OPINION
CONNOR, Justice.
This case concerns a challenge to the constitutionality of Homer City Code Section 3-200.2, which imposes a one year
dura-tional residency requirement for candidacy for city office.
Appellant Kenneth Castner is a citizen of the United States, a resident of Alaska, and was a resident of the Homer Recording District for four years prior to becoming a resident of the City of Homer. Castner became a resident of Homer on July 25, 1977, and approximately one month thereafter attempted to file a declaration of candidacy for the office of city councilman, for the election to be held October 4, 1977.
Castner had deleted from his declaration of candidacy that portion which would have stated that he met the residency requirements imposed by the Homer City Code. Deputy Clerk Delores Morrison refused to accept his declaration of candidacy because of this deletion. On August 30, Castner again attempted to file a declaration of candidacy but was refused by Deputy Clerk Morrison because of Castner’s inability to comply with that portion of Homer City Code Section 3-200.2 requiring a one-year period of residency within the city.
On August 31, 1977, Castner filed suit in superior court seeking that Homer City Code § 3-200.2 be declared unconstitutional, and that his name be placed on the official ballot. The superior court upheld the constitutionality of the ordinance and denied Castner’s claim for relief. Castner appeals from the decision of the superior court.
There are but two issues before us on appeal:
1. Whether the compelling interest test is the appropriate standard of review for qualifications of candidates for local public office; and,
2. Whether there is a compelling interest to support the City of Homer’s one year residency requirement for city offices, and whether this requirement is the least restrictive means available to achieve that compelling interest.
Appellee, the City of Homer, questions the continuing validity of the rationale for application of the compelling state interest advanced by us in
Gilbert v. State,
526 P.2d 1131 (Alaska 1974), in light of the single standard test announced in
State v. Erickson,
574 P.2d 1 (Alaska 1978). We need not deal with that question here because we are convinced that even under the strict scrutiny required by
Gilbert,
the ordinance can be sustained. In
Gilbert,
we held that durational residency requirements for state elective office should be examined with strict scrutiny,
Id.
at 1134, because such durational residency requirements infringed upon fundamental rights:
“[S]ince barriers against candidacy have been treated as limitations upon a fundamental right where they burden such important rights as free association, franchise, and interstate travel, they are vulnerable to attack under the equal protection clause of the Federal Constitution. Where a challenged statute burdens a fundamental or basic right, it can be sustained only upon a showing that it promotes a compelling governmental interest.” [footnotes omitted.] 526 P.2d at 1132-33.
For the purposes of this appeal we may assume, without deciding, that the right to seek elective public office should be treated as fundamental and subject to strict scrutiny.
In
Gilbert v. State,
526 P.2d 1131 (Alaska 1974), we upheld a durational residency requirement of one year in the district, and three years in the state of Alaska, for the office of state senator. We reasoned that the state had a compelling interest in legislators “who . . . are acquainted with the conditions, problems, and needs of those who are governed,” and in electors who are “familiar with the character, habits and reputation of candidates for political office.”
Id.
at 1135. These interests are perhaps more compelling in elections for local office, where word of mouth and personal contact are often the only means of communication of community concerns.
There is sufficient authority from other jurisdictions either to uphold or to strike down the one year durational residency requirement in the case at bar. In general, the weight of authority is against longer durational residency requirements for local offices,
but the authorities are fairly evenly divided on the constitutionality of a one year residency requirement.
The courts validating a one year durational residency requirement have found compelling the in
terests of affording greater voter knowledge of candidates and greater candidate knowledge of the needs of the constituency, as we did in
Gilbert v. State, supra.
The two cases striking down a one year residency requirement are distinguishable. In
Headlee v. Franklin Co. Board of Elections,
368 F.Supp. 999 (D.C.Ohio 1973), the court found that, because of a territorial annexation, over one-half of the village population would be unable to run until the next election if the one year residency requirement for village office was upheld, and that this was an unnecessary restriction on voter choice. There is no such factual situation in the case at bar.
The California Supreme Court has rejected our rationale in
Gilbert.
In
Johnson v. Hamilton,
15 Cal.3d 461, 125 Cal.Rptr. 129, 541 P.2d 881 (1975), the court held that no compelling state interest was served by residency requirements of one year within the city and six months within the district for candidates for municipal office. The court in
Johnson
found that’ mass media played the major role in the education of voters. Personal contact and knowledge of the candidate by the electorate was a minor aspect.
Id.
at 886. We rejected this argument in
Gilbert,
526 P.2d at 1135, in the context of a district of Anchorage where media access is at least as great, and perhaps greater, than in Homer. We think the California standard is inapplicable in Alaska, where there are many sparsely populated communities.
Numerous Alaskan municipalities have one year durational residency requirements for local office. For example, Juneau,
Anchorage,
Sitka,
Valdez,
and Fairbanks North Star Borough
all have one year residency requirements for city council. Palmer
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OPINION
CONNOR, Justice.
This case concerns a challenge to the constitutionality of Homer City Code Section 3-200.2, which imposes a one year
dura-tional residency requirement for candidacy for city office.
Appellant Kenneth Castner is a citizen of the United States, a resident of Alaska, and was a resident of the Homer Recording District for four years prior to becoming a resident of the City of Homer. Castner became a resident of Homer on July 25, 1977, and approximately one month thereafter attempted to file a declaration of candidacy for the office of city councilman, for the election to be held October 4, 1977.
Castner had deleted from his declaration of candidacy that portion which would have stated that he met the residency requirements imposed by the Homer City Code. Deputy Clerk Delores Morrison refused to accept his declaration of candidacy because of this deletion. On August 30, Castner again attempted to file a declaration of candidacy but was refused by Deputy Clerk Morrison because of Castner’s inability to comply with that portion of Homer City Code Section 3-200.2 requiring a one-year period of residency within the city.
On August 31, 1977, Castner filed suit in superior court seeking that Homer City Code § 3-200.2 be declared unconstitutional, and that his name be placed on the official ballot. The superior court upheld the constitutionality of the ordinance and denied Castner’s claim for relief. Castner appeals from the decision of the superior court.
There are but two issues before us on appeal:
1. Whether the compelling interest test is the appropriate standard of review for qualifications of candidates for local public office; and,
2. Whether there is a compelling interest to support the City of Homer’s one year residency requirement for city offices, and whether this requirement is the least restrictive means available to achieve that compelling interest.
Appellee, the City of Homer, questions the continuing validity of the rationale for application of the compelling state interest advanced by us in
Gilbert v. State,
526 P.2d 1131 (Alaska 1974), in light of the single standard test announced in
State v. Erickson,
574 P.2d 1 (Alaska 1978). We need not deal with that question here because we are convinced that even under the strict scrutiny required by
Gilbert,
the ordinance can be sustained. In
Gilbert,
we held that durational residency requirements for state elective office should be examined with strict scrutiny,
Id.
at 1134, because such durational residency requirements infringed upon fundamental rights:
“[S]ince barriers against candidacy have been treated as limitations upon a fundamental right where they burden such important rights as free association, franchise, and interstate travel, they are vulnerable to attack under the equal protection clause of the Federal Constitution. Where a challenged statute burdens a fundamental or basic right, it can be sustained only upon a showing that it promotes a compelling governmental interest.” [footnotes omitted.] 526 P.2d at 1132-33.
For the purposes of this appeal we may assume, without deciding, that the right to seek elective public office should be treated as fundamental and subject to strict scrutiny.
In
Gilbert v. State,
526 P.2d 1131 (Alaska 1974), we upheld a durational residency requirement of one year in the district, and three years in the state of Alaska, for the office of state senator. We reasoned that the state had a compelling interest in legislators “who . . . are acquainted with the conditions, problems, and needs of those who are governed,” and in electors who are “familiar with the character, habits and reputation of candidates for political office.”
Id.
at 1135. These interests are perhaps more compelling in elections for local office, where word of mouth and personal contact are often the only means of communication of community concerns.
There is sufficient authority from other jurisdictions either to uphold or to strike down the one year durational residency requirement in the case at bar. In general, the weight of authority is against longer durational residency requirements for local offices,
but the authorities are fairly evenly divided on the constitutionality of a one year residency requirement.
The courts validating a one year durational residency requirement have found compelling the in
terests of affording greater voter knowledge of candidates and greater candidate knowledge of the needs of the constituency, as we did in
Gilbert v. State, supra.
The two cases striking down a one year residency requirement are distinguishable. In
Headlee v. Franklin Co. Board of Elections,
368 F.Supp. 999 (D.C.Ohio 1973), the court found that, because of a territorial annexation, over one-half of the village population would be unable to run until the next election if the one year residency requirement for village office was upheld, and that this was an unnecessary restriction on voter choice. There is no such factual situation in the case at bar.
The California Supreme Court has rejected our rationale in
Gilbert.
In
Johnson v. Hamilton,
15 Cal.3d 461, 125 Cal.Rptr. 129, 541 P.2d 881 (1975), the court held that no compelling state interest was served by residency requirements of one year within the city and six months within the district for candidates for municipal office. The court in
Johnson
found that’ mass media played the major role in the education of voters. Personal contact and knowledge of the candidate by the electorate was a minor aspect.
Id.
at 886. We rejected this argument in
Gilbert,
526 P.2d at 1135, in the context of a district of Anchorage where media access is at least as great, and perhaps greater, than in Homer. We think the California standard is inapplicable in Alaska, where there are many sparsely populated communities.
Numerous Alaskan municipalities have one year durational residency requirements for local office. For example, Juneau,
Anchorage,
Sitka,
Valdez,
and Fairbanks North Star Borough
all have one year residency requirements for city council. Palmer
has a two year residency requirement for city council, and Ketchikan
and Bristol Bay Borough
have three year residency requirements. North Slope Borough
has a six month residency requirement, and Unalaska
has a thirty day residency period. There does not appear to be any sort of a local trend toward reducing durational residency requirements for local offices.
As to whether the one year residency requirement is the least restrictive means available to achieve the interests of voter and candidate education, we adhere to
Gilbert:
We see no viable alternative means of advancing these important interests alleged by the state. [Gilbert] suggests that these interests may be met by imposing some sort of subjective test upon potential legislators. We disagree. To create a subjective test of candidates’ knowledge, understanding or character would necessarily place undue power in the hands of those who would implement such a standard. We think it better that a relative few be delayed from realizing their political aspirations for a relatively brief period than that some group of persons pass upon the fitness of all candidates before they are permitted to present themselves to the voters.
Nor can these interests be protected by relying solely upon the electoral process itself. Voters are, in a sense, “consumers” of the product portrayed by the persons they elect to office. In these days of “packaged” media candidates, they often cannot know what is in the package until they have made their selection and observed the utility of the product. In adopting their constitution, the voters of Alaska chose to protect themselves from unknown deficiencies in their candidates by imposing objective standards upon those who would hold legislative office.
We conclude that while objective tests for candidacy unavoidably place a burden upon the privilege of running for political office, the burden is both temporary and slight and is necessary to promote governmental interests which are compelling.
Gilbert,
526 P.2d at 1136.
We affirm the decision of the superior court upholding the constitutionality of the one year durational residency requirement for candidacy for city office in Homer.
Affirmed.