Hoke, J.
There was evidence on the part of plaintiff tending to show that, on 29 July, 1913, defendants R. J. Hall, G. M. Brooks, and G. A. Kernodle were copartners owning or operating a garage in the city of Burlington, N. C., letting out automobiles for hire to be run by the partners or drivers supplied by them, and, on said day, plaintiff and
another, one
W.
D. Foster, hired from them a machine at an agreed price and plaintiff and two or three other passengers were going ont on the road towards Gibsonville to meet the Governor, wlm was supposed to be in the county inspecting the roads with a view of designating the apportionment of certain moneys available for good road purposes; that the car on the trip was being driven by G. A. Kernodle, one of the defendants, and not having met the Governor, for some reason, on the return trip was run by said defendant at a reckless rate of speed, and so negligently that, in the wrongful effort to pass another car in front, on a narrow piece of road, he struck the said car and then ran down an embankment into a meadow, colliding with a stump or tree, breaking several of plaintiff’s ribs and giving him other painful and serious bruises on the head and back, from which he still suffers and from which he was confined many months in a hospital and has had to procure necessary medical treatment, etc., at a cost of something like $2,000, etc.
Defendant denied that there was any contract of hiring by plaintiff or any one for him; alleged that the car had been donated to the Chamber of Commerce for that day to “boost the town,” etc., and that plaintiff was the representative of the body, and, as such, was in the car at the time with two others who were there on plaintiff’s invitation.
There was evidence in support of defendant’s position, and he testified, also, that the effort to pass the car in front was undertaken by direction of the plaintiff. This was denied by plaintiff.
On these, the facts relevant to the question as now presented, we are of opinion that it was reversible error to hold that a verdict against plaintiff on the first issue was necessarily decisive of his right to recover.
On authority apposite to certain phases of the testimony it is held that a partnership is liable for the tort of one of its members committed in the scope and course of the partnership business.
Hall v. Younts,
87 N. C., 285;
Mode v. Penland,
93 N. C., 292; Principles of Partnership by Parsons, sec. 139; George on Partnership, p. 242; Hale on Torts, p. 167. That defendants may be considered public carriers of passengers and held to a high degree of care in respect to their duties as such:
Shepherd v. Jacobs,
204 Mass., 110;
Primrose v. Casualty Co.,
232 Pa. St., 210;
Sewark v. Perkins,
73 Kansas, 553;
Benner Livery Co. v. Busson,
58 Ill. App., 1; 6 Cyc., pp. 364-533 and 534-a degree of care commensurate with the duties they have undertaken, and influenced and determined by reference to the hazards incident to' the occupation, and the machines and methods employed in carrying it on, the recognized principle' as to machines being that the more dangerous the character “the greater the degree of care and caution required in their use and operation.”
Tudor v. Bowen,
152 N. C., 441;
Marable v. R. R.,
142 N. C., 557;
Indianapolis, etc., R. R. v. Hoest,
93 U. S., 291;
Steamboat Co. v. King,
57 U. S., 469; 2 Ruling Case Law, title “Automobiles,”
p. 1189. In
Marable's case
it was beld, among other things, that “a carrier is required to use that high degree of care for the safety of the passengers which a prudent person would use in view of the nature and risks of the business.” And, speaking to the same position, in
Fitzgerald v. R. R.,
141 N. C., 530, it was held: “They (the employees of the company) were, therefore, charged with a high degree of care in this respect. This statement imports no infringement on the doctrine which obtains with us that there are no degrees of care so far as
fixing responsibility for negligence
is concerned. This is true on a given state of facts, and, in the same case, the standard is always that Care which a prudent man should use under like circumstances. What such reasonable care is, however, does vary in different cases and under different conditions, and the degree of care required of one whose breach of duty is likely to result in serious harm is greater than when the effect of such breach is not near so threatening.”
And on the question more directly involved in the appeal the decided eases here and elsewhere are to the effect that the distinction as to the liability of carriers in cases of passengers for hire and those carried gratuitously does not prevail as in the cases of common carriers of goods, but the same degree of care is exacted in the one case as the other.
McNeill v. R. R.,
135 N. C., 682;
Benner Livery Co. v. Busson, supra; Indianapolis Traction Co. v. Kluitschy,
167 Ind., 598;
Lemon v. Canslor,
68 Mo., 340;
Gillenwater v. R. R.,
5 Ind., 339; Hale on Bailments, p. 497; 6 Cyc., 544.
In
McNeill's case
the Court cites with approval from
Lemon v. Canslor
the statement of the position as follows: “This we think was sufficient to authorize the instruction. The principle announced in it, that although plaintiff might have been a gratuitous passenger, such fact constituted no defense, is supported by all the authorities which have come under our observation. While in some of them intimations are made that in the case of a gratuitous passenger the carrier may only be liable for gross negligence, it has not been held in any of them that such fact will exempt the carrier from all liability. On the contrary, the weight of authority favors the doctrine of holding the carrier of passengers to the same degree of diligence in all cases where one has been received as a passenger, on the principle that ‘if a man undertakes to do a thing to the best of his skill, when his situation or profession is such as to imply skill, omission of that skill is imputable to him as gross negligence.’ ”
In
Traction Co. v. Kluitschy, supra,
it was held: “Carriers are liable to passengers for negligence resulting in damages, though the carriage is ‘gratuitous,’ ” and, further, “When an officer of a. street railway company, on behalf of such company, invited a visiting order, composed of women of whom plaintiff was one, to take a free trolley ride in one of
sucb company’s cars, tbe acceptance of sucb invitation by taking passage on tbe ear constituted tbe plaintiff a passenger.”
In Hale on Bailments, p. 497, tbe author states tbe position as follows : “In one respect there is a striking difference between tbe liability of common carriers for goods and tbe liability of public carriers of passengers for injuries to a passenger. As has been seen, where goods are carried gratuitously tbe carrier is not regarded as a common carrier, but is simply a private carrier, and liable, as a mandatary, only for gross negligence.
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Hoke, J.
There was evidence on the part of plaintiff tending to show that, on 29 July, 1913, defendants R. J. Hall, G. M. Brooks, and G. A. Kernodle were copartners owning or operating a garage in the city of Burlington, N. C., letting out automobiles for hire to be run by the partners or drivers supplied by them, and, on said day, plaintiff and
another, one
W.
D. Foster, hired from them a machine at an agreed price and plaintiff and two or three other passengers were going ont on the road towards Gibsonville to meet the Governor, wlm was supposed to be in the county inspecting the roads with a view of designating the apportionment of certain moneys available for good road purposes; that the car on the trip was being driven by G. A. Kernodle, one of the defendants, and not having met the Governor, for some reason, on the return trip was run by said defendant at a reckless rate of speed, and so negligently that, in the wrongful effort to pass another car in front, on a narrow piece of road, he struck the said car and then ran down an embankment into a meadow, colliding with a stump or tree, breaking several of plaintiff’s ribs and giving him other painful and serious bruises on the head and back, from which he still suffers and from which he was confined many months in a hospital and has had to procure necessary medical treatment, etc., at a cost of something like $2,000, etc.
Defendant denied that there was any contract of hiring by plaintiff or any one for him; alleged that the car had been donated to the Chamber of Commerce for that day to “boost the town,” etc., and that plaintiff was the representative of the body, and, as such, was in the car at the time with two others who were there on plaintiff’s invitation.
There was evidence in support of defendant’s position, and he testified, also, that the effort to pass the car in front was undertaken by direction of the plaintiff. This was denied by plaintiff.
On these, the facts relevant to the question as now presented, we are of opinion that it was reversible error to hold that a verdict against plaintiff on the first issue was necessarily decisive of his right to recover.
On authority apposite to certain phases of the testimony it is held that a partnership is liable for the tort of one of its members committed in the scope and course of the partnership business.
Hall v. Younts,
87 N. C., 285;
Mode v. Penland,
93 N. C., 292; Principles of Partnership by Parsons, sec. 139; George on Partnership, p. 242; Hale on Torts, p. 167. That defendants may be considered public carriers of passengers and held to a high degree of care in respect to their duties as such:
Shepherd v. Jacobs,
204 Mass., 110;
Primrose v. Casualty Co.,
232 Pa. St., 210;
Sewark v. Perkins,
73 Kansas, 553;
Benner Livery Co. v. Busson,
58 Ill. App., 1; 6 Cyc., pp. 364-533 and 534-a degree of care commensurate with the duties they have undertaken, and influenced and determined by reference to the hazards incident to' the occupation, and the machines and methods employed in carrying it on, the recognized principle' as to machines being that the more dangerous the character “the greater the degree of care and caution required in their use and operation.”
Tudor v. Bowen,
152 N. C., 441;
Marable v. R. R.,
142 N. C., 557;
Indianapolis, etc., R. R. v. Hoest,
93 U. S., 291;
Steamboat Co. v. King,
57 U. S., 469; 2 Ruling Case Law, title “Automobiles,”
p. 1189. In
Marable's case
it was beld, among other things, that “a carrier is required to use that high degree of care for the safety of the passengers which a prudent person would use in view of the nature and risks of the business.” And, speaking to the same position, in
Fitzgerald v. R. R.,
141 N. C., 530, it was held: “They (the employees of the company) were, therefore, charged with a high degree of care in this respect. This statement imports no infringement on the doctrine which obtains with us that there are no degrees of care so far as
fixing responsibility for negligence
is concerned. This is true on a given state of facts, and, in the same case, the standard is always that Care which a prudent man should use under like circumstances. What such reasonable care is, however, does vary in different cases and under different conditions, and the degree of care required of one whose breach of duty is likely to result in serious harm is greater than when the effect of such breach is not near so threatening.”
And on the question more directly involved in the appeal the decided eases here and elsewhere are to the effect that the distinction as to the liability of carriers in cases of passengers for hire and those carried gratuitously does not prevail as in the cases of common carriers of goods, but the same degree of care is exacted in the one case as the other.
McNeill v. R. R.,
135 N. C., 682;
Benner Livery Co. v. Busson, supra; Indianapolis Traction Co. v. Kluitschy,
167 Ind., 598;
Lemon v. Canslor,
68 Mo., 340;
Gillenwater v. R. R.,
5 Ind., 339; Hale on Bailments, p. 497; 6 Cyc., 544.
In
McNeill's case
the Court cites with approval from
Lemon v. Canslor
the statement of the position as follows: “This we think was sufficient to authorize the instruction. The principle announced in it, that although plaintiff might have been a gratuitous passenger, such fact constituted no defense, is supported by all the authorities which have come under our observation. While in some of them intimations are made that in the case of a gratuitous passenger the carrier may only be liable for gross negligence, it has not been held in any of them that such fact will exempt the carrier from all liability. On the contrary, the weight of authority favors the doctrine of holding the carrier of passengers to the same degree of diligence in all cases where one has been received as a passenger, on the principle that ‘if a man undertakes to do a thing to the best of his skill, when his situation or profession is such as to imply skill, omission of that skill is imputable to him as gross negligence.’ ”
In
Traction Co. v. Kluitschy, supra,
it was held: “Carriers are liable to passengers for negligence resulting in damages, though the carriage is ‘gratuitous,’ ” and, further, “When an officer of a. street railway company, on behalf of such company, invited a visiting order, composed of women of whom plaintiff was one, to take a free trolley ride in one of
sucb company’s cars, tbe acceptance of sucb invitation by taking passage on tbe ear constituted tbe plaintiff a passenger.”
In Hale on Bailments, p. 497, tbe author states tbe position as follows : “In one respect there is a striking difference between tbe liability of common carriers for goods and tbe liability of public carriers of passengers for injuries to a passenger. As has been seen, where goods are carried gratuitously tbe carrier is not regarded as a common carrier, but is simply a private carrier, and liable, as a mandatary, only for gross negligence. But in respect to public carriers of passengers, public policy has imposed an entirely different rule. Even though sucb passengers are carried gratuitously, if they have been accepted by tbe carrier as passengers, all tbe extraordinary liabilities of tbe relation attach. Having admitted him to tbe rights of a passenger, tbe carrier is not permitted to deny that be owes to him tbe duty which, as carrying on a public employment, be owes to those who have paid him for tbe service.”
Applying tbe principle, we are of opinion that, whether plaintiff hired tbe car from one of tbe partners or whether be was riding in a car which was donated by tbe partnership for free service and was being operated at tbe time by one of tbe partners in pursuance of this arrangement, in either event be was to be considered a passenger, and is entitled to have bis rights determined in that view of tbe case, and, as stated, it constituted reversible error to make tbe question of a contract for hire conclusive on tbe subject. There is nothing in either
Linville v. Nissen,
162 N. C., 95, or in
Power Co. v. Engineering Co.,
Supreme Court N. Y., 401, to which we were cited, as we understand them, that in any way militates against this view. In
Nissen’s case
it was held that, on tbe facts as there presented, tbe owner of an automobile could not be properly held responsible for tort of bis infant son, who bad taken bis father’s machine out for a run without bis permission and contrary to bis express directions. And in tbe
Power case
it was held that a defendant corporation, engaged in tbe business of surveying land, could not be held liable for negligence in operating a car which bad been taken out and used by certain officers of tbe corporation on a pleasure trip of their own, in no way connected with tbe company’s business and which it bad in no way authorized and sanctioned. Tbe cases are made to rest on tbe position that tbe machines, at tbe time, were not being used in tbe owner’s business or with bis authority or consent, and do not apply where, according to defendant’s own evidence, it was being operated at tbe time by one of tbe partners and coowners, and under an arrangement with another of tbe partners that tbe machine was donated for free service of tbe town. Tbe objection that tbe allegations of the defendant are not sufficient to present tbe case in any other aspect than that of a hiring cannot be sustained. True, tbe plaintiff alleges that there was a hiring, and of
fered evidence in support of bis allegations; but tbe complaint, after alleging tbat tbe defendants were a copartnership, owning a garage and letting tbeir machines for hire, contains averment, in general terms, “Tbat plaintiff, while a passenger riding in an automobile furnished by defendants and driven by G. A. Kernodle, one of tbe partners and owners, was injured by tbe negligent and reckless manner in which be operated tbe car.” Tbe allegations are sufficiently broad to cover either aspect of tbe demand, and tbe objection must be overruled.
Plaintiff is entitled to a new trial of tbe cause on issues properly determinative of bis rights, and it is so ordered.
New trial.