Castle v. United States

994 F. Supp. 2d 754, 2014 WL 200366, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5832
CourtDistrict Court, W.D. North Carolina
DecidedJanuary 16, 2014
DocketNos. 5:12-CV-000175-RLV, 5:06-CR-00062-RLV-CH-1
StatusPublished

This text of 994 F. Supp. 2d 754 (Castle v. United States) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, W.D. North Carolina primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Castle v. United States, 994 F. Supp. 2d 754, 2014 WL 200366, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5832 (W.D.N.C. 2014).

Opinion

ORDER

RICHARD L. VOORHEES, District Judge.

THIS MATTER is before the Court on remand from the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. (Doc. No. 11).

I. BACKGROUND

On December 20, 2006, Petitioner was indicted by the grand jury for the Western District on the following counts: Possession of at least five grams of crack cocaine with the intent to distribute and aiding and abetting others to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B) and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Counts 1 and 2); and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (Count 3). (5:06-CR-00062, Doc. [755]*755No. 1: Indictment). On May 9, 2007, the Government served Petitioner with a notice pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851 of its intention to use a prior drug conviction to enhance his sentence. (Doc. No. 14: Section 851 Notice). On September 7, 2007, Petitioner entered into a plea agreement with the Government. In exchange for Petitioner’s decision to plead guilty to Count 1, the Government agreed to dismiss the remaining counts in his indictment. (Doc. No. 17: Plea Agreement). On June 10, 2008, Petitioner was sentenced to 108-months’ imprisonment for conviction on Count 1 and he is presently serving this sentence.

On November 16, 2012, Petitioner, by and through counsel, filed a motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, and he pled alternative claims for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2241, and through petitions for a writs of coram nobis or audita querela. (5:12-CV-000175, Doc. No. 3). Petitioner contended that his prior state conviction, which was noticed under § 851, is no longer a felony conviction because he could not have been sentenced to more than one year in prison. Petitioner therefore argued that his enhanced sentence should be vacated. Specifically, Petitioner argued that he was entitled to relief based on the Fourth Circuit’s en banc decision in United States v. Simmons, 649 F.3d 237 (4th Cir.2011).

In Simmons, the Fourth Circuit held that in order for a prior felony conviction to serve as a predicate offense [for either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense], the individual defendant before the sentencing court must have been convicted of an offense for which that defendant could be sentenced to a term exceeding one year. Simmons, 649 F.3d at 243. In reaching this holding, the Simmons Court expressly overruled United States v. Harp, 406 F.3d 242 (4th Cir.2005), in which the Court held that in determining “whether a conviction is for a crime punishable by a prison term exceeding one year [under North Carolina law] we consider the maximum aggravated sentence that could be imposed for that crime upon a defendant with the worst possible criminal history.” Id. (quoting Harp, 406 F.3d at 246) (emphasis omitted).

The Court dismissed the § 2255 motion as untimely on initial review and denied Petitioner’s alternative claims for relief. (Doc. No. 4). Petitioner appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. United States v. Castle, No. 13-6129 (4th Cir. filed Jan. 30, 2013). On April 5, 2013, the Fourth Circuit, with the parties’ consent, placed the appeal in abeyance pending its decision in United States v. Miller, No. 13-6254 (4th Cir. 2013). (Doc. No. 10).1 On August 21, 2013, the Fourth Circuit published its opinion in Miller and held that the holding in Simmons was retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review. Miller v. United States, 735 F.3d 141 (4th Cir.2013).

II. DISCUSSION

A. Miller v. United States

In Miller, the Fourth Circuit considered a claim of actual innocence in a § 2255 proceeding following Miller’s conviction for being a felon-in-possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The grand jury in the Western District indicted Miller for the § 922(g) offense after finding that he had been convicted of a felony in [756]*756state court in North Carolina which was punishable by more than one year in imprisonment under federal law. The record before the district court demonstrated that Miller had previous convictions in North Carolina for felony possession of cocaine and the felony offense of threatening a court officer. Petitioner was sentenced to a term of 6 to 8 months’ imprisonment for each of those state convictions.

Miller did not appeal his § 922(g) conviction. Rather, some four years later he filed a § 2255 motion contending that in light of the holding in Simmons he was actually innocent because he did not have valid prior convictions for which he could have been sentenced to more than one year in prison. Consequently, as Miller argued, he had no prior felony which could support his § 922(g) conviction.2 The district court denied collateral relief and Miller appealed.

In its opinion, the Court noted that at the time Miller was sentenced his prior state convictions were properly classified as felonies under then-existing precedent. Miller, 735 F.3d at 143-44 (citing Harp, 406 F.3d at 246). The Court then explained that the subsequent decision in Simmons had expressly overruled Harp by holding that whether a prior conviction actually serves as a felony, and exposes a defendant to in excess of one year imprisonment, can only be determined by examining the individual defendant before the sentencing court, and not a hypothetical defendant with the worst possible criminal record. Id. at 143. The Court observed that Miller, who had not been convicted of an offense for which he personally could have been sentenced to a term in excess of one year, did not appear to have a predicate state conviction to support his § 922(g) conviction.

The Court next examined whether Miller was entitled to the retroactive application of the Court’s en banc decision in Simmons. The Court found that “Simmons did announce a substantive rule when it applied Carachuri’s principles and then narrowed the class of offenders and range of conduct that can be subject to punishment.” Miller, 735 F.3d at 147.3 The Court then concluded that the substantive rule announced in Simmons is retroactive to cases on collateral review.

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Related

Hicks v. Oklahoma
447 U.S. 343 (Supreme Court, 1980)
Kontrick v. Ryan
540 U.S. 443 (Supreme Court, 2004)
Carachuri-Rosendo v. Holder
560 U.S. 563 (Supreme Court, 2010)
United States v. Simmons
649 F.3d 237 (Fourth Circuit, 2011)
United States v. Johnny Craig Harp
406 F.3d 242 (Fourth Circuit, 2005)
Wood v. Milyard
132 S. Ct. 1826 (Supreme Court, 2012)
Gordon Miller v. United States
735 F.3d 141 (Fourth Circuit, 2013)

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Bluebook (online)
994 F. Supp. 2d 754, 2014 WL 200366, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5832, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/castle-v-united-states-ncwd-2014.