge Bumgardner Argued at Richmond, Virginia
CAVELL DEVON WEST MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0120-07-2 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS MAY 20, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY William R. Shelton, Judge Designate
Matthew T. Paulk (Matthew T. Paulk, P.C., on brief), for appellant.
Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Cavell Devon West (“West”) appeals his convictions for murder in the first degree, in
violation of Code § 18.2-32, breaking and entering while armed with a deadly weapon, in
violation of Code § 18.2-89, and two counts of use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in
violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. West confessed his crimes to the police, but he claims that the
trial court erred by admitting that confession because it was the result of an unconstitutional
interrogation. West claims that the officers interrogating him denied his request for an attorney,
in violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Because
West made no unequivocal request for an attorney prior to confessing to his crimes, we hold that
the trial court did not err by admitting West’s confession into evidence.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Analysis
“In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a suppression motion, we consider the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prevailing party below, the Commonwealth in this instance,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Askew v. Commonwealth,
38 Va. App. 718, 722, 568 S.E.2d 403, 405 (2002).
West argues on appeal that Officer Jeff Hinson (“Officer Hinson”) violated his right to
counsel and that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress. Whether a defendant
requested an attorney during a custodial interrogation is a mixed question of law and fact.
Commonwealth v. Redmond, 264 Va. 321, 326, 568 S.E.2d 695, 697 (2002). As such, we defer
to the trial court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. at 327, 568 S.E.2d at
698. However, we review the trial court’s application of the Fifth Amendment to those facts de
novo. Id.
In Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981), the Supreme Court of the United States held
that when a suspect has “expressed his desire to deal with the police only through counsel,” he
may not be subjected to “further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made
available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or
conversations with the police.” Id. at 484-85. If the authorities continue the interrogation after
the suspect has invoked his right to counsel, the fruits of the subsequent interrogation are
inadmissible against the suspect at trial. Id. at 485.
In order to invoke his right to counsel, a suspect must clearly and unequivocally request
an attorney. Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 454 (1994). “Although a suspect need not
‘speak with the discrimination of an Oxford don,’ he must articulate his desire to have counsel
present sufficiently clearly that a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would
understand the statement to be a request for an attorney.” Id. at 459 (quoting id. at 476 (Souter,
-2- J., concurring in judgment)). “[I]f a suspect makes a reference to an attorney that is ambiguous
or equivocal in that a reasonable officer in light of the circumstances would have understood
only that the suspect might be invoking the right to counsel,” interrogation may continue. Id.
(emphasis in original). Moreover,
when a suspect makes an ambiguous or equivocal statement[,] it will often be good police practice for the interviewing officers to clarify whether or not he actually wants an attorney . . . . Clarifying questions help protect the rights of the suspect by ensuring that he gets an attorney if he wants one, and will minimize the chance of a confession being suppressed due to subsequent judicial second-guessing as to the meaning of the suspect’s statement regarding counsel.
Id. at 461-62.
West claims that he clearly and unequivocally invoked his right to counsel when he
stated: “I am willing to talk, but can I have a lawyer in here or something?” The Supreme Court
of Virginia has twice addressed very similar statements made in the context of a police
interrogation. Both cases are instructive.
In Redmond, the Supreme Court of Virginia held that a suspect’s statement: “Can I
speak to my lawyer? I can’t even talk to [a] lawyer before I make any kinds of comments or
anything?” was not sufficient to invoke his right to counsel. Redmond, 264 Va. at 325, 568
S.E.2d at 697. After having reviewed a videotape of the interrogation contained in the record,
the Court concluded:
the defendant’s questions, “Can I speak to my lawyer? I can’t even talk to [a] lawyer before I make any kinds of comments or anything?” were not a clear and unambiguous assertion of his right to counsel. Even though the circuit court in this instance did not make specific factual findings, the historical facts such as the context of the defendant’s questions, the tone of his voice, his voice inflections, and his demeanor support the conclusion that this defendant did not make a clear assertion of his right to counsel.
-3- At best, the defendant’s questions may be construed as a desire on his part to obtain more information about his Miranda rights.
Id. at 330, 568 S.E.2d at 700.
In Commonwealth v. Hilliard, 270 Va. 42, 613 S.E.2d 579 (2005), the Supreme Court
reviewed a statement nearly identical to the one made by the defendant in Redmond. In Hilliard,
the Court held that a suspect’s statement, “Can I get a lawyer in here?” was sufficient to invoke
the suspect’s right to counsel. Id. at 46, 613 S.E.2d at 582. The difference between Hilliard and
Redmond was the context in which the statements were made. In Hilliard, when the suspect
stated, “Can I get a lawyer in here?” he had already made two earlier inquiries about a lawyer.
During the same interrogation, the suspect had said, “Can I have someone else present too, I
mean just for my safety, like a lawyer like y’all just said?” and “I would like to have somebody
else in here because I may say something I don’t even know what I am saying, and it . . . might
jam me up in some incidents, and I don’t want that to happen, man.” Id. The Court held that
“[w]hen viewed as a whole,” in light of “the context of the circumstances and the prior
statements,” the suspect’s “third alleged request . . . was an unequivocal request for counsel
stated with sufficient clarity that a reasonable police officer under the circumstances would have
understood the statements to be a request for counsel.” Id. at 52, 613 S.E.2d at 586.
Here, the context of West’s request, “Can I get a lawyer in here or something?” is more
similar to the circumstances of Redmond than Hilliard. Like the suspect in Redmond, and unlike
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, McClanahan and Senior Judge Bumgardner Argued at Richmond, Virginia
CAVELL DEVON WEST MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0120-07-2 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS MAY 20, 2008 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY William R. Shelton, Judge Designate
Matthew T. Paulk (Matthew T. Paulk, P.C., on brief), for appellant.
Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Cavell Devon West (“West”) appeals his convictions for murder in the first degree, in
violation of Code § 18.2-32, breaking and entering while armed with a deadly weapon, in
violation of Code § 18.2-89, and two counts of use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in
violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. West confessed his crimes to the police, but he claims that the
trial court erred by admitting that confession because it was the result of an unconstitutional
interrogation. West claims that the officers interrogating him denied his request for an attorney,
in violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Because
West made no unequivocal request for an attorney prior to confessing to his crimes, we hold that
the trial court did not err by admitting West’s confession into evidence.
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Analysis
“In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a suppression motion, we consider the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prevailing party below, the Commonwealth in this instance,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Askew v. Commonwealth,
38 Va. App. 718, 722, 568 S.E.2d 403, 405 (2002).
West argues on appeal that Officer Jeff Hinson (“Officer Hinson”) violated his right to
counsel and that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress. Whether a defendant
requested an attorney during a custodial interrogation is a mixed question of law and fact.
Commonwealth v. Redmond, 264 Va. 321, 326, 568 S.E.2d 695, 697 (2002). As such, we defer
to the trial court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. at 327, 568 S.E.2d at
698. However, we review the trial court’s application of the Fifth Amendment to those facts de
novo. Id.
In Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981), the Supreme Court of the United States held
that when a suspect has “expressed his desire to deal with the police only through counsel,” he
may not be subjected to “further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made
available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or
conversations with the police.” Id. at 484-85. If the authorities continue the interrogation after
the suspect has invoked his right to counsel, the fruits of the subsequent interrogation are
inadmissible against the suspect at trial. Id. at 485.
In order to invoke his right to counsel, a suspect must clearly and unequivocally request
an attorney. Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 454 (1994). “Although a suspect need not
‘speak with the discrimination of an Oxford don,’ he must articulate his desire to have counsel
present sufficiently clearly that a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would
understand the statement to be a request for an attorney.” Id. at 459 (quoting id. at 476 (Souter,
-2- J., concurring in judgment)). “[I]f a suspect makes a reference to an attorney that is ambiguous
or equivocal in that a reasonable officer in light of the circumstances would have understood
only that the suspect might be invoking the right to counsel,” interrogation may continue. Id.
(emphasis in original). Moreover,
when a suspect makes an ambiguous or equivocal statement[,] it will often be good police practice for the interviewing officers to clarify whether or not he actually wants an attorney . . . . Clarifying questions help protect the rights of the suspect by ensuring that he gets an attorney if he wants one, and will minimize the chance of a confession being suppressed due to subsequent judicial second-guessing as to the meaning of the suspect’s statement regarding counsel.
Id. at 461-62.
West claims that he clearly and unequivocally invoked his right to counsel when he
stated: “I am willing to talk, but can I have a lawyer in here or something?” The Supreme Court
of Virginia has twice addressed very similar statements made in the context of a police
interrogation. Both cases are instructive.
In Redmond, the Supreme Court of Virginia held that a suspect’s statement: “Can I
speak to my lawyer? I can’t even talk to [a] lawyer before I make any kinds of comments or
anything?” was not sufficient to invoke his right to counsel. Redmond, 264 Va. at 325, 568
S.E.2d at 697. After having reviewed a videotape of the interrogation contained in the record,
the Court concluded:
the defendant’s questions, “Can I speak to my lawyer? I can’t even talk to [a] lawyer before I make any kinds of comments or anything?” were not a clear and unambiguous assertion of his right to counsel. Even though the circuit court in this instance did not make specific factual findings, the historical facts such as the context of the defendant’s questions, the tone of his voice, his voice inflections, and his demeanor support the conclusion that this defendant did not make a clear assertion of his right to counsel.
-3- At best, the defendant’s questions may be construed as a desire on his part to obtain more information about his Miranda rights.
Id. at 330, 568 S.E.2d at 700.
In Commonwealth v. Hilliard, 270 Va. 42, 613 S.E.2d 579 (2005), the Supreme Court
reviewed a statement nearly identical to the one made by the defendant in Redmond. In Hilliard,
the Court held that a suspect’s statement, “Can I get a lawyer in here?” was sufficient to invoke
the suspect’s right to counsel. Id. at 46, 613 S.E.2d at 582. The difference between Hilliard and
Redmond was the context in which the statements were made. In Hilliard, when the suspect
stated, “Can I get a lawyer in here?” he had already made two earlier inquiries about a lawyer.
During the same interrogation, the suspect had said, “Can I have someone else present too, I
mean just for my safety, like a lawyer like y’all just said?” and “I would like to have somebody
else in here because I may say something I don’t even know what I am saying, and it . . . might
jam me up in some incidents, and I don’t want that to happen, man.” Id. The Court held that
“[w]hen viewed as a whole,” in light of “the context of the circumstances and the prior
statements,” the suspect’s “third alleged request . . . was an unequivocal request for counsel
stated with sufficient clarity that a reasonable police officer under the circumstances would have
understood the statements to be a request for counsel.” Id. at 52, 613 S.E.2d at 586.
Here, the context of West’s request, “Can I get a lawyer in here or something?” is more
similar to the circumstances of Redmond than Hilliard. Like the suspect in Redmond, and unlike
the suspect in Hilliard, West made only one reference to an attorney and did so in the form of a
question rather than in the form of a statement requesting an attorney. That reference, on its
face, was not an unequivocal request for counsel. In its ruling, the trial court explained, “He is
saying, can I get a lawyer? He is not saying, I want a lawyer. . . . He didn’t say that.” The video
recording of the interview supports this finding. The statement’s context indicates that West did
-4- not make a clear and unequivocal request for an attorney. The tone of the interview, West’s
demeanor at the time of the statement, and Officer Hinson’s response to the statement all tend to
show that a reasonable police officer would have understood the statements to be a request for
information, not a request for counsel. When told that he would have to wait in jail until an
attorney arrived, West confessed and did not again mention an attorney. We see no reason to
construe his statement as anything more than a request for a clarification of his rights. As such,
it did not invoke his right to counsel.
Conclusion
Because West did not clearly invoke his right to counsel, Officer Hinson did not violate
West’s Fifth Amendment rights by continuing to interrogate him. Thus, we affirm the trial
court’s decision to deny West’s motion to suppress his confession.
Affirmed.
-5-